Z. Wang, S. Cerrate, C. Coto, F. Yan and P.W. Waldroup 2 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 6 (10): , 2007 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2007 Effet of Rpid nd Multiple Chnges in Level of Distillers Dried Grin with Solules (DDGS) in Broiler Diets on Performne nd Crss Chrteristis 1 Z. Wng, S. Cerrte, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup 2 Deprtment of Poultry Siene, University of Arknss, Fyetteville AR 72701, USA Astrt: This study ws onduted to evlute the use of moderte to high levels of DDGS in roiler diets nd to evlute the effets of rpid nd multiple hnges in level of DDGS during the growth period. Diets were formulted to ontin 0, 15, or 0% DDGS with diets formulted on the sis of digestile mino ids to meet levels typil of the U.S. roiler industry. Groups of irds were fed diets with these three levels of DDGS on onstnt sis from 0 to 2 d of ge. Other groups were fed 0 nd 15% or 0 nd 0% DDGS on lternte week sis, with one group strting with diets ontining no DDGS nd other groups strting with diets ontining 15 or 0% DDGS. Four pens of 25 mle roilers were fed eh of the dietry tretments. At the onlusion of the study five representtive irds per tretment were proessed to determine dressing perentge nd rss yield. Birds fed diets ontining 15% did not differ signifintly in live performne or rss hrteristis from irds fed diets with no DDGS, whether fed on ontinuous sis or lternted weekly etween 0 nd 15% DDGS. Birds tht were ontinuously fed diets with 0% DDGS hd signifintly redued ody weight nd feed intke t 5 nd 2 d ompred to irds fed the ontrol diet with no DDGS nd hd redued rest met yield. When irds were fed diets with 0 or 0% DDGS lternting on weekly sis live performne ws pproximtely midwy etween tht of irds fed diets with 0 or 0% ontinuously nd similr to tht of irds fed 15% DDGS on onstnt sis, ut rest met yield tended to e redued. The results of the study demonstrted the effetive use of diets with 15% DDGS when formulted on digestile mino id sis nd showed tht rupt removl of this level of DDGS did not dversely ffet performne of roilers. Further studies re suggested to quntify resons for redued performne when fed diets ontining 0% DDGS. Key words: Broilers, distiller s grins, ethnol yprodut, lterntive ingredients Introdution The priniple reson for roiler produers to selet dietry ingredients is eonomy, euse feed represents pproximtely 70% of the live prodution ost. In feed formultion, nutritionists onsider wide rnge of ingredients nd ttempt to develop feed formuls tht provide the desired level of nutrients t minimum ost. In formulting diets the nutritionist must onsider not only ost nd nutrient ontent of the Mterils nd Methods Diet formultion: Diets were formulted to meet nutritionl stndrds typil of the U.S. poultry industry ingredient, ut lso the quntity ville for use nd (Agri-Stts, Fort Wyne IN) to ontin 0, 15, or 0% onsisteny of supply. An ingredient tht hs reeived DDGS. Diets were formulted on digestile mino onsiderle ttention reently is distillers dried grins id sis, utilizing 90% of urrent industry totl mino plus solules (DDGS). DDGS, yprodut from id levels in reltion to dietry energy. Metolizle everge lohol prodution nd more reently from energy nd rude protein vlues typil of the U.S. prodution of fuel lohol, is n eptle feed industry were speified. Amino id minimums were ingredient for poultry diets (Couh et l., 1970; Jensen, expressed for digestile Lys, TSAA nd Thr s these re 1978, 1981; Potter, 1966; Runnels, 1966, 1968; Sott, ommerilly ville in supplementl form. No other 1965, 1970; Wldroup et l., 1981; Prsons nd Bker, mino id minimums were speified in formultion. 