Unit I: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Transcription

1 Unit I: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2 Written Response #1: Read the passage and explain what happened to Kati at the London Marathon. In 2007, Kati Mori took part in the London Marathon her fourth, and the hottest on record, with temperatures peaking at 75 F. Conscious of the repeated advice to maintain fluid intake, she took frequent drinks at the water stations along the route. By the 18th mile, Kati felt bad but was determined to finish, Near the end, she needed help from other runners to stay upright; hours later she was in the hospital, suffering from severe diarrhea, headache, vomiting and increasing confusion, with her legs endlessly mimicking a running motion. I thought I was still in the marathon, she says.

3 What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy: the study of the shape and structure of an organism Physiology: the study of the functions of each body part and how the body parts work together

4 Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy: study of the large and easily observable structures Microscopic anatomy: cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues) Developmental anatomy: studies growth and development of organisms during its lifetime; embryology Comparative anatomy: studies the differences between organisms Systematic anatomy: studies the structure and function of various organs; dermatology, endrocinology, neurology

5 Levels of Organization

6 Characteristics of Living Things 1. Movement: self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts 2. Responsiveness: Ability to sense changes and react to them 3. Growth: increase in body size 4. Reproduction: Parents produce offspring (passing DNA to new individuals) 5. Respiration: Obtaining oxygen (O 2 ) and using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

7 Characteristics of Living Things 6. Digestion: Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes 7. Absorption: Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids 8. Circulation: Movement of substances throughout the body 9. Assimilation: Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances 10. Excretion: Removal of wastes

8 Written Responses #2-3 Written Response #2: Why do beans make you fart? Written Response #3 Which life processes that we discussed are shown in this video clip? 959

9 Written Response #4 Review the list of life processes and consider Kati Mori s symptoms from WR #1 Choose three of the processes that you think might be related.

10 Metabolism Metabolism: all of the chemical changes that occur in the body to maintain life. Ultimately all of these processes require energy Written Response #5: How do we obtain energy?

11 Bodily Needs Bodily needs: food, oxygen, water, heat and atmospheric pressure Written Response #6: How long can you live without these bodily needs?

12 Written Response #6 How long can you live without these bodily needs? Rules of 3 s : 3 minutes without air, 3 days without water, and 3 weeks without food. Heat: Depends on the conditions. Most humans will suffer hyperthermia after 10 minutes in extremely humid, 140 Fahrenheit (60 Celsius) heat. Cold temperatures are harder to determine (too many factors involved) but a person will die when their body temperature reaches 70 Fahrenheit. Atmospheric Pressure: we pass out when pressure drops below 57% of atmospheric pressure and die without an oxygen mask above 26,000 feet (5 miles).

13 Homeostasis Homeostasis: tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. Written Response #7: Energy is required to keep the body in working order. Where does this energy come from?

14 Interpreting Graphics Handout Get a handout from the front table. Complete independently.

15 Negative Feedback Loop How does a negative feedback loop maintain homeostasis? Receptors: detect certain environmental parameters within the body such as temperature, information is relayed to the brain Set point: the normal range that an environmental parameter is to be controlled Effectors: muscle or glands that respond to deviation from the set point. Glands might initiate sweating to cool the body back to its set point.

16 Positive Feedback Loop How does a positive feedback loop maintain homeostasis? As the baby suckles on the nipple there is a nerve response into the spinal cord and up to the brain, which then stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more prolactin to produce more milk Positive feedback loops amplify or increase the occurrence of events.

17 Back to Kati When Kati arrived at the hospital and doctors began to collect information, they discovered that she weighed 128 lbs. Oddly, when she checked in to the race, she weighed 126 lbs. The doctor suggests that Kati might have hyponatremia. Written Response 8: What do you think that is?

18 What is Hyponatremia? In cases of water intoxication, it is extreme hyponatremia that can ultimately cause coma and death. The doctor orders a drug that increases urination. Kati is able to clear the extra water from her body and recovers. Written Response 9: How does Kati s story relate to homeostasis? Which of the 10 life processes were compromised in Kati s situation?

