Increasing the usage level of corn and distillers grains in market turkey diets through the use of supplemental amino acids

Transcription

1 Inresing the usge level of orn n istillers grins in mrket turkey iets through the use of supplementl mino is August 014 By: Sny Noll University of Minnesot

2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... INTRODUCTION... 3 OBJECTIVES:... 4 DESCRIPTION OF WORK PERFORMED OBJECTIVE 1 (EXPERIMENTS 1A AND 1B) DESCRIPTION OF WORK PERFORMED OBJECTIVE (EXPERIMENTS A AND B).... DESCRIPTION OF WORK PERFORMED OBJECTIVE CONCLUSIONS... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 1

3 Exeutive Summry The mount of orn n istillers grins (DDGS) in poultry iets is primrily etermine y ssessing the ost of proviing essentil nutrients n energy reltive to other ingreients. With the e oiling proess in the proution of istillers grins eing ommon ple, use of DDGS will more likely epen on the provision of protein (mino is) n less s soure of energy. The mino i ontent of orn erive protein is not well lne for niml feeing. In poultry iet, the min mino i efiienies in orn re orrete through the use of other protein soures (soyen mel, nol mel, et.) n supplementl mino is (lysine, methionine n threonine). Other supplementl mino is (tryptophn n vline) re ville ommerilly n oul e use to lne mino is in poultry iets ontining high mount of orn oprouts if suh nee n e emonstrte. However, rginine is often limiting for growth s well n is not ommerilly ville for use in poultry iets. The overll ojetive ws to etermine if supplementl tryptophn n vline n e utilize in mrket turkey iets with signifint mount of orn protein present. Speifi ojetives inlue: 1) Estlish negtive ontrol iet y feeing iets with lowere ietry protein n inrese supplementl threonine in omprison to feeing positive ontrol to mrket turkeys uring two ge perios (0 to 4 weeks n 10 to 14 weeks of ge). ) Using informtion from Ojetive 1, etermine if performne of the negtive ontrol iet n e improve with supplementtion with tryptophn, vline, rginine, or omintion of mino is. 3) Conut n eonomi nlysis utilizing the performne t hieve in Ojetives 1 n Four feeing trils were onute exmining the performne response of mrket turkey hens to reue ietry protein n mino i supplementtion uring 0 to 4 n 10 to 14 weeks of ge. In the first ojetive, ietry reutions in rue protein were hieve y utilizing inresing mounts of supplementl threonine n level of orn in the iets, however, reue gin ws oserve in turkeys. In the seon ojetive, supplements of vline, tryptophn, n rginine were e in vrious omintions to reue protein iets ontining 0% DDGS to exmine the potentil restortion of performne. The mino is, rginine n tryptophn, were foun to e o limiting in poult strter iets with 0% DDGS. In grower type iets with 0% DDGS, vline ppers to e limiting long with rginine n tryptophn. In oth phses, performne ws not ompletely restore with mino i supplementtion. Also, utiliztion of supplementl vline n tryptophn in iets high in orn protein will e limite y lk of ommerilly ville rginine n potentilly isoleuine. Drie istillers grins with solules were foun to erese iet ost per ton of fee n to erese ost per unit of gin in grower hen turkeys. However, reue ietry protein with the resulting erese rte of gin woul ffet mrket weight t speifi ge.

