EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF TOMATO PLANTS UNDER HEAT STRESS

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1 Journl of Hortiulturl Reserh 217, vol. 2(2): 9-66 DOI: 1./johr EFFET OF HUMI AID ON GROWTH AND PRODUTIVITY OF TOMATO PLANTS UNDER HEAT STRESS Islm Mohme Yssin ABDELLATIF*, Youssef Youssef ABDEL-ATI, Yousry Tmmm ABDEL-MAGEED, Mohme Ael-moneim Mohme HASSAN Hortiulture Deprtment, Fulty of Agriulture, Mini University El-Mini, Egypt Reeive: June 217; Aepte: Deemer 217 ABSTRAT The purpose of this uy ws to evlute the effet of humi i (HA) pplie t 4.8, 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1 on the growth n proutivity of two tomto hyris Nem 14 n Pltinium 43 uner hot ontinentl limte. HA ws pplie twie to soil: the fir one three weeks from trnsplnting n the seon one, fter one week from the fir pplition, in oth sesons. Applition of HA uring the summer seson trgete gret results on tomto plnt growth n proutivity. HA t 14.4 kg h -1 inrese the vegettive growth of tomtoes (plnt height n fresh weight) n flowering prmeters (numer of flower luers n flowers per plnt) s well s yiel hrters (fruit numer per plnt n fruit weight, whih resulte in higher erly n totl yiel) in oth sesons. HA pplition h the le impt on fruit numer per plnt, n on vitmin n totl solule solis (TSS) onentrtion s ompre with ontrol. Key wors: tomto, humi i, het ress, ioti ress INTRODUTION Toy, the worl fes ngerous prolems whih ffete on humn life hee y griulture n foo seurity. One of these prolems is environmentl hnges n ioti resses tht ffets plnt growth, evelopment, n proutivity. Tomto (Solnum lyopersium L.) is one of the mjor rops grown ll over the worl. Aoring to FAO (216), tomto oupies the fir rnk mong the ultivte re of ll vegetle rops in Egypt. The mjor hllenge in tomto ultivtion is het ress responses (Aul-Bki 1991). The optimum temperture for tomto growing rnges from 21 to 24 º, n temperture ove 24 º will grully erese the proutivity with the eth level t 3 º. Aoring to Srinivs Ro et l. (216), high temperture is n importnt ftor for growing tomto euse of its effets on ll ges of tomto plnt from vegettive to reproutive phses. Humi i (HA) is heterogeneous mixture of mny ompouns, mixture of wek liphti n romti orgni is, whih re not solule in wter uner i onitions ut re solule in wter uner lkline onitions (o & Dell Agnoll 1984; Pettit 24) tht influenes vriously plnt growth n soil trits (Tn 23). HA is proue ommerilly n intene for orgni fertiliztion. Its omponents improve soil fertility n inrese nutrients vilility, enhne plnt growth, yiel, n erese the hrmful effet of resses through vrious mehnisms insie plnts n soil (Rjei 21; Unlu et l. 211; Moritohee 212). In this uy, we evlute the effet of HA on solving tomto hllenges to high temperture uring summer seson. MATERIALS AND METHODS This inveigtion ws rrie out uring the two suessive summer sesons of 214 n 2 *orresponing uthor: e-mil: islm_elltif@mu.eu.eg Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM

2 6 I.M.Y. Aelltif et l. t the Frm of Mini University, uner hot ontinentl limte (Tle 1). Two tomto hyris Nem 14 n Pltinium 43 were selete for this uy n grown in ly lom soil. ANADA HUMEX, ommeril prout ontining 68% HA, % fulvi is, 1% potssium, % nitrogen, 1% iron,.% mngnese, n.% zin ws use t four onentrtions (, 4.8, 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1 ). It ws melte in wter n e to soil y pouring the solution immeitely fter irrigtion. The tretment ws repete twie, the fir one fter three weeks from trnsplnting n the seon one, fter one week from the fir pplition, in oth sesons. In ition, typil fertiliztion ontine 6 m 3 h -1 orgni fertilizer n 96 kg h -1 super phosphte lium, 24 kg h -1 potssium sulfte, 48 kg h -1 mmonium sulfte, 24 kg h -1 sulfur, 6 kg h -1 iron sulfte, 6 kg h -1 mgnesium sulfte, 6 kg h -1 zin sulfte, n 6 kg h -1 mngnese sulfte ws pplie. Reors for meium temperture n reltive humiity perentge otine from Mlwy Meteorologil Sttion, out 2 km wy from the experiment lotion, re presente in Tle 1. Dt otine s ily reors n summrize s verge of -y intervls. omplete Rnomize Bloks esign in split-plot rrngement with three replites ws use in eh seson. Min plots were ssigne to genotypes, while the suplots were llote to the HA levels. Eh plot re ws 14.4 m 2 with three rows; eh one ws 4-m long n 12 m in with. Trnsplnting ws one on one sie of eh rip with 4-m intr-rows sping etween two hilloks with one plnt/hillok. Stuie hrteriis Plnt height (m), fresh weight of plnt without roots n fruits (g), n numer of flower luers n flowers per plnt were reore t the full looming ge (fter ys from trnsplnting) y rnomly tking three plnts from eh tretment, while, erly n totl yiel per hetre (ton) s well s verge numer of fruits per plnt were etermine uring the hrve perios. Fruits were pike six times, the fir three were onsiere s n erly yiel. On the thir piking, 1 ripe fruits were rnomly tken from eh plot to reor the verge fruit weight (g) s well s vitmin onentrtion (mg 1 g -1 ), whih ws etermine y using 2,4-ihlorophenol-inophenol ye oring to A.O.A.. (2), n totl solule solis (TSS) perentge in the juie of fruits whih ws etermine y using hn refrtometer on the juie of ten ripe fruits fter lening for 1 2 minutes. Dt were tiilly nlyze with the help of MSTAT- progrm to fin out the tiil signifine of the experimentl results seprtely for eh yer of the experiment. The men vlues of ll prmeters were seprte y Dunn's multiple rnge te t % proility. Tle 1. Reors for meium temperture n reltive humiity perentge otine from Mlwy Meteorologil Sttion, fr out 2 Km from the experiment lotion. Dt otine s ily reors n summrize s verge of y intervls Sesons Months April My June July Dys meium temp. ( ) humiity (%) meium temp. ( ) humiity (%) Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM

3 No. of flowers No. of flower luers F.W. of eril prts of plnt (g) Plnt height (m) Influene of humi i on tomto plnts 61 A seson (214) 2 n seson (214) B D Humi i kg h-1 Humi i kg h - 1 Hyri Nem 14 Hyri Pltinium 43 Fig. 1. The effet of humi i (zero, 4.8, 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1 ) on plnt height (m) n fresh weight of eril plnt prts (g) of two tomto hyris Nem 14 n Pltinium 43 uring the summer sesons of 214 n seson (214) 2 n seson (214) B e e e D Humi i kg h-1 Humi i kg h - 1 Hyri Nem 14 Hyri Pltinium 43 Fig. 2. The effet of four levels of humi i preprtion (ontrol, 4.8, 9.6, n 14.4 kg h -1 ) on numer of flower luers n flowers/plnt of two tomto hyris (Nem 14 n Pltinium 43) uring the summer sesons of 214 n 2 Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM

4 Averge fruit weight Averge fruits No./plnt Totl yiel/h (ton) Erly yiel/h (ton) 62 I.M.Y. Aelltif et l. A seson (214) 2 n seson (2) B 2 2 e e f f D 3 2 e f f Humi i kg h-1 Humi i kg h - 1 Hyri Nem 14 Hyri Pltinium 43 Fig. 3. The effet of four levels of humi i preprtion (ontrol, 4.8, 9.6, n 14.4 kg h -1 ) on erly n totl yiel h -1 (ton) of two tomto hyris (Nem 14 n Pltinium 43) uring the summer sesons of 214 n 2 A seson (214) 2 n seson (2) B D e e Humi i kg h -1 Humi i kg h -1 Hyri Nem 14 Hyri Pltinium 43 Fig. 4. The effet of four levels of humi i preprtion (ontrol, 4.8, 9.6, n 14.4 kg h -1 ) on verge fruits numer/plnt n verge fruit weight (g) of two tomto hyris (Nem 14 n Pltinium 43) uring the summer sesons of 214 n 2 Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM

5 T.SS (%) Vit. (mg 1 g -1 ) Influene of humi i on tomto plnts 63 A , 4 3, 3 2, 2 1, 1, 1 seson (214) 2 n seson (2) B Humi i kg h , 4 3, 3 2, 2 1, 1, Hyri Nem 14 Hyri Pltinium 43 D - Humi i kg h -1 - Fig.. The effet of four levels of humi i preprtion (ontrol, 4.8, 9.6, n 14.4 kg h -1 ) on vitmin (mg 1 g -1 ) n TSS (%) of two tomto hyris (Nem 14 n Pltinium 43) uring the summer sesons of 214 n 2 RESULTS Plnt height (m) n fresh weight of plnts (g) In the oth hyris, the highe plnts were otine when HA ws pplie t 14.4 kg h -1 n they signifintly iffere from ontrol in oth sesons (Fig. 1A, B). The pplition of HA t 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1 signifintly inrese the fresh weight of plnts s ompre with ontrol in oth sesons. The highe fresh weight ws reore when 14.4 kg h -1 of HA ws pplie in oth hyris n sesons (Fig. 1, D). Numer of flower luers n flowers per plnt Both tomto hyris rete for ll levels of HA with inresing numer of flowers per luer n generl numer of flowers per plnt s ompre with ontrol in oth the sesons (Fig. 2A, B,, D), with the highe vlues for levels 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1. Erly n totl yiel per hetre (ton) Erly yiel in hyri Nemo 14, higher in omprison with ontrol, ws otine with HA t 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1, respetively, in the fir yer n t the three levels in the seon yer of experiment (Fig. 3A, B), wheres in hyri Pltinium 43, ll levels of HA inrese erly yiel. Also totl yiel of fruits ws signifintly higher fter pplying HA n inrese with the inrese in HA level (Fig. 3, D). Numer of fruits per plnt n fruit weight (g) The verge numer of fruits in hyri Nem 14 ws higher only with HA t 14.4 kg h -1 in the fir seson, wheres in the seon seson n in hyri Pltinium 43, this trit ws not ffete y HA (Fig. 4A, B). The verge fruit weight of hyri Nem 14 ws not ffete with HA pplition in the fir yer, ut in the seon yer, it ws inrese t 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1 HA. The hyri Pltinium 43 inrese fruit weight t eh level of HA in the oth yers (Fig. 4, D). Vitmin n TSS HA pplition i not ffet the men vitmin onentrtion in oth hyris s ompre with ontrol in oth sesons exept for 9.6 kg h -1 in hyri Pltinium 43 in the seon yer (Fig. A, B). Also the TSS onentrtion i not hnge in the Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM

6 64 I.M.Y. Aelltif et l. fir yer, n in the seon yer, it inrese in hyri Pltinium 43 when 4.8 kg h -1 of HA ws pplie (Fig., D). DISUSSION Aoring to severl reports, HA signifintly inrese the plnt height of tomto (Kzemi 213, 214; Frni & Mori 2), fresh weight of tomto (Ael-Monim et l. 212), n numer of flowers of tomto (Kzemi 214), s well s erly fruit yiel of tomto (Yilirim 27) n pepper plnts (Krkurt et l. 29) n totl yiel of tomto (Ael- Monim et l. 212; Amn & R 213; Kzemi 213, 214; Asri et l. 2; Frni & Mori 2). The resons ehin this inrement re onnete with eh other. Also, severl uies hve shown tht HA hs the ility to erese the hrmful effet of ressors on plnts (Ozkutlu et l. 26; Rjei 21; Unlu et l. 211; Moritohee 212) n in soils (Blotto et l. 21). In our experiments, HA similrly positively influene the growth n yiel prmeters of two tomto hyri ultivrs. HA plys importnt roles on plnts through imultion of root growth n inrese of wter n nutrient uptke y vegetle rops (imrin & Yilmz 2). It n lso influene the ell ivision (hen et l. 24) n enhne protein synthesis (El-Ghmry et l. 29; Ptil 21), whih result in enhning totl protein ontent in plnts (Nri et l. 22). HA lso provies growth regultors to regulte n ontrol hormone levels in plnts (Nri et l. 22) n imultes proution of plnt enzymes n hormones (Srir et l. 2; Mrt 27). It lso inreses enzyme tlysis n enhnes respirtion n photosynthesis proesses (Nri et l. 22; Nri et l. 22). These mehnisms refer to the iret influene of HA on plnts n its influene on soil fertility is lso very importnt (Nri et l. 22; Fhrmn et l. 214). It hppens through the improvement of soil physil (Vrnini & Pinton 199; Nri et l. 22), hemil, n iologil properties (Keeling et l. 23; Mikkelsen 2) tht inrese wter holing pity (MDonnell et l. 21). Furthermore, it is goo soure of energy for enefiil soil orgnisms (hen et l. 24; Pettit 24; Zimmer 24) y imulting the enzyme tivities (Burkowsk & Donerski 27). HA is use for soil relmtion purposes (Blotto et l. 21; Muromile et l. 211; Khle & Fwy 211; Ameri & Tehrnifr 212). I it n e onlue tht HA e to the soil for growing tomtoes uner hot ontinentl limte in the mount of 9.6 n 14.4 kg h -1 n inrese the yiel, oth erly n totl. REFERENES Ael-Monim M.F., Ael-Gi M.A., El-Morsy M.E.- M.A Effiy of rhizoteri n humi i for ontrolling Fusrium wilt isese n improvement of plnt growth, quntittive n qulittive prmeters in tomto. ESi Journl of Plnt Pthology 1: Aul-Bki A.A Tolerne of tomto ultivrs n selete germplsm to het ress. Journl of the Amerin Soiety of Hortiulturl Siene 116(6): Amn S., R A Response of tomto to nitrogen levels with or without humi i. Srh Journl of Agriulture 29: Ameri A., Tehrnifr A Effet of humi i on nutrient uptke n physiologil hrterii Frgri nnss vr. mros. Journl of Biologil n Environmentl Sienes 6: Asri F.O., Demirts E.I., Ari N. 2. hnges in fruit yiel, qulity n nutrient onentrtions in response to soil humi i pplitions in proessing tomto. Bulgrin Journl of Agriulturl Siene 21: Blotto L.E.B., Blotto M.A., nells L.P., Bressn- Smith R., Olivres F.L. 21. Growth promotion of pinepple Vitóri y humi is n Burkholeri spp. uring limtiztion. Revi Brsileir e iêni o Solo 34: DOI: 1.9/S Burkowsk A., Donerski W. 27. Impt of humi sunes on terioplnkton in eutrophi lke. Polish Journl of Eology : 16. o G., Dell Agnoll G Plnt growth regultor tivity of solule humi omplexes. nin Journl of Soil Siene 64: DOI: /jss hen Y., De Noili M., Avi T. 24. Stimultory effets of humi sunes on plnt growth. In: Mgoff F., Weil R.R. (Es.), Soil orgni mtter in suinle griulture. Bo Rton, R Press, pp DOI: 1.121/ h4. Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM

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8 66 I.M.Y. Aelltif et l. Yilirim E. 27. Folir n soil fertiliztion of humi i ffet proutivity n qulity of tomto. At Agriulture Sninvi, Setion B Soil n Plnt Siene 7: DOI: 1.18/ Zimmer G. 24. Humtes n humi sunes. Bio-orret inputs for the Eo-frmer. ARES 34(1): 1 2. Unuthentite Downlo Dte 7/6/18 1:2 AM