2/28/18. Introduction to the Human Body: Cells, Tissues, and the Body Compass. Anatomy and Physiology. Medical Terminology.

Transcription

1 Introduction to the Human Body: Cells, Tissues, and the Body Compass Chapter 18 1 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: Study of structures and their positional relationships Physiology: Study of how the body functions in normal processes Pathophysiology (pathology): Study of processes of disease 2 Medical Terminology Medical terms possess one or more parts - Root - Prefix - Suffix Prefixes and suffixes alter meaning of the root 3 1

2 Terminology Root: Main part or its foundation - Example: cardi- means heart Prefix: Placed before a root - Example: pre- means before or front Suffix: Placed after a root - Example: -ectomy means to cut out, usually in surgery 4 Levels of Organization Hierarchy based on levels of complexity: - Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ system - Organism 5 Levels of Organization From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby. (Barbara Cousins). 6 2

3 Cells Fundamental unit of all living organisms Simplest form of life Self-sustaining unit Building blocks of human body Water makes up 60% to 80% of cells 7 A Typical Cell From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby. 8 Cell Membrane Separates cytoplasm from external environment Semipermeable: Only some materials pass 9 3

4 Cytoplasm Gel-like intracellular fluid Protoplasm provides nutrition Supports organelles 10 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Network of membranous channels - Transport materials - Types: Rough and smooth 11 Organelles Ribosomes - Small granules of RNA and protein - Synthesize protein - May bind to ER Golgi body - Packs and stores proteins and lipids until needed - Cell s packing and shipping plant 12 4

5 Organelles Mitochondria - Site of cellular respiration and provides ATP - Cell s power plant Lysosomes - Engulfs pathogens, cellular debris, and other organelles - Contains digestive enzymes 13 Organelles Centrioles - Paired, tubular structures that help cells to divide Nucleus - Large organelle; contains DNA and RNA - Has nucleolus for protein synthesis - Acts as the control center or "brain" of cell 14 Passive Processes Do not require energy Examples: - Diffusion (facilitated diffusion) - Filtration - Osmosis 15 5

6 Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration - Continues until distribution is equal Facilitated diffusion: Uses carrier proteins or channels to facilitate diffusion 16 Diffusion in a Liquid 17 Diffusion: Simple and Facilitated 18 6

7 Passive Processes: Osmosis and Filtration Osmosis: Movement of a pure solvent (water) through a membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration - Continues until two concentrations equalize Filtration: Movement of particles across a membrane due to pressure 19 Osmosis From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby. 20 Active Transport by Pumps Carrier molecules (membrane pumps) move ions in and out of cells Ions attach, energy is released, and ions are pumped inside cell Examples: Muscle cells and nerve cells 21 7

8 Endocytosis Membrane forms around targeted molecules, traps them in vesicle, and transports them into cell - Phagocytosis (cell eating): Brings target into cell to lysosome, which digests it - Pinocytosis (cell drinking): Targeted substance is liquid 22 Cellular Metabolism Metabolism: Sum total of physical and chemical processes that occur in an organism - Needed for growth, repair, and contraction - Two phases: Anabolism Catabolism 23 Anabolism and Catabolism Anabolism - Constructive phase - Small molecules (amino acids) are converted to large molecules (proteins) Catabolism - Destructive phase - Large molecules (carbohydrates) are converted to small molecules (glucose) 24 8

9 Tissues Tissues: Groups of similar cells that act together to perform specific functions Types: - Epithelial - Connective - Muscle - Nervous 25 Cross Section of the Leg 26 Epithelial Tissue Lines or covers internal and external surfaces such as: - Skin, organs, vessels, cavities, digestive tract Functions: - Protection - Absorption - Secretion - Excretion 27 9

10 Types of Epithelium Endothelium: Covers internal surfaces of blood and lymphatic vessels Glandular epithelium: In endocrine and exocrine glands; contains secretory cells Classified as: - Simple epithelium: One cell thick - Stratified epithelium: Two or more cells thick 28 Subclassifications of Epithelium Squamous: Flat-shaped Cuboidal: Cube-shaped Columnar: Column-shaped 29 Epithelial Tissue: Types and Locations From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby

11 Connective Tissue Most abundant and diverse tissue Functions: - Connects - Supports - Transports - Defense 31 Connective Tissue Types: - Fibrous - Bone - Cartilage - Liquid 32 Connective Tissues: Types and Locations From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby

12 Fibrous Connective Tissue Packing material of body Attaches skin to underlying structures Types: - Loose (areolar) - Adipose - Reticular - Dense 34 Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue Widely distributed Little tensile strength Forms subcutaneous layer beneath skin (superficial fascia) 35 Adipose Tissue Fatty tissue Insulates Cushions structures Provides fuel reserves 36 12

13 Reticular and Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue Provides framework of bones and some organs Dense - Compact, strong, inelastic fibers - Types: Irregular Regular 37 Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue Dense irregular fibrous - Resists pulling forces in several directions - Example: Deep fascia, dermis, periosteum Dense regular fibrous - More strength than dense irregular - Resist pulling forces in two directions - Example: Ligaments and tendons 38 Bone Tissue Osseous tissue Hardest type of connective tissue Permeated by blood vessels and nerves Enclosed in periosteum Types: - Compact - Spongy 39 13

14 Bone: Compact and Spongy Compact bone - Hard outer shell of bone Spongy (cancellous) bone - Inner, lattice-like part of bone 40 Cartilage Avascular, tough, protective Types: - Hyaline - Fibrocartilage - Elastic 41 Hyaline Cartilage Elastic, rubbery, smooth Most common type Covers articulating surfaces of bones Connects ribs to sternum Supports nose, trachea, and part of larynx 42 14

15 Fibrocartilage and Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage - Greatest tensile strength - Creates disks between vertebrae and in knee Elastic cartilage - Soft and pliable - Found in epiglottis, part of larynx, and auditory tubes - Gives shape to nose and ears 43 Blood Blood - Red and white cells, and platelets suspended in liquid called plasma - Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste products 44 Muscle Tissue Provides movement Contracts and extends Types: - Smooth - Skeletal - Cardiac 45 15

16 Muscle Tissue: Types and Locations From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby. 46 Smooth Muscle Involuntary Found in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels Spindle-shaped cells One oval-shaped nucleus 47 Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Cigar-shaped cells Multinucleate located on cell s periphery Striated 48 16

17 Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Found in heart wall Y- or H-shaped fibers Intercalated disks to synchronize contraction 49 Nervous Tissue Consists of cells called neurons that detect and transmit electrical signals Parts of a neuron: - Cell body - Dendrites - Axon 50 Nerve Cell That Constitutes Nerve Tissue From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby

18 Tissue Repair Inflammation Regeneration Factors that affect tissue repair: - Nutrition - Good blood circulation - Condition of wound 52 Membranes Epithelial Connective tissue Cutaneous Mucous Serous Synovial 53 Homeostasis Constancy of body s internal environment - Represents a relatively stable condition within limited range - Maintained primarily by neural and hormonal control systems 54 18

19 Anatomic Position Body upright and facing forward Arms at sides Palms facing forward with thumbs to sides Feet about hip distance apart Toes pointing forward 55 Body Cavities Dorsal cavity - Cranial: Contains brain - Spinal (vertebral): Contains spinal cord Ventral cavity - Thoracic: Contains respiratory and cardiac organs - Abdominopelvic: Contains abdominal and pelvic cavities 56 Body Cavities 57 19

20 Abdominal Quadrants One line lies horizontally and one line lies vertically intersecting at the umbilicus - Right upper quadrant - Left upper quadrant - Right lower quadrant - Left lower quadrant From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 4, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby. 58 Planes of the Body 59 Body Planes Sagittal plane (median plane) - Bisects body from front to back and divides it into right and left sections Frontal plane (coronal plane) - Bisects body side-to-side and divides it into anterior and posterior sections Transverse plane (horizontal plane) - Bisects body horizontally and divides it into superior and inferior sections 60 20

21 Directional Terms 61 Directional Terms Left: To the left (the subject s left) Right: To the right Superior (cranial, cephalic): Situated above or toward head end Inferior (caudal): Situated below or toward tail end Anterior (ventral): Pertaining to front Posterior (dorsal): Pertaining to back Medial: Oriented toward or near midline Lateral: Oriented farther away from midline 62 Directional Terms Proximal: Nearer to point of reference - Usually toward the trunk Distal: Farther from point of reference - Usually away from the midline Superficial (peripheral): Pertaining to outside surfaces Deep: Pertaining to or situated at center of body 63 21

22 Terms Related to Organs and Structures Terms are used to describe anatomic relationships among organs or regions within an organ - Medulla: Inner region of an organ or structure - Cortex: Outer region of an organ or structure - Lumen: Space located with a hollow or tubular structure 64 Regional Terms: Axial Region Cephalic: Head Cranial: Upper skull Temporal: Side of skull Facial: Face Frontal: Forehead Orbital: Eye; ophthalmic means pertaining to the eye Zygomatic: Upper cheek Nasal: Nose Buccal: Cheek wall within the mouth Oral: Mouth 65 Regional Terms: Axial Region Otic: Ear Mandibular: Lower jaw Occipital: Lower back skull Cervical: Neck; nuchal means pertaining to the nape or back of the neck Thoracic: Chest, area between the neck and diaphragm Abdominal: Abdomen; superior region of the abdominopelvic cavity 66 22

23 Regional Terms: Axial Region Pelvic: Pelvis; inferior region of the abdominopelvic cavity Pectoral: Breast area or upper anterior thorax Costal: Ribs Umbilical: Navel or central abdomen; pertaining to the umbilical cord Vertebral: Spinal column Sacral: Sacrum of the spinal column 67 Regional Terms: Axial Region Coccygeal: Bottom of the spinal column or coccyx area; upper region of the gluteal cleft Lumbar: Lower back or loin area between the ribs and hips Gluteal: Buttocks formed by the gluteal muscles Sacroiliac: Between the sacrum and pelvic bones Perineal: Between the anus and the genitals 68 Regional Terms: Upper Extremity Clavicular: Collar bone Acromial: Top of shoulder Scapular: Shoulder blade Deltoid: Curve of the shoulder formed by the deltoid muscle Axillary: Armpit Brachial: Arm; between the shoulder and elbow Antebrachial: Forearm; between the wrist and elbow Cubital: Elbow 69 23

24 Regional Terms: Upper Extremity Antecubital: Front of the elbow in the bend of the elbow Carpal: Wrist Palmar: Anterior surface or palm of the hand; volar means pertaining to the palm Pollex: Thumb Digital: Fingers or toes 70 Regional Terms: Lower Extremity Groin: Area between thigh and abdomen Pubic: Genital area over the pubic symphysis Coxal: Hip Femoral: Thigh; between the hip and knee Patellar: Kneecap Popliteal: Posterior knee Crural: Leg; between the knee and ankle 71 Regional Terms: Lower Extremity Calf: Posterior leg; sural means pertaining to the calf Tarsal: Ankle Pedal: Foot or feet Calcaneal: Heel Dorsum: Top of foot Plantar: Bottom or sole of foot; volar means pertaining to the sole of the foot Hallux: Great toe Digital: Toes or fingers; phalangeal means pertaining to the toes or fingers 72 24