Chicory and red clover silage to growing/finishing pigs and its influence on pigs' behaviour

Transcription

1 Fculty of Veterinry Medicine nd Animl Science Deprtment of Animl Breeding nd Genetics Chicory nd red clover silge to growing/finishing pigs nd its influence on pigs' behviour Jnin Nihlstrnd Exmensrbete / Swedish University of Agriculturl Sciences Deprtment of Animl Breeding nd Genetics 491 Uppsl 2016 Mster s Thesis, 30 hp Mster s Progrmme Animl Science

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3 Fculty of Veterinry Medicine nd Animl Science Deprtment of Animl Breeding nd Genetics Chicory nd red clover silge to growing/finishing pigs nd its influence on pigs' behviour Cikori- och rödklöverensilge till slktsvin och dess påverkn på grisrs beteende Jnin Nihlstrnd Supervisor: Ann Wllenbeck, SLU, Deprtment of Animl Breeding nd Genetics Exminer: Mri Neil, SLU, Deprtment of Animl Nutrition nd Mngement Credits: 30 hp Course title: Degree project in Animl Science Course code: EX0558 Progrmme: Mster s Progrmme - Animl Science Level: Advnced, A2E Plce of publiction: Uppsl Yer of publiction: 2016 Nme of series: Exmensrbete / Swedish University of Agriculturl Sciences, Deprtment of Animl Breeding nd Genetics, 491 On-line publicering: Key words: Pig behviour, silge, socil interctions, time budget

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5 Tble of contents Abstrct... 1 Smmnfttning... 2 Introduction... 3 Literture review... 4 Rooting behviour... 4 Pigs bility to digest forge... 5 Roughges nd silges... 6 Effects on crcss nd met qulity... 7 Towrds more sustinble pig feed production... 8 Mterils nd Methods... 9 Animls, housing nd feeding... 9 Experimentl design nd tretments Behviour observtions Sttisticl nlyses Results Time budget Socil interctions Genotype nd gender Previous Results -Production performnce Discussion Conclusion References... 28

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7 Abstrct Even though roughge is prt of the nturl diet for pigs, the mjority of tody s pigs do not hve ccess to it. The time the pigs in modern production system spend on eting is very short, it could be s little s 15 minutes per dy. This could led to digestive or behviourl problems. There is n unused potentil for different ley crops nd especilly legumes, to contribute to the pigs nutritionl supply with both protein nd energy nd lso increse their welfre by stimulte forging nd explortory behviour. In this study conventionl growing/finishing pigs were given free ccess to silge of 100% red clover or 100% chicory in excess of 80% of recommended cerel-bsed feed rtion. The experiment strted when the pigs hd live weight of 80 kg nd ended t slughter. The pigs were video recorded with cmers throughout the experiment nd their behviour were nlysed two consecutive dys t two observtion occsions. The pigs ctivity, body position nd loction in the pen were nlysed. Socil interctions, biting pen fittings nd eting silge were observed continuously for five minutes three times per dy during the observtion occsions. The results showed tht pigs in the control tretment were lying down more of the time nd spent less time nosing on the pen floor thn the pigs in the two silge tretments. This implies tht pigs with ccess to silge were more ctive thn the control pigs. Pigs in the control tretment hd significnt higher number of biting in pen fittings. The most common socil interction in ll three tretments ws nosing on other pig. There ws significnt less bitings/nibblings in the red clover tretment but more hed knocks in the chicory tretment compred to the other tretments. The time spent on eting/rooting silge did not differ between the two silge tretments. Access to silge seems to hve offered higher opportunity to perform forging behviour nd without ccess to silge the pigs seem to hve redirect some of the explortory behviour towrds pen fittings insted. Socil behviour ws lso nlysed in reltion to gender nd the two different genotypes the pigs hd (Yorkshire x Duroc or Yorkshire x Hmpshire). For genotype no significnt differences were seen but femle pigs hd higher number of socil interctions in totl nd higher frequency of nosings compred to the cstrted mle pigs. The conclusion of study is tht even in this lredy enriched pig production system (ll pigs hd strw) the niml welfre cn be improved with ccess to silge, by given more meningful occuption thn pen mnipultion. Both chicory nd red clover silge did contribute to the pigs energy nd protein supply, but red clover gve better dily gin thn chicory. Red clover lso hd higher potentil s roughge to improve the growing/finishing pigs welfre. 1