198; Lumpkins et l., 200; Wng et l., 2007, 2007). Beuse of the reported vrition in sodium ontent of With the expnsion of ethnol plnts, the supply of DDGS (Spiehs et l., 2002; Btl nd Dle, 200; DDGS is inresing rpidly nd poultry nutritionists re mking inresing use of it in their diets. One of the onerns out using reltively high levels of this produt is the possile effets on performne tht might our if the supply ws errti or prie differentils eliminted it from diet fter previously een fed t high levels. Therefore, this study ws onduted to evlute the possile effets of rpidly hnging k nd forth from diets with no DDGS to diets with medium or high levels of DDGS. Prsons et l., 2006) minimum level of.0 g/kg of sodium hloride ws speified in ddition to minimum sodium ontent of 0.25% for ll diets. Requirements for lium nd ville phosphorus were similr to industry verge vlues. 725

2 Wng et l.: Distillers Dried Grin with Solules Tle 1: Suggested nutrient mtrix for DDGS sed on weighted verges of pulished dt 1 Nutrient Amount Atul Dry mtter % Crude protein % Ft % Fier % TME n, kl/l 129 Nd Clium % Phosphorus % Aville phosphorus % 0.8 Nd Potssium % Sodium % Arginine % Histidine % Isoleuine % Leuine % Lysine % Methionine % Cystine % Phenyllnine % Threonine % Tryptophn % 0.21 Nd Vline % Serine % Dig Arginine % (88.9%) Dig Histidine % 0.58 Nd Dig Isoleuine % (85.%) Dig Leuine % (91.0%) Dig Lysine % (76.1) Dig Methionine % (88.6%) Dig Cystine % (82.0%) Dig Phenyllnine % 1.15 Nd Dig Threonine % (78.7%) Dig Tryptophn % (88.%) 0.18 Nd Dig Vline % (8.8) Dig Serine % 0.88 Nd 1 2 Dt soure: Wldroup et l. (2007), Vlues in prenthesis re digestiility estimtes sed on IDEA nlysis (Novus Interntionl, St. Louis MO) Totl nd digestile mino id vlues for orn nd soyen mel were sed on vlues suggested y leding mino id produer (Ajinomoto Hertlnd Lysine, Chigo IL) djusted to the moisture nd rude protein ontent of the produts used in the formultion of the diets. Nutrient vlues used for DDGS re shown in Tle 1 nd were omposite of reported vlues (Wldroup et l., 2007). A lended niml protein ws dded to ll diets t 5%, level typil of niml protein usge in the U.S. poultry industry. Diets were mintined isolori nd isonitrogenous. All diets were fortified with omplete vitmin nd tre minerl mixes. Composition of the diets is shown in Tle 2 while the lulted nlysis of diets is shown in Tle. Strter diets were rumled, while grower nd finisher diets were pelleted. Using the diets with three different levels of DDGS, eight dietry tretments were ompred. These inluded 1) feeding no DDGS for the entire period; 2) feeding 15% DDGS for the entire period; ) feeding 0% DDGS for the entire period; ) lternting etween 0 nd 15% DDGS eginning with 0% DDGS; 5) lternting etween 0 nd 15% DDGS eginning with 15% DDGS; 6) lternting etween 0 nd 0% DDGS eginning with 0%; nd 7) lternting etween 0 nd 0% DDGS eginning with 0%. Eh of the dietry tretments ws fed to four replite pens of 25 irds eh. Housing nd mngement: Mle hiks of ommeril roiler strin (Co 500 ) were otined from lol hthery where they hd een vinted in ovo for Mrek s disese nd hd reeived vintions for Newstle Disese nd Infetious Bronhitis post hth vi orse spry. New softwood shvings served s litter over onrete floors. Twenty-five hiks were rndomly ssigned to eh of 28 pens in roiler house of ommeril design. Eh pen ws equipped with two tue feeders nd n utomti wter font. Supplementl feeders nd wterers were used during the first seven dys. Temperture nd irflow were ontrolled y utomti heters nd ventiltion fns. Inndesent lights supplemented nturl dylight to provide 2 hr light dily. Cre nd mngement of the irds followed reommended guidelines (FASS, 1999). Mesurements: The DDGS smple ws nlyzed for rude protein, ft, fier, sh, C, totl P, N nd totl mino id ontent y ommeril lortories speilizing in these ssys nd ws sujeted to Immoilized Digestiility Enzyme Assy (IDEA ) nlysis to estimte mino id digestiility. All mixed diets were nlyzed for rude protein, C, totl P, N nd totl mino ids y the sme ommeril lortories tht nlyzed the DDGS smple nd were found to e in good greement with lulted vlues. Bulk density (mss per unit of volume) of mixed feeds ws determined y weighing predetermined volume