4 Introution The mount of orn n istillers grins (DDGS) in poultry iets is primrily etermine y ssessing the ost of proviing essentil nutrients n energy reltive to other ingreients. With the e oiling proess in the proution of istillers grins eing ommon ple, use of DDGS will more likely epen on the provision of protein (mino is) n less s soure of energy. The mino i ontent of orn erive protein is not well lne for niml feeing. In poultry iet, the min mino i efiienies in orn re orrete through the use of other protein soures (soyen mel, nol mel, et.) n supplementl mino is (lysine, methionine n threonine). An evolution in formultion of poultry iets hs llowe for formulting iets to meet mino i nee se on igestiility, etermintion of mino i requirements n use of mino i rtios. Hene, the emphsis y the poultry nutritionist is on meeting mino i nee n not speifi ietry protein level. Reserh hs inite tht for resons of minimizing environment impt n optimizing ir helth, exess protein/mino is shoul e voie. Exess ietry protein results in wsteful exretion of nitrogen, iverts ietry energy for metolism of the exess protein inste of growth, n n hllenge gut helth with exess protein in the smll intestine. Typilly, iets will hve some exess protein present s the esire mino is levels n only e lne to the extent tht other ingreients n fee itives n provie speifi mino is reltive to the most limiting mino is. Corn is onsiere limiting in lysine, threonine, tryptophn, n perhps o limiting in rginine/isoleuine/vline. In iets ontining DDGS, tryptophn n rginine re expete to e more limiting. In orn soyen mel se iets, the mino is tht will e limiting ir performne were ientifie to e methionine, threonine, lysine, vline, rginine n tryptophn (Fernnez et l, 14; Prsons et l., 13). Commerilly ville supplements hve een ville for methionine, lysine n threonine n re ommonly use. More reently ommerilly ville supplements of tryptophn n now vline re ville ut re still expensive to use ue to limite supply. Results of grow finish tril with mrket tom turkeys inite tht the use of supplementl threonine neee to e restrite to less thn the 6% of the trgete threonine level (Noll n Brnnon, 007) in iets with high levels of yprouts (0% DDGS n 10 % poultry yprout mel) uring 1 weeks of ge. Boy weights were reue y 3.3% t 1 weeks of ge when turkeys were fe iets ontining 4% of the trgete threonine from intt protein n the remining 6% from supplementl threonine most likely ue to other mino i limittions. Depening on vilility n ost, these o or y prouts n e inorporte into poultry iets. However, their use will e restrite to the extent tht other mino is eome limiting s iet protein ereses suh s tryptophn, vline, isoleuine n rginine. At this time, ommerilly ville n prie supplements for two of these mino is (rginine n isoleuine) re not ville. 3

5 In orer to effetively use tryptophn n vline, feeing trils re neee to ientify tht s rue protein ontent of the iet is erese, performne is not srifie ue to shortges of other essentil mino is suh s rginine, isoleuine, glyine + serine, or nitrogen from non essentil mino is or exess of leuine whih is involve in rnh hin ntgonism with vline n isoleuine (Bker, 00; Corzo et l. 007, 00, 00). If suessful, the proportion of orn protein from orn n/or DDGS shoul inrese in turkey iets. Inresing the level of orn in the iet lso hs the vntge of using n ingreient tht is high energy n is reily igeste y poultry. Demn for orn y Minnesot s turkey inustry shoul t lest e mintine n shoul inrese if the projet is suessful. Ojetives: The overll ojetive ws to etermine if supplementl tryptophn n vline n e utilize in mrket turkey iets with signifint mount of orn protein present without using eline in performne. The hypothesis is tht iets with inrese orn protein n supplementl tryptophn, rginine, n/or vline will mintin performne omprle to the positive ontrol. Speifi ojetives inlue: 4) Estlish negtive ontrol iet y feeing iets with lowere ietry protein n inrese supplementl threonine in omprison to feeing positive ontrol to mrket turkeys uring two ge perios (0 4 weeks n weeks of ge). ) Using informtion from Ojetive 1, etermine if performne of the negtive ontrol iet n e improve with supplementtion with tryptophn, vline, rginine, or omintion of mino is. 6) Conut n eonomi nlysis utilizing the performne t hieve in Ojetives 1 n Desription of work performe Ojetive 1 (Experiments 1A n 1B). For the first ojetive, it ws importnt to estlish the egree of rue protein reution possile while using the supplementl mino is of lysine, methionine, n threonine. Two sl iets were stuie, one with DDGs inlusion n one without. The se ietry omponents inlue orn, soyen mel n niml yprout mel. Two ge perios (0 to 4 n 10 to 14 weeks) were hosen for exmintion s the portion of orn woul e inrese uring the 10 to 14 week perio n more likely to ple more pressure on the mino i lne s ompre to the 0 to 4 iet. Turkey poults (Lrge White Hyri strin, hens) were otine from Minnesot hthery, weighe n rnomly llote to 4 pens t the UMore Prk Turkey Reserh Unit, Rosemount, MN fter wing ning for ientifition purposes. Stnr operting proeures were use to rer the 4