19 Body Farm Article Handout 1. In your notebook label the activity in bold Body Farm. 2. Read the article, and complete the questions related to the article in your notebook. 3. Once you have finished, I will check you off to ensure you have completed the assignment.

20 Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

21 Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

22 Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat

23 Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands

24 Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

25 Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

26 Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

27 Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

28 Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material

29 Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes

30 Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring

31 Body Systems Concept Map - Handout

32 Body Farm Article Handout 1. Finish the assignment that we ended with yesterday: Body Farm article

33 Written Response #10: How does each of the organ systems help maintain homeostasis? 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Digestive 7. Circulatory 8. Lymphatic 9. Urinary 10. Reproductive

34 Membranes Serous membrane: two layers, covers organs Outer layer = parietal membrane Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) membrane Serous fluid: lubricating fluid

35 Membranes Pleura: lungs Pericardium: heart Peritoneum: organs (abdominopelvic region)

36 Visceral and Parietal Membrane Visceral and Parietal always mean the same thing. Visceral points toward the guts Parietal points toward the outside Visceral Pleura Parietal Pleura LUNGS Visceral Pericardium Parietal Pericardium Visceral Peritoneum Parietal Peritoneum HEART INTESTINES

37 General Organization of the Body Axial portion: head, neck, trunk Appendicular portion: arms and legs 1. Several body cavities and layers of membranes within cavities 2. Variety of organs and organ system within cavities (Viscera = internal so visceral organs = internal organs

38 Body Cavities Dorsal: back side Ventral: front side Thoracic: chest (heart, trachea, lungs..) Abdomen: stomach area (spleen, intestines) Pelvic: lower abdomen (bladder, reproductive organs) Diaphragm: separates the thoracic and abdomen region

39 Written Response #11: Using your device, identify major organs in the following body cavities: Thoracic Pericardial Pleural Abdominal Pelvic Peritoneal

40 Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

41 Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Written Response #12: Using your device: 1. Identify major organs in each of the abdominopelvic cavities.

42 Body Cavities Labeling - Handout Ventral View Lateral View

43 Quizlet: Body Cavities

44 Anatomical Position Anatomical Position: standing erect face forward arms at side palms facing forward

45 Anatomic Terminology Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep

46 Relative Positions - Handout Complete assignment. Make sure I check you off. Glue or Tape into your notebook.

47 Describe the body region each of these terms refer to in your notebook: Term Description Term Description Term Description 1. Abdominal 2. Acromial 3. Antebrachial 4. Antecubital 5. Axillary 6. Brachial 7. Buccal 8. Carpal 9. Celiac 10. Cephalic 11. Cervical 12. Costal 13. Coxal 14. Crural 15. Cubital 16. Digital 17. Dorsal 18. Femoral 19. Frontal 20. Genital 21. Gluteal 22. Inguinal 23. Lumbar 24. Mammary 25. Mental 26. Nasal 27. Occipital 28. Oral 29. Orbital 30.Otic 31. Palmar 32. Patellar 33. Pectoral 34. Pedal 35. Pelvic 36. Perineal 37. Plantar 38. Popliteal 39. Sacral 40. Sternal 41. Tarsal 42. Umbilical 43. Vertebral 44. Calcaneal 45. Deltoid

48 Body Planes Frontal plane: cuts body into front and rear sections Sagittal plane: cuts body into side sections Midsagittal (median) plane: cuts body directly in half Transverse (horizontal) plane: cuts body into top and body sections

49 What kind of cut is this?

50 Body Regions - Handout 1. Body Regions Labeling Label the body regions diagram and glue/tape into your notebook on the page next to your chart.

51 Other Regions by Name

52 Body Regions - Poster Get into groups of three Trace one member of your group onto a large piece of paper. Label the body regions on your traced person in as much detail as possible.

53 Spread of Disease - Activity

54 Careers in Medicine There are tons of careers, some of them only require a short term of training. What are your goals? See Explore Health Careers Project: Health Careers Project Classwork / Homework: Medical and Applied Science Handout.