of feed. Body weights y pen nd feed onsumption during intervls were determined t 1, 5 nd 2 d of ge. Birds tht died were weighted to djust feed onversion. At the end of the study five representtive irds per pen were proessed for dressing perentge nd prts yield s desried y Fritts nd Wldroup (2006). Sttistil nlyses: All the dt were sujet to onewy ANOVA nlysis (SAS institute, 1991). Signifint differenes mong mens were seprted using Dunn s multiple-rnge test option of the generl liner model proedure. Pen mens of growth performne were used s n experimentl unit, while eh ird s n experimentl unit for proessing vriles s the irds were proessed in rndom order. Mortlity dt were trnsformed to n+ 1 for nlysis; dt re shown s nturl numers. All sttements of signifine were sed on p <

3 Wng et l.: Distillers Dried Grin with Solules Tle 2: Composition (g/kg) of diets with different levels of DDGS Ingredient Strter 0-1 d Grower 1-5 d Finisher 5-2 d DDGS Yellow orn Soyen mel Poultry oil Pro-Pk Defl. phos Limestone Slt MHA L-Lysine HCl L-Threonine Vitmin premix Pel-Stik Mintrex P_Se Con BMD TOTAL H.J. Bker nd Bro., 595 Summer Street, Stmford, CT , Provides per kg of diet: vitmin A 7715 IU; holeliferol 5511 IU; vitmin E 16.5 IU; vitmin B mg; rioflvin 6.6 mg; niin 9 mg; pntotheni id 10 mg; mendione 1.5 mg; foli id 0.9 mg; holine 1000 mg; thimin 1.5 mg; pyridoxine 2.76 mg; d-iotin mg; ethoxyquin 125 mg, Unisope In., Johnstown CO 805, Provides per kg of diet: Mn (s mngnese methionine hydroxy nlogue omplex) 0 mg; Zn (s zin methionine hydroxy nlogue omplex) 0 mg; Cu (s opper methionine hydroxy nlogue omplex) 20 mg; Se (s selenium yest) 0. mg; Novus 5 6 Interntionl, St. Louis MO, Elno Animl Helth division of Eli Lilly nd Co., Indinpolis, IN 6825, Alphrm, In., Ft. Lee, NJ 0702 Tle : Clulted nutrient ontent of diets with different levels of DDGS. Vlues in old re t minimum speified level Strter 0-1 d Grower 1-5 d Finisher 5-2 d Nutrient 0% DDGS 15% DDGS 0% DDGS 0% DDGS 15% DDGS 0% DDGS 0% DDGS 15% DDGS 0% DDGS ME kl/l CP, % Met % Lys % Trp % Thr % Ile % His % Vl % Leu % Arg % TSAA % Dig Met % Dig Lys % Dig Thr % Dig TSAA % C % Aville P % Sodium % Tle : Dietry ulk density (g/m ) DDGS inlusion, % Diet Men SD 0 Strter Strter Strter Grower Grower Grower Finisher Finisher Finisher Results nd Disussion Inresing the level of DDGS in the diet resulted in redution in weight:volume rtio (Tle ). As ll diets in the present study were formulted to e isolori, this redution ws ssoited with lower energy:volume rtio s defined y Mrz et l. (1957). Similr effets of ulk density on performne hve een oserved y Shelton et l. (2005). Although pellet qulity ws not quntittively ssessed the visul pellet qulity deresed s the level of DDGS inresed. Diets with 15% DDGS pelleted resonly well nd were similr to 727

4 Wng et l.: Distillers Dried Grin with Solules Tle 5: Effet of onstnt or vrile levels of distillers dried grins plus solules (DDGS) on live performne of mle roilers (mens of four pens of 25 irds) % DDGS y week Body weight (kg) Feed intke (kg/ird) Feed:Gin Rtio d 5 d 2 d 1-1 d 1-5 d 1-2 d 1-1 d 1-5 d 1-2 d d P diff 0.0 < SEM CV Tle 6: Effet of onstnt or vrile levels of distillers dried grins plus solules (DDGS) on dressing perentge nd prts yield of mle roilers (men of 20 irds) Bsed on ody weight Bsed on rss weight % DDGS y week Dressing Brest Wings Leg qurters Brest Wings Leg qurters Perentge (%) % % P diff 0.1 < SEM CV tht of the ontrol diet with no DDGS; however, diets with irds fed diets with no DDGS nd were numerilly 0% DDGS pelleted extremely poorly nd hd numerous lighter t 1 d. When irds were fed diets with 0 or 0% fines even though pellet inder ws dded to the diets. DDGS on lternte weeks during the study, their ody Due to the fermenttion of the orn strh y seleted weight t 1 d did not differ signifintly from tht of irds yests nd enzymes to produe ethnol, DDGS is not fed diets with no DDGS while t 5 nd 2 d their ody well