8 Smmnfttning Även om grovfoder är en del v grisens nturlig födovl hr få v dgens produktionsgrisr tillgång till det. Tiden som grisen idg ägnr åt tt ät är väldigt kort, iblnd så lite som 15 min per dg. Dett kn led till mtsmältningsproblem och beteendestörningr. Det finns en stor potentil tt vllgrödor och frmförllt bljväxter, kn bidr till grisrns energi- och proteinförsörjning men även bidr till tt ök djurvälfärden genom tt stimuler födosöks- och utforskningsbeteende. I den här studien gvs konventionell slktsvin fri tillgång på ett cikoriensilge eller ett rödklöverensilge utöver 80% v en rekommenderd spnnmålsbserd fodergiv. Försöket pågick från det tt slktsvinen hde en levndevikt på c 80 kg frm till slkt. Grisrn filmdes under hel försöket och ders beteende nlyserdes två dgr i följd vid två observtionstillfällen. Grisrns ktivitet, kroppsposition och plts i boxen nlyserdes. Socil interktioner smt bitning v boxinredning och ensilgeätning observerdes kontinuerligt i fem minuter tre gånger per dg vid observtionstillfällen. Resultten visde tt grisrn i kontrollbehndlingen låg ner mer v tiden och ägnde mindre tid åt tt nos på boxgolvet än grisrn i de två ensilgebehndlingrn. Dett innebär tt grisrn med tillgång på ensilge vr mer ktiv än kontrollgrisrn. Grisr i kontrollbehndlingen hde signifiknt högre ndel bitningr i boxinredningen. Den vnligste socil interktionen i ll behndlingr vr nos på en nnn gris. Det vr signifiknt mindre bitningr/nfsningr i rödklöverbehndlingen men mer hugg mot en nnn gris i cikoribehndlingen jämfört med de ndr behndlingrn. Tiden grisrn ägnde åt tt ät/bök ensilge skiljde inte melln ensilgebehndlingrn. Tillgången på ensilge verkr h bidrgit till tt ge en större möjlighet tt utför födosöksbeteende och utn tillgång på ensilge verkr grisrn h riktt en del v sitt utforskningsbeteende mot inredningen istället. Socilt beteende nlyserdes även med vseende på kön och efter de två olik rskorsning som grisrn bestod v (Yorkshire x Duroc eller Yorkshire x Hmpshire). För rskorsning sågs ing signifiknt skillnder men sogrisr hde högre ntl socil interktioner totlt smt högre ndel nosningr jämfört med hngrisrn. Slutstsen v studien är tt även i redn berikde grisproduktionssystem med strö kn djurvälfärden ök med tillgång på ensilge, genom tt ge grisrn en mer meningsfull sysselsättning än bit i boxinredning. Både cikori- och rödklöverensilge bidrog till grisrn energi- och proteinförsörjning, men rödklövern gv bättre dglig tillväxt än cikorin. Rödklöverensilget hde också en större potentil som grovfoder tt förbättr slktgrisrns välfärd. 2