6 turkeys. There were two experimentl phses of 0 to 4 n 10 to 14 weeks of ge. Between 4 n 10 weeks of ge, turkeys were fe ommon fee pproprite for their ge. At 10 weeks of ge the turkeys were weighe n re rnomize to 4 pens on the sis of oy weight suh tht the verge oy weight per pen of turkeys ws similr. During the experimentl phses, turkeys were weighe iniviully t the strt n finish of eh phse. Fee intke ws mesure for eh 4 week perio. Reors of removls (ulls n mortlity) n other ir oservtions were kept uring eh phse. From the ollete t, tretment performne ws ssesse se on oy weight, verge ily gin, verge ily fee intke, fee effiieny, n removls (ulls plus mortlity). Diets were formulte on igestile mino i sis. The positive ontrol iet ws formulte to meet the igestile threonine (thr) requirement with intt iet protein. The level of thr from intt protein ws reue from the positive ontrol y inresing supplementl thr t 0,.0,.10 n.1%. The ietry ontent of thr ws the sme for ll iets. Potssium ronte ws e to the week iets to meet the estimte potssium requirement. Diets were formulte for eh of the two sl iet series orn soyen mel se iet n the sme iet with 0% DDGS inlue. Diets were nlyze for nutrient ontent. Exmple iets re provie in Tle 1 for the 0 4 n week experimentl feeing perios. On lulte sis, rginine n vline ppere more limiting in the DDGS iets with.1 n.1% supplementl threonine. Tryptophn only ppere limiting in iets with.1% supplementl thr. All iets were fe s msh n were supplemente with phytse (00 FTU/kg), oiiostt n growth promoting ntiioti. The experimentl iets were: 1. Positive ontrol, orn soy iet series, no supplementl thr Reue protein, orn soy iet series,.0% supplementl thr 3. Reue protein, orn soy iet series,.10% supplementl thr 4. Reue protein, orn soy iet series,.1% supplementl thr. Positive ontrol, orn soy DDGS iet series, no supplementl thr 6. Reue protein, orn soy DDGS iet series,.0% supplementl thr 7. Reue protein, orn soy DDGS iet series,.10% supplementl thr. Reue protein, orn soy DDGS iet series,.1% supplementl thr

7 Tle 1. Composition of selete iet series for Experiments 1A n 1B with reue protein Age Perio (wks) 0 to 4 wks 10 to 14 wks Diet Series Corn/soy Corn/soy/DDGS Corn/soy Corn/soy/DDGS Protein Level Control Reue Control Reue Control Reue Control Reue Tretment ID Trt 1 Trt 4 Trt Trt Trt 1 Trt 4 Trt Trt % Ingreients Corn Soyen mel, 46% Poultry Byprout Mel Distillers Drie Grins w/sol Dilium phosphte Clium ronte Slt Soium Sesquironte Potssium Cronte L Lysine. HCL DL Methionine Threonine Choie White Grese Vitmins/minerls Phytse, oiostt, AGP Clulte omposition Protein (%) Metolizle energy (kl/kg) Digestile Met + Cys (%) Lysine (%) Arginine (%) Tryptophn (%) Vline (%) Threonine (%) Isoleuine (%) The experimentl esign ws ompletely rnomize lok esign. There were ietry tretments per phse n eh tretment ws fe to replite pens. For purposes of the sttistil moel, ftors of ietry rue protein (thr) (4 levels) n two iet series (with n without DDGS) long with their intertion were inlue. Tretment effet ws ssesse y sttistil nlyses (nlyses of vrine) n where signifint, tretment mens were seprte y Lest Signifint Differene (LSD). The proility of signifine ws P<.0. Trens were inite if P ws less thn P<.1 A summry of the results is presente in Tle for the 0 4 week stuy (Experiment 1A). Gin, fee intke n fee effiieny of hen poults s ffete y iet series ws moifie y level of thr from intt iet protein, tht is, signifint intertion existe for iet series n supplementl threonine 6

8 level. Tretment 1, while inlue in the sttistil nlyses, is not onsiere in the isussion euse low level of ietry soium ws foun y iet nlyses n is proly responsile for the poorer growth. Overll, turkeys fe iets with 0% DDGS h etter gin n similr fee effiieny s ompre to turkeys fe the iets without DDGS. The inrese in supplementl threonine reue the mount of igestile threonine from intt protein resulting in iets with erese protein level. The reue ietry protein ontent in the orn soy series only ffete fee onversion n not gins. The poorer fee onversion with reue protein ws ue to the inrese in fee intke without n inrese in gin. In the iets with DDGS, gin erese with reue ietry protein s the level of supplementl threonine inrese. In ontrst to the orn soy iet series, fee intke lso erese with the erese in ietry protein for the DDGS iets. This response resulte in no etetle ifferene in fee effiieny s gin n fee intke erese together. The ifferene in response for the two iet series my e initive of either the level or type of mino i(s) tht re eoming limiting s ietry protein is erese. A slight efiieny of n mino i my use n inrese in fee intke s ourre with the orn soy iet series with ietry protein reution. In the DDGs iets, the severity of efiieny my e greter using the turkeys to erese fee intke. Regrless, performne of turkey poults fe iets with DDGS were more sensitive to the reution in ietry protein use y the sustitution of supplementl threonine for thr from intt protein soures s ompre to the orn soy iet series. Results for the 10 to 14 week experimentl perio re presente in Tle (Experiment 1B). In ontrst to the 0 4 week perio, turkeys fe the iet series with n without 0% overll were similr in performne. Only thr reution from intt protein (reue ietry protein) ffete turkey performne. Performne in terms of reue gin n poorer fee effiieny ws oserve with.1 n.1% supplementl threonine. 7

9 Tle Turkey hen performne n reution of iet protein with ifferent iet series (Experiments 1A n 1B) Age perio (wks) 0 4 wks wks Fee Fee Fee Fee Trt # Tretment Desription Gin Intke Effiieny Gin Intke Effiien y Diet Series Supp. threonine (%) g/y g/y F/G g/y g/y F/G 1 Corn Soy Corn Soy 0. 3 Corn Soy Corn Soy 1. Corn Soy DDGs Corn Soy DDGs Corn Soy DDGs 1 3 Corn Soy DDGs 1 30 Min effet mens Diet Series Corn Soy.7 Corn Soy DDGs 34 Supp. threonine Level (%) e Proility 000 Diet NS NS NS 001 Level NS NS 04 1 NS Diet x Level NS NS NS 1 Tretment 1 iet omposition i not meet expete nutrient ontent; t omitte For Experiment 1A, Tretments 1 n were elete n ontrst testing omplete to etermine the min effet of iet series n threonine level,,,, e Mens with ifferent supersripts for tretment or min effets re signifintly ifferent (P<.0)

10 Desription of work performe Ojetive (Experiments A n B). Results from Ojetive 1 were use to esign the positive n negtive ontrol iets for Ojetive iets ontining 0% DDGS. The positive ontrol (PC) ws selete s iet with some exess of rue protein n mino is suh tht growth is not limite. The two negtive ontrol iets woul represent slight (NC1) n moerte (NC) erese in rue protein n mino is tht woul limit growth n/or fee onversion of mrket turkeys. Supplementl mino is were e in vrious omintions to the moerte negtive ontrol iet to test their ility to hieve performne similr to the PC n/or NC1 iets. Similr to Ojetive 1, two ge perios (0 to 4 n 10 to 14 weeks) were hosen for exmintion s the portion of orn woul e inrese uring the 10 to 14 week perio n more likely to ple more pressure on the mino i lne s ompre to the 0 to 4 iet. Turkey poults (Lrge White Hyri strin, hens) were otine from Minnesot hthery, weighe n rnomly llote to 4 pens t the UMore Prk Turkey Reserh Unit, Rosemount, MN fter wing ning for ientifition purposes. Stnr operting proeures were use to rer the turkeys. There were two experimentl phses of 0 to 4 n 10 to 14 weeks of ge. Between 4 n 10 weeks of ge, turkeys were fe ommon fee pproprite for their ge. At 10 weeks of ge the turkeys were weighe n re rnomize to 4 pens on the sis of oy weight suh tht the verge oy weight per pen of turkeys ws similr. During the experimentl phses, turkeys were weighe iniviully t the strt n finish of eh phse. Fee intke ws mesure for eh 4 week perio. Reors of removls (ulls n mortlity) n other ir oservtions were kept uring eh phse. From the ollete t, tretment performne ws ssesse se on oy weight, verge ily gin, verge ily fee intke, fee effiieny, n removls (ulls plus mortlity). Diets were formulte on igestile mino i sis n ontine 0% DDGS. Similr to Ojetive 1 trils, iets were formulte to meet speifi levels of igestile lys, met + ys, thr with reution in protein level. Potssium ronte ws e to the 10 to 14 week iets to meet the estimte potssium requirement. Vline, tryptophn, n rginine were supplemente to inrese those levels in NC iets to the reommene requirement for those mino is. Diets were nlyze for nutrient ontent. Exmple iets re provie in Tle 3. During the 0 to 4 week perio, the NC1 n NC iets ontine.06 n.1% supplementl thr. For the 10 to 14 week experimentl perio, the NC1 n NC iets ontine.07 n.1% supplementl thr. All iets ontine the sme overll level of thr. All iets were fe s msh n were supplemente with phytse (00 FTU/kg), oiiostt n growth promoting ntiioti.

11 The ietry tretments were: 1. Positive Control (PC) Negtive Control #1 (NC1) 3. Negtive Control # (NC) 4. As Tretment 3 plus vline (V). As Tretment 3 plus tryptophn (T) 6. As Tretment 3 plus rginine (A) 7. As Tretment 3 plus V, T. As Tretment 3 plus V, A. As Tretment 3 plus A, T 1 As Tretment 3 plus V, T, A Tle 3. Composition of selete iets ontining DDGS for Experiments A n B with reue protein Ingreients Age Perio (wks) 0 to 4 wks 10 to 14 wks Protein Level Control Reue Reue Control Reue Reue Tretment ID PC NC1 NC PC NC1 NC % Corn Soyen mel, 46% Poultry Byprout Mel Distillers Drie Grins w/sol Dilium phosphte Clium ronte Slt Soium Sesquironte Potssium Cronte L Lysine. HCL DL Methionine Threonine Choie White Grese Vitmin/Minerl Phytse, oiostt, AGP Clulte Composition Protein (%) Metolizle energy (kl/kg) Digestile Met + Cys (%) Lysine (%) Arginine (%) Tryptophn (%) Vline (%) Threonine (%) Isoleuine (%)

12 The experimentl esign ws ompletely rnomize lok esign. There were 10 ietry tretments per phse n eh tretment ws fe to replite pens. For purposes of the sttistil moel, the min ftor ws ietry tretment. Tretment effet ws ssesse y sttistil nlyses (nlyses of vrine) n where signifint, tretment mens were seprte y Lest Signifint Differene (LSD). The proility of signifine ws P<.0. Trens were inite if P ws less thn P<.1 A summry of the results is presente in Tle 4 for the 0 to 4 week experimentl perio (Experiment A). Only gin ws ffete y ietry tretment (P<.06). As expete gin ws reue for turkeys fe the NC1 iet s ompre to PC ut no ifferene existe etween NC1 n NC Supplementtion of NC with rginine n tryptophn proue gin tht ws intermeite to the PC n NC1 iets. As gin ws not improve with supplementtion of rginine or tryptophn lone, the response woul inite tht oth rginine n tryptophn re o limiting in turkey poult strter iets with 0% DDGS. For the week feeing perio (Tle 4, Experiment B), ietry tretment ffete gin, fee intke n fee effiieny. Gin ws erese for turkeys fe the NC1 n NC iets in omprison to the PC with no ifferene etween NC1 n NC Fee effiieny inrese or eme poorer with the reution in ietry protein. Supplementtion with ll three mino is (vline, tryptophn, rginine) ws neee to show some improvement in gin tht ws intermeite to NC1 n PC. Fee onversion tene to e improve to level intermeite to NC1 n NC for the mino i supplemente iets (Tretments 4 through 10) with the exeption of vline lone. 11

13 Tle 4. Turkey hen performne n mino supplementtion of reue protein iet ontining 0% DDGS (Experiments A n B) Age Perio (wks) 0 4 wks 10 to 14 wks Gin g/y Trt # Dietry Tretment Positive Control 1 (PC) 34. Negtive Control (NC1) 33. Negtive Control 3 (NC) 33.4 Fee Fee Fee Effiien Effiien Intke y Gin Intke y g/y F/G g/y g/y F/G NC + Vline (V) 33. NC + Tryptophn (T) NC + Arginine (A) NC + V,T NC + V,A NC + A.T NC + V,T,A Proiity Tretment 071 NS NS ,,, Column mens with ifferent supersripts for tretment re signifintly ifferent (P<.0) The results inite tht in iets with 0% DDGS, rginine n tryptophn were o limiting in poult strter iets while in grower iets, vline my hve een limiting s well, long with tryptophn n rginine. Unfortuntely, the results were not lerly efinitive in tht turkey performne ws not ompletely restore to the level of the PC. With rginine ppering to e limiting, this will hiner the use of supplementl vline n tryptophn s rginine is not ommerilly ville n its ost woul e prohiitive. 1

14 Desription of work performe Ojetive 3. To evlute the iet ost with protein reution n iet series, fee osts were lulte using Ntionl Weekly Feestuff Wholesle pries (USDA Mrket News, for July 1, 014 n July 16, 013 to represent low n higher fee ost of the mjor fee ingreients, respetively. As turkeys were only fe iets for portion of the proution yle, iet osts were ompre on per ton sis s well s per unit of gin se on fee effiieny (i.e., fee ost per l of gin) for eh experiment. Respetive low (014) n high (013) osts ($) per l of orn ws.064 n.1161; for soyen mel,.11 n.7; n, for DDGs,.063 n All other ingreients h the sme ost for oth 013 n 014 nlyses. In ompring osts, the most vli omprison will e where performne (gin) ws equivlent to the positive ontrol iet. In Experiment 1A n 1B (Tle ), reutions in ietry protein n/or use of DDGS erese fee ost per ton of iet. For the 0 4 week feeing perio, gin ws optiml for the positive ontrol iet with DDGS (Tretment ) n greter thn the orn soy iets (Tretments, 3, n 4). All of these tretments h similr fee ost per unit of gin (3 to 33 ents/l). During the week perio, where gin ws equivlent (i.e. Tretment 1 vs Tretment ), ost svings were relize with the use of DDGS rnging from to 4 ents per l of gin uring tht feeing perio uring 014 or 1 to ents per l of gin uring

15 Tle. Comprison of fee ost n ost per unit of gin s ffete y iet series n ietry protein reution (Experiments 1A n 1B) 013 Ingreien t Priing Diet Experiment 1A 0 to 4 wks 013 Ingreient Priing Experiment 1B 10 to 14 wks Series Corn/soy Corn/Soy/DDGS Diet Series Corn/soy Corn/Soy/DDGS Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr Tret ment Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Tretment Trt t t t t t t ID ID Fee ost ($/ton) Fee ost ($/ton) Tr t Fee effiie ny Fee Cost ($/l gin) Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee effiieny Fee Cost ($/l gin) Ingreien t Priing Diet 014 Ingreient Priing Series Corn/soy Corn/Soy/DDGS Diet Series Corn/soy Corn/Soy/DDGS Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr Tret ment Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Trt Tretment Trt t t t t t t ID ID Fee ost ($/ton) Fee ost ($/ton) Tr t. 6 Fee effiie ny Fee Cost ($/l gin) Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee effiieny Fee Cost ($/l gin) In Experiment A n B (Tle 6), reuing ietry protein (PC vs NC1, n NC), lso reue fee ost per ton of fee. Reutions were lso note per unit of gin for NC1 n NC iets reltive to PC. 14

16 However, here, gin ws not equivlent to the PC. Depening on the proution system, espeilly where trgete weight is esire t ertin ge, feeing the lowere protein iet woul not e esirle. However, if the lower rte of gin is not onstrint, lowere protein iets mye eonomil. Tle 6. Comprison of fee ost n ost per unit of gin s ffete y ietry protein reution in iets with DDGS (Experiments A n B) 013 Ingreient Priing Tretmen Experiment A 0 to 4 wks 013 Ingreient Priing Experiment B 10 to 14 wks t ID PC NC1 NC Tretment ID PC NC1 NC Fee ost Fee ost ($/ton) ($/ton) Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee effiien y Fee Cost ($/l gin) Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee effiieny Fee Cost ($/l gin) Ingreient Priing 014 Ingreient Priing Tretmen t ID PC NC1 NC Tretment ID PC NC1 NC Fee ost ($/ton) Fee ost ($/ton) Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee effiien y Fee Cost ($/l gin) 4 4 Fee Cost per Unit Gin Fee effiieny Fee Cost ($/l gin) Conlusions The mino is rginine n tryptophn were foun to e o limiting in poult strter iets with 0% DDGS. In grower type iets with 0% DDGS, vline ppers to e limiting long with rginine n 1

17 tryptophn. Utiliztion of ommerilly ville supplementl vline n tryptophn in iets high in orn protein is limite y lk of ommerilly ville rginine n potentilly isoleuine. Drie istillers grins with solules ws foun to erese iet ost per ton of fee n to erese ost per unit of gin in grower hen turkeys uner the ifferent ost senrios explore in this report. Future Reserh Nees While the reserh ws not le to restore turkey performne to the level of the positive ontrol with supplementtion of tryptophn, vline n rginine to turkey iets ontining high levels of DDGS, there is suffiient informtion to inite tht more reserh is neee to tese out some of the finer points of the inter reltionships of these mino is with tht of the requirement for the turkey. While this stuy emphsize vline n tryptophn supplementtion, isoleuine oul lso e potentilly limiting in reue protein iets. This reserh my tke the form of looking t ifferent levels of mino is (the reporte stuies here only looke t one level) n ifferent levels of orn protein. This woul e vlule informtion in the future, if n when, ommeril soure of rginine n e proue tht oul e eonomilly use for supplementtion. 16