geltinized. Pelleting inreses the ulk density of weights were somewht intermedite etween tht of feed ingredients nd improves flowility s ompred irds fed no DDGS nd those fed 0% DDGS on to msh feed (Briggs, 1999). This inrese in ulk onstnt sis nd did not differ signifintly from tht of density s DDGS levels inresed ws onsistent with irds fed 15% DDGS on onstnt sis. At 5 d oth our previous experiments (Wng et l., 2007, 2007). groups fed 0 nd 0% DDGS on n lternte sis The positive reltionship etween pellet qulity nd differed signifintly from those fed the ontrol diets with performne of roilers hs een noted y mny no DDGS while t 2 d those irds tht were strted on uthors (Kilurn nd Edwrds, 2001; Greenwood et l., 0% DDGS nd lterntively fed diets with no DDGS did 200, 2005; MKinney nd Teeter, 200). not differ signifintly from irds fed the ontrol diet. The effets of onstnt or vrying levels of DDGS on live Feed intke of irds fed 0 or 0% on n lternte sis performne is shown in Tle 5. When fed on did not differ signifintly from tht of irds fed 0 or 15% onstnt sis, there were no signifint differenes in DDGS on onstnt sis. Although numeril ody weight, feed intke, or feed onversion etween differenes were oserved mong the vrious irds fed diets with no DDGS nd those fed diets with tretments there were no signifint differenes, 15% DDGS. In ddition, there were no signifint inditing tht one of the mjor prolems with the high differenes in these prmeters when irds were fed 0 level of DDGS ws ssoited with redution in feed or 15% DDGS on lternte weeks during the study, s intke. There were no signifint effets of dietry ompred to those fed diets with no DDGS or fed diets tretments on mortlity (dt not shown). with 15% DDGS on onstnt sis. Birds fed The effets of onstnt or vrying levels of DDGS on onstnt level of 0% DDGS hd signifintly lower ody dressing perentge nd prts yield of roilers is shown weight nd less feed intke t 5 nd 2 dys thn did in Tle 6. There were no signifint differenes in 728

5 Wng et l.: Distillers Dried Grin with Solules dressing perentge or leg qurter yield of roilers Lumpkins et l. (200) stted tht DDGS from modern relted to dietry tretments. Brest met yield ws ethnol plnts ould e sfely used t 6% in the strter signifintly ffeted y dietry tretment, whether period nd 12 to 15% in the grower nd finisher periods. expressed s perentge of live weight or s Dle nd Btl (200) do not indite whether diets perentge of dressed rss weight. There were no were formulted on totl or digestile mino id sis signifint differenes in rest weight, either s while Lumpkins et l. (200) indited tht diets were perentge of live weight or dressed weight, etween formulted on totl mino id sis. Wng et l. irds fed diets with no DDGS, 15% DDGS on onstnt (2007) onluded tht DDGS ould e inluded in sis, or irds fed diets with 0 or 15% DDGS on n roiler diets t levels of 15% when formulted on lternte weekly sis. Brest met yield ws digestile mino id sis. It hs een noted tht signifintly redued on either s perentge of live digestiility of severl mino ids in DDGS is reltively weight or dressed rss weight when irds were fed poor, espeilly Lys nd Thr (Btl nd Dle, 2006; diets with 0% DDGS on onstnt sis. Brest met Fiene et l., 2006; Prsons et l., 2006; Fstinger et l., yield s perentge of live weight of irds fed diets 2006; Wldroup et l., 2007). Filure to ompenste for lternting etween 0 nd 0% DDGS ws numerilly this redued mino id digestiility in formulting diets redued, with signifint differene in rest met yield my inhiit the usge of high levels of DDGS in roiler etween irds fed diets with no DDGS nd those fed diets. diets with 0 or 0% DDGS on n lternte sis ending In evluting the formuls used in the urrent study with 0% DDGS. Birds tht were fed lterntively diets (Tle 2) it is likely tht some mino ids other thn with 0 or 0% DDGS nd whih reeived the diet with 0% those speified in the formultion of the diets my hve DDGS during the finl week did not differ signifintly in eome mrginl or limiting in diets with 0% DDGS. rest yield from those onsistently fed the diet with no While it is diffiult to mke diret omprison to NRC DDGS. When rest met yield ws expressed s (199) reommendtions due to differenes in dietry perentge of dressed weight, however, rest met energy levels nd time of feeding, it is possile tht yield of irds fed 0 nd 0% on n lternte sis ws tryptophn, isoleuine nd rginine my e mrginl or signifintly lower thn tht of irds fed the diet with no defiient in diets with 0% DDGS. The mrginl level of DDGS regrdless of the level fed during the finl week. isoleuine my e exerted y the inresing levels The dverse effets of 0% DDGS on rest met yield of leuine in the diet (Wldroup et l., 2002), while the ws onsistent with the oservtions from previous mrginl level of tryptophn my e exerted y study in our lortory (Wng et l., 2007). Wing yield inresing levels of the lrge neutrl mino ids Ile, s perentge of live weight ws not signifintly Leu, Vl, Phe nd Tyr (Si et l., 200). As greter ffeted y dietry tretment, ut when expressed s mounts of DDGS eome ville nd supplies of perentge of rss weight it tended to e higher s orn diminish, the poultry industry my e fored to use perentge of rss weight when rest met yield higher levels of DDGS. Further reserh is needed to ws dversely ffeted. evlute the use of other syntheti mino ids or higher The results of the present study indite tht diets with rude protein levels in diets with high levels of DDGS. 15% DDGS, formulted on digestile mino id Few studies in the literture pper to ddress the sis, n e effetively used in roiler diets providing prolems rising from rupt hnges in feed the DDGS is equivlent in nutrient vlue to the omposition. Muh of the reserh relted to ltertions stndrdized nutrient mtrix nd the diets re formulted in feed intke nd resultnt hnges in dietry energy on digestile mino id sis. Feeding diets with hve een onduted with egg-type strins (Gleves 0% DDGS onsistently during the growth period will et l., 1968; Cherry et l., 198, 198) or with older metresult in dverse performne, proly relted to the type strins (Mrz et l., 1956, 1957: Wolf et l., 1969; poor pellet qulity resulting from suh diets. These Crew et l., 196). The modern roiler hs een results re in greement with Wldroup et l. (1981) genetilly seleted for rpid gins nd inresed ody who reported tht when DDGS from everge lohol weight, ftors tht re positively ssoited with prodution ws inluded into roiler diets with the ME ppetite nd feed intke (Kondr nd Hodgson, 1961; ontent held onstnt, up to 25% DDGS ould e Siegel nd Wismn, 1966; Mrks, 1979, 1980; Sild used without redution in ody weight or feed utiliztion. nd Slinger, 196; Siegel et l., 198). Skinner et l. When inluded in diets in whih the energy ontent ws (199) reported tht rupt nd multiple hnges in llowed to deline s the level of DDGS ws inresed, dietry nutrient density (low energy versus high energy) there ws deline in performne t DDGS levels of did not dversely ffet live weight or lori utiliztion of 15% or more. roiler hikens grown to 9 d of ge. In this ited study, In ontrst, Dle nd Btl (200) suggested irds were fed diets with high or low nutrient density on mximum level of 6% DDGS from ethnol prodution in onstnt sis or hnged etween high nd low strter diets nd 12% in grower-finisher diets, while nutrient densities on weekly sis. 729

6 Wng et l.: Distillers Dried Grin with Solules Results of the present study onfirm previous Fiene, S.P., T.W. York nd C. Shsteen, reserh from our lortory tht diets ontining 15% Correltion of DDGS IDEA digestiility ssy for DDGS, when formulted on digestile mino id sis, n e fed to roilers ontinuously with no loss in live performne or rss omposition. It lso demonstrtes tht rupt hnges in diets ontining 15% DDGS do not pper to inhiit performne. At the present time, it ppers tht inlusion of 0% DDGS will redue overll performne nd dversely ffet rest met yield. This my e due in prt to defiieny of some mino ids tht re not typilly ounted for in formultion nd in prt to redued pellet qulity ssoited with this level of DDGS. Further studies re proposed to evlute these onditions. Referenes Btl, A. nd N. Dle, 200. Minerl omposition of distillers dried grins with solules. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12: Btl, A.B. nd N.M. Dle, True metolizle energy nd mino id digestiility of distillers dried grins with solules. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 15: Briggs, J.L., Effets of ingredients nd proessing onditions on pellet qulity. PhD Disserttion, Purdue University. Crew, L.B. Jr., M.C. Nesheim nd F.W. Hill, 196. The reltionship of dietry energy level nd density to the growth response of hikens to ft. Poult. Si., 2: Cherry, J.A., D.E. Jones, D.F. Clott nd D.J. Zelenk, 198. Feed intke responses of mture White Leghorn hikens to hnges in feed density. Poult. Si., 62: Cherry, J.A., K.S. Young nd D.E. Jones, 198. Feed intke response to the dilution of high-protein nd high-energy diets under self-seletion feeding. Poult. Si., 6: Couh, J.R., J.H. Trmmell, A. Toln nd W.W. Aott, Corn distillers dried grins with solules in low lysine diets for rering roiler reeder replement pullets. Pro. Distillers Res. Counil, 25: 25-. Cininnti, OH. Dle, N. nd A. Btl, 200. Nutritionl vlue of distillers dried grins nd solules for poultry. Pges 1-6 in: 19th Annul Crolin Nutrition Conf. Reserh Tringle Prk, NC. FASS, Guide for the Cre nd Use of Agriulturl Animls in Agriulturl Reserh nd Tehing. 1st Rev. Ed. Federtion of Animl Siene Soieties, Svoy IL. Fstinger, N.D., J.D. Ltshw nd D.C. Mhn, Amino id vilility nd true metolizle energy ontent of orn distillers dried grins with solules in dult eetomized roosters. Poult. Si., 85: poultry with okerel true mino id digestiility. Pges in: Pro. th Mid-Atlnti Nutrition Conferene. University of Mrylnd, College Prk MD. Fritts, C.A. nd P.W. Wldroup, Modified phosphorus progrm for roilers sed on ommeril feeding intervls to sustin live performne nd redue totl nd wter-solule phosphorus in litter. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 15: Gleves, E.W., L.V. Tonkinson, J.D. Wold, C.K. Hrmn, R.H. Thyer nd R.D. Morrison, The tion nd intertion of physiologil food intke regultors in lying hens. 1. Effets of dietry ftors upon feed onsumption nd prodution responses. Poult. Si., 7: Greenwood, M.W., P.M. Clrk nd R.S. Beyer, 200. Effet of feed fines level on roilers fed two onentrtions of dietry lysine from 1 to 0 dys of ge. Int. J. Poult. Si., : 6-9. Greenwood, M.W., K.R. Crmer, R.S. Beyer, P.M. Clrk nd K.C. Behnke, Influene of feed form on estimted digestile lysine needs of mle roilers from sixteen to thirty dys of ge. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 1: Jensen, L.S., Distillers feeds s soures of unidentified ftors for lying hens. Pro. Distillers Reserh Conf., : Louisville KY. Jensen, L.S., Vlue of distillers dried grins with solules in poultry feeds. Pro. Distillers Reserh Conf., 6: Cininnti OH. Kilurn, J. nd H.M. Edwrds, Jr., The response of roilers to the feeding of msh or pelleted diets ontining mize of vrying prtile sizes. Br. Poult. Si., 2: Kondr, P.A. nd G.C. Hodgson, Geneti differenes in energy-protein requirements of hiks. Poult. Si., 0: Lumpkins, B.S., A.B. Btl nd N.M. Dle, 200. Evlution of distillers dried grins with solules s feed ingredient for roilers. Poult. Si., 8: Mrks, H.L., Growth rte nd feed intke of seleted nd nonseleted roilers. Growth, : Mrks, H.L., Wter nd food intke of seleted nd nonseleted roilers under d liitum nd restrited feeding regimes. Growth, : MKinney, L.J. nd R.G. Teeter, 200. Prediting effetive lori vlue of nonnutritive ftors: I. Pellet qulity nd II. Predition of onsequentil formultion ded zones. Poult. Si., 8: Mrz, F.R., R.V. Bouher nd M.G. MCrtney, The influene of dietry produtive energy nd fier on growth response in hikens. Poult. Si., 5:

7 Wng et l.: Distillers Dried Grin with Solules Mrz, F.R., R.V. Bouher nd M.G. MCrtney, The influene of the energy:volume rtio on growth response in hikens. Poult. Si., 6: Ntionl Reserh Counil, 199. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Ed. Ntionl Ademy Press, Wshington DC. Prsons, C.M. nd D.H. Bker, 198. Distillers dried grins with solules s protein soure for the hik. Poult. Si., 62: Prsons, C.M., C. Mrtinez, V. Singh, S. Rdhdkrishmn nd S. Noll, Nutritionl vlue of onventionl nd modified DDGS for poultry. Pro. Multi-Stte Poult. Nutr. Feeding Conf. Indinpolis IN. Potter, L.M., Studies with distillers feeds in turkey rtions. Pro. Distillers Res. Conf., 21: Cininnti OH. Runnels, T.D., The iologil nutrient vilility of orn distillers dried grins with solules in roiler feeds. Pro. Distillers Res. Conf., 21: Cininnti OH. Runnels, T.D., Effetive levels of distillers feeds in poultry rtions. Pro. Distillers Res. Conf., 2: Cininnti OH. SAS Institute, SAS User's Guide: Sttistis. Version 6.0 Edition. SAS Institute, In., Cry, NC. Sott, M.L., Distillers dried solules for mximum roiler growth nd mximum erly egg size. Pro. Distillers Res. Conf., 20: Cininnti OH. Sott, M.L., Twenty-five yers of reserh on distillers feeds for roilers. Pro. Distillers Res. Conf., 25: Cininnti OH. Shelton, J.L., D.W. Den, L.L. Southern nd T.D. Bidner, Effet of protein nd energy soures nd ulk density of diets on growth performne of hiks. Poult. Si., 8: Si, Jinlin, C.A. Fritts, P.W. Wldroup nd D.J. Burnhm, 200. Effets of tryptophn to lrge neutrl mino id rtios nd overll mino id levels on utiliztion of diets low in rude protein y roilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 1: Sild, I.R. nd S.J. Slinger, 196. The effets of reed, sex, n rsenil nd nutrient density on the utiliztion of dietry energy. Poult. Si., 2: Siegel, P.B. nd E.L. Wismn, Seletion for ody weight t eight weeks of ge. 6. Chnges in ppetite nd feed utiliztion. Poult. Si., 5: Siegel, P.B., J.A. Cherry nd E.A. Dunnington, 198. Feeding ehvior nd feed onsumption in hikens seleted for ody weight. Ann. Agri. Fenn., 2: Skinner, J.T., M.C. Cel, A.L. Wldroup nd P.W. Wldroup, 199. Effets of rupt nd multiple hnge in dietry nutrient density on performne of roilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 2: -9. Spiehs, M.J., M.H. Whitney nd G.C. Shurson, Nutrient dtse for distiller s dried grins with solules produed from new ethnol plnts in Minnesot nd South Dkot. J. Anim. Si., 80: Wldroup, P.W., J.H. Kersey nd C.A. Fritts, Influene of rnhed hin mino id lne in roiler diets. Int. J. Poult. Si., 1: Wldroup, P.W., J.A. Owen, B.E. Rmsey nd D.L. Whelhel, The use of high levels of distillers dried grins plus solules in roiler diets. Poult. Si., 60: Wldroup, P.W., Z. Wng, C. Coto, S. Cerrte nd F. Yn, Development of stndrdized nutrient mtrix for orn distillers dried grins with solules. Int. J. Poult. Si., 6: Wng, Z., S. Cerrte, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, Utiliztion of distillers dried grins with solules (DDGS) in roiler diets using stndrdized nutrient mtrix. Int. J. Poult. Si., 6: Wng, Z., S. Cerrte, C. Coto, F. Yn nd P.W. Wldroup, Use of onstnt or inresing levels of distillers dried grins with solules (DDGS) in roiler diets. Int. J. Poult. Si., 6: Wolf, J.D., E.W. Gleves, L.V. Tonkinson, R.H. Thyer nd R.D. Morrison, Dietry protein, energy nd volume in pullet grower diets s relted to growing nd lying performne. Poult. Si., 8: Pulished with pprovl of the Diretor, Arknss Agriulturl Experiment Sttion, Fyetteville AR Mention of trde nme, proprietry produt, or speifi equipment does not onstitute gurntee or wrrnty y the University of Arknss nd does not imply its pprovl to the exlusion of other produts tht my e suitle. This reserh ws supported in prt y the Novus Interntionl-Wlton Foundtion Endowed Professorship 2 To whom orrespondene should e ddressed: Wldroup@urk.edu. Co-Vntress In., Silom Springs AR Novus Interntionl, St. Louis MO 71