9 Introduction Even though roughge is prt of the nturl diet for pigs, the mjority of tody s pigs do not hve ccess to it (ICOPP, 2015). The cerel-bsed feed rtions in modern pig production come in pellet, mel or msh form nd the time the pigs spend eting is very short. It cn be s little s 15 minutes of the dy the pigs spend eting, nd this is to be compred to pigs in semi-nturl environment tht spend more thn hlf of the dylight period rooting nd grzing (Stolb & Wood-Gush, 1989). The short eting time could led to digestive or behviourl problems (ICOPP, 2015). In orgnic production free ccess to roughge is demnd (KRAV, 2015). Roughge is often only seen s n enrichment (Alrik et l., 2012) but is not included in the feed rtion clcultions. There is big unused potentil for different ley crops to contribute to the pigs nutritionl supply with both protein nd energy nd lso increse their welfre in different spects (Presto, 2011). The study hs been prt of lrger EU project; ICOPP Improved contribution of locl feed to support 100% orgnic feed supply to pigs nd poultry, which is funded by Orgnic Core II (ICOPP, 2015). The im of this lrger project ws to identify economiclly profitble feeding strtegies bsed on 100% orgnic feed cross Europe for both pigs nd poultry. The project hs exmined different locl feed resources nd given better understnding of how those impct growth, helth, welfre nd the environment. One prt of the project imed to improve the understnding of the possible effects roughge inclusion in the diet gives on pigs nutrition, behviour, helth nd welfre. In this study, conventionl growing/finishing pigs hve been fed chicory silge or red clover silge in combintion with commercil feed. The study ws crried out s Mster thesis, where the behviour study ws the mjor prt. The im of the study is to investigte how diets including chicory silge or red clover silge ffect pigs behviour nd production. The min questions I im to nswer re: Does ccess to silge increse the opportunity for pigs to perform more forging behviour? Does ccess to silge for pigs decrese the occurrence of ggression nd biting pen fittings? Are there ny differences in pigs behviour when feeding chicory silge compred to red clover silge? Are there ny differences in pigs behviour between the two genotypes Yorkshire x Hmpshire nd Yorkshire x Duroc? How will the growth nd crcss trits be ffected when the pigs re fed chicory nd red clover silge? 3

10 Literture review Rooting behviour Pigs explore nd get to know their environment by rooting, sniffing, biting nd chewing on items, both things tht re edible nd things tht re not (Studnitz et l., 2007). This explortory behviour is of high importnce for pigs nd tht is why ccess to rooting mteril improves the welfre of the domestic pigs. According to the Swedish niml welfre legisltion ll pigs should hve ccess to strw or n equl litter mteril with good hygienic qulity nd in such mount tht their explortory behviour cn be met (SJVFS 2010:15). In n indoor pen for rering pigs the opportunity to root is strongly limited, but studies hve shown tht if rooting is prevented, for exmple by nose ring, other explortory behviour will increse insted (Studnitz et l., 2003). If pigs lso were prevented to perform other explortory behviour, like chewing nd mnipulting rooting mteril, n increse in bnorml behviour cn be seen. Access to rooting mteril like strw or wood chip is known to reduce bnorml nd unwnted behviour such s mnipultion of pen fittings nd pen mtes in growing pigs (Scott et l., 2006; Jensen & Pedersen, 2010). Jensen & Pedersen (2007) studied six different rooting mterils to growing pigs nd showed tht mize silge, compost nd wood chip were preferred over chopped strw. Strw ws given the lowest vlue s rooting mteril in the study. Their result confirms tht pigs wnt more complex nd mixed rooting mteril. Both hunger nd curiosity cn be the motivtion behind rooting behviour (Studnitz et l., 2007). When growing pigs re fed restrictively during the lter prts of the fttening period n increse in rooting behviour is expected (Bettie & O Connell, 2002). Hunger cn increse the explortory behviour but feeding d libitum does not erdicte the motivtion to perform this behviour. It seems to lwys involve some level of ppetitive forging behviour lso in d libitum fed pigs. The curiosity to explore, serch for novelty nd gther informtion will continue s long s the pigs hve the energy nd no other motivtion becomes higher thn the motivtion to explore (Studnitz et l., 2007). A rooting mteril tht is chngeble, destructible (mintin the pigs curiosity) nd contin edible prts (for ppetitive forging) will be interesting s rooting mteril for n extended length of time nd in tht wy stisfy the pigs explortory behviour to lrger extent. In ddition to strw, roughge cn be provided, which cn then increse the time the pig spends eting nd forging (Olsen et l., 2000). In tht wy their nturl behviour of explortion nd forging cn be better fulfilled. Presto et l. (2013) concluded tht dditionl intct silge for pigs lredy enriched with strw hs potentil to reduce some dmging socil behviour. Presto et l. (2009) sw tht ggressive behviours were lower in groups of pigs fed roughge thn for pigs in the control group nd the pigs fed roughge were more ctive. Except from environmentl enrichment lso spce is of importnce for fulfilling the explortory behviour (Bettie et l., 1996). 4

11 Presto et l. (2013) studied if the form in which the roughge is fed ffects pigs behviour. Feeding intct grss/clover silge seprted from the commercil diet incresed the time pigs spent eting compred to if the silge ws chopped nd mixed with the commercil feed, silge milled nd pelleted together with the commercil feed or commercil feed lone. The pigs fed intct nd chopped silge were more ctive. A cler (but not significnt) tendency ws lso decrese in time spending nosing nd chewing pen fittings nd nosing nd biting other pigs. Socil interctions cn lso increse due to mnipultion nd sorting out prts in silge. The pigs fed intct silge hd the lowest number of wounds on their body, which indicte tht hrmful socil behviour ws low in tht group. When compring the group of pigs fed commercil pelleted diet nd the group of pigs fed pelleted silge diet, the number of wounds ws lower in the lst group. Even if pelleted silge does not provide the opportunity to forging behviour, it cn ffect pig behviour to some extent, probbly by the higher fiber content giving the pig longer feeling of stition. Jensen & Pedersen (2010) studied the effect of feeding level nd ccess to rooting mteril (wood chip) hd on pigs behviour. Access to wood chip reduced mnipultion of pen floor but no significnt difference in how much the pigs mnipulted the rooting mteril nd the feeding level could be seen. On the other hnd restricted feeding gve rise to more ggression compred to d libitum feeding. They lso studied situtions where the feeding spce ws reduced nd when feeding ws delyed, but the response to tht ws not depending on ccess to wood chip. A reduced feeding spce incresed ggressive behviour in the restrictedly fed pigs. Pigs bility to digest forge How well pigs cn digest nutrients from forge depends mostly on the proportion of crude fibre (Le Goff et l., 2002). The more crude fiber content, the lower is the digestibility. The digestibility of fibre lso increses with the pigs increse in ge nd body weight. Adult sows hve good cpcity to digest dietry fibre in the hindgut. In dry sows s much s 50% of the mintennce energy cn be derived from roughge (Sehested et l., 2000). Growing pigs should only be provided smll mount of crude fibre in their diet due to their lower digestive cpcity (Wllenbeck et l., 2014). Due to the high content of wter in roughge compred to commercil cerel feed, the nutrient density is lower nd the pigs would therefore lso need to consume big mounts to get the sme level of nutrients (Crwley, 2015). In piglets, young growing pigs nd lctting sows the nutrient concentrtion needs to be very high. Also the form of the silge hs n impct on the silge consumption nd nutrient utiliztion (Wllenbeck et l., 2014). Studies where growing/finishing pigs re given roughge show vrying results, depending on roughge type, the botnicl prts, feeding strtegy nd experimentl design (Wllenbeck et l., 2014; Hnsen et l., 2006, Presto et l., 2009). Studies indicte tht the feeding intke of roughge increses with restricted feeding rtion (Crwley, 2015). With the results from the ICOPP project the recommendtion is to increse the silge inclusion to the pigs diet through 5

12 phse feeding, with pproximte 10% inclusion on DM bsis to growing pigs nd 12-20% inclusion to finishing pigs (Crwley, 2015). This is corresponding to wht they cn ingest. Roughges nd silges Legumes re group of plnts with interest s feed, due to their importnce in the crop rottion with their bility to fixte nitrogen nd the high crude protein content. Tody new vrieties hve lower content of nti-nutritionl substnces, which inhibit some of the nutritionl uptke (Wllenbeck, 2012). One should ber in mind tht silge inclusion leds to increse of nitrogen nd phosphorous in the mnure (Crwley, 2015). A silge need to be erly cut so the crude fibre content is low. Often different grss species is combined with clover or chicory. A grss nd clover silge cn hve crude protein content of 20-24% of DM nd is very good energy feed for sows. In study by Hnsen et l. (2006) the pigs te more of grss clover silge thn brley/pe silge on n energy level. Red clover is perennil legume which is esily estblished nd useful for both psture nd silge production for pigs (Crwley, 2015). It is the most common legume in Sweden (Swedish Bord of Agriculture, 2015). It is not so persistent (2-3 yers) nd unfortunte susceptible to some diseses. Red clover is usully considered hving high pltbility s feed nd increses the totl feed consumption. Pigs provided red clover forge hve shown to hve the sme good weight gin s those provided lucerne (Crwley, 2015). Lucerne (Medicgo stiv) with deep tp root is drought persistent with good sustinbility nd high production (Swedish Bord of Agriculture, 2015b). The crude protein is high, 15-24% (on DM bsis) (Crwley, 2015). Lucerne cn often be dried nd milled nd be included in different feed rtions (Wllenbeck, 2012). However there is higher risk of lef losses when dried to hy compred to silge (Swedish Bord of Agriculture, 2015b). A study with grzing growing pigs showed tht they received significnt prt of their proteins supply from the lucerne psture (Jcobsen, 2014). Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is perennil herb (not legume) with deep root system, mking it drought persistent (Swedish Bord of Agriculture, 2015c). It cn be good complement in forge seed mix, nd give stble nd persistent ley (Wllenbeck, 2012). It hs reltively high content of lysine in the leves, but the crude protein content is lower compred to the legumes (Crwley, 2015; Swedish Bord of Agriculture, 2015c). Chicory inclusion to growing pigs hs shown to fvour lctobcillus in the pigs intestinl microflor, which cn give prebiotic effect (Ivrsson, 2012). This is becuse of the high content of dietry fibre (40%). Rpe cn lso provide n excellent forge feed for pigs s well s kle nd swedes (Crwley, 2015). If the rpe is wet when grzed it cn led to photosensitiztion (sun burning) on white skinned pigs. 6

13 Effects on crcss nd met qulity A lower live weight nd lower dily gin re expected if prt of the diet to finishing pigs is replced with silge, tht hve erlier studies shown (Hnsen et l., 2006; Wllenbeck et l., 2014; Crwley, 2015). Hnsen et l., (2006) fed restricted orgnic concentrte diet (70% of the Dnish recommendtions) to finishing pigs with free ccess to two different types of silges; brley/pe or grss/clover silge. The dily gin for these pigs ws 27% lower thn for the pigs with 100% conventionl concentrte diet nd 22% lower thn pigs with 100% orgnic concentrte diet. The decrese in dily gin ws more pronounced during the winter period compred to the summer period. The difference ws lso more pronounced in cstrted pigs compred to the femle pigs. Regrding the crcss qulity pigs fed silge hd higher len met percentge compred to pigs fed 100% concentrte. They hd therefore lso higher yield of loin, leg, leg muscles nd tenderloin with thinner lyer of ft on loin nd leg when corrected for slughter weight. Pigs fed 100% concentrte hd insted hevier belly prts. The mount of intrmusculr ft ws lower compred to 100% concentrte fed pigs. Tht ws expected becuse higher len met percentge is correlted to lower intrmusculr ft. In study by Wllenbeck et l. (2014) growing/finishing pigs were fed grss/clover silge corresponding to 20% of their metbolizble energy bsis in the diet. The weight gin ws only 5-15% lower compred to control diet. The grss/clover silge ws given in three different forms; intct silge fed seprtely, chopped silge mixed with commercil feed, nd milled silge pelleted with the commercil feed (where ll silge would be totlly consumed). The pigs fed the control diet hd the highest dily weight gin, nd the pigs fed pelleted silge hd the second highest dily weight gin. Pigs fed chopped nd mixed silge hd the lowest killing-out percentge. The len met percentge ws higher on pigs in the intct silge tretment compred to the pelleted silge tretment nd the control tretment. In non-ruminnt nimls, like pigs, the portion of unsturted ftty cids in the met cn quite esily be incresed by incresing the unsturted ftty cids in the pig s diet (Wrriss, 2010). An increse in the proportion of polyunsturted ftty cids in met is often of interest due to its positive helth spect for humns. But there is problem with unsturted ftty cids, they re more sensitive to lipid oxidtion nd the compound derived from it cn cuse rncidity nd other off-flvours both in cooked nd uncooked met. Met processing, pcking procedure nd storge temperture ffect the propensity of lipid oxidtion nd cn therefore be dpt to inhibit undesired oxidtion. Hnsen et l. (2006) showed tht the pigs fed silge hd higher vlue of metbolites from lipid oxidtion s result of the higher intke of polyunsturted ftty cids. When nlysing the ftty cid composition in the bck ft of the pigs Hnsen et l. found lower content of sturted ftty cids (-2%) nd higher content of polyunsturted ftty cids (2-3%) in pigs fed silge, which the scientists fered could be problem in the further met processing. 7

14 Towrds more sustinble pig feed production To chieve more sustinble niml production, recycling of nutrients is of mjor importnce (Wllenbeck et l., 2014). This is especilly importnt in orgnic production but lso in conventionl production. To use loclly produced feed stuff for the nimls is one wy to improve this. Legumes bility to fixte nitrogen from the ir is well-used nd pprecited ttribute, nd orgnic crop production relies on legumes for their nitrogen supply to the soil when fertilizers re not permitted. Forge production, which often combines grss cultivtion with legumes, hs severl positive spects in crop rottion (Wllenbeck, 2012). A crop rottion with forge is good s preventive weed nd pest control nd for plnt diseses. A forge production hs high potentil to provide pig frmers with both protein feed nd roughge nd hopefully in the future it cn be more frequently used lso t pig frms. A feeding system including forge could be beneficil economiclly s well due to it cn reduce the overll feeding cost, especilly for orgnic supplementry feeding concentrtes (Crwley, 2015). Finlly, to provide lso conventionlly rered pigs some ccess to forge of some kind cn give them behviourl enrichment nd overll improve niml welfre (Presto et l,. 2013). 8

15 Mterils nd Methods This study ws performed t the Swedish Livestock Reserch Centre t Funbo Lövst outside Uppsl, Sweden. The experiment strted the 14 th of July nd ended 15 th of August The pigs were sent to slughter t the Lövst slughterhouse close to the Reserch Centre. The slughterhouse is owned by the Swedish University of Agriculture Science nd run by the compny Lövst Kött. The pig herd t the Reserch Centre is from Specific Pthogen Free (SPF) production nd hve high helth sttus. This mens tht the herd is free from severl microorgnisms tht cuse diseses such s slmonell, scbies, pleuropneumoni, swine enzootic pneumoni (SEP), swine influenz, swine dysentery, ileitis (Lwsoni intrcellulris) nd trophic rhinitis (Grnert, 2013). SPF pigs hve high dily weight gin nd will therefore rech slughter weight t n erlier ge (Wllgren et l., 2012). Animls, housing nd feeding The study included 72 growing/finishing pigs from one production btch (nine birth litters) which were born nd rered t the sme fcility. Hlf of the pigs were cross breed between Yorkshire x Hmpshire (YxH) from four litters nd the other hlf of Yorkshire x Duroc (YxD) from five litters. At wening (five weeks of ge) the piglets were regrouped to void hrmful fights t n older ge in the frrowing unit. At nine weeks of ge nd live weight of pproximtely 30 kg the pigs were moved to rering stble, where they were distributed to 18 pens with four pigs per pen. Ech pen consisted of two femles nd two mles, one sex of ech cross breed (two YxH nd two YxD). The mle pigs were immunocstrted with Improvc TM with the first injection t 11 weeks nd second t 15 weeks of ge. The pen hd concrete floor in the lying nd feeding re nd sltted dunging re (1/3 of the pen re). In the sltted re there were gtes of metl brs to the pen neighbours. In the lying re the prtitions were solid wlls. A rck for silge ws plced t the solid wll in the lying re. The feed trough ws plced long the short side in lying re nd hd length of 1.8 m. One wter nipple ws plced in the sltted re. The lying re ws 1.8 m x 2.2 m nd the sltted re ws 1.8 m x 1.0 m. The pen s totl re ws then 5.76 m 2, giving n re of 1.44 m 2 per pig. The formtion of the pen is shown in Figure 1. All pigs hd ccess to strw nd the pens were clened dily. 9

16 Figure 1. The formtion of the pen with silge rck t the right pen wll in the lying re, feed trough in the front of the pen nd sltted re in the bck of the pen. All pigs were fed wet commercil cerel-bsed feed three times dy (Origo from the feed compny Lntmännen). The nutritionl vlue of the dry feed is shown in Tble 1. (Lntmännen, 2015). The time for feedings differed from dy to dy, but occurred in the midmorning, fternoon nd evening (generlly between 8-10, 14-16, o clock). The feeding system is fully utomtic nd is monitored by computer. The feed rtion provided 22.3 MJ NE/dy. Tble 1. The nutrient composition nd energy vlue in the dry commercil feed (before mixed with wter). Commercil feed Dry mtter (DM), % 87 NE, MJ/kg 9.3 Crude protein (CP), g/kg 135 Crude ft, g/kg 38 Ash, g/kg 45 Crude fibre, g/kg 56 When the experiment strted the growing/finishing pigs hd reched live weight of pproximtely 80 kg (men ± std; 81.5 ± 8.03 kg) nd n ge of four months (16-17 weeks). When the experiment ended nd the pigs were send to slughter, they hd live weight t pproximtely 110 kg (men ± std; ±10.0 kg) nd n ge of five months (20-21 weeks). The pigs crcss weights nd met percentges were collected from the slughterhouse. One pig of the 72 ws tken out from one pen nd plced in sick pen before the experiment strted due to til biting. This pig ws not included in the behviour study, but ws included in the production performnce dt. 10

17 Experimentl design nd tretments The experiment included three tretment; chicory silge (CH), red clover silge (RC) nd control (C). The pigs in the chicory nd the red clover tretment were only given 80% of the recommended feed rtion of the commercil feed, i.e MJ NE/dy nd given free ccess to either silge of chicory or silge of red clover. The whole crop (stem, lef nd flower) silge ws composed by 100% chicory or 100% red clover. The silges were the first cut, hrvested in June the sme yer. In this study the im ws to evlute pure chicory nd pure red clover, even though silge on frm level lwys is combintion of both grss nd legumes/herbs. The vrition in those combintions vries widely, with pure silge of chicory or red clover the effect of the combintions in silge cn be excluded (% in silge). The nutritionl composition of the silges were nlysed nd re presented in Tble 2 (Andersson, 2015, pers. comm.). Tble 2. The nutritionl composition of the chicory nd the red clover silge. Chicory silge Red clover silge DM, % Ash, % of DM Crude protein, % of DM Crude fibre, % of DM The control tretment ws only given the commercil feed nd 100 % of the recommended feed rtion. No silge residues were collected nd weighed. The distribution of the tretments in the rering stble is shown in Figure 2. 11

18 Clover Chicory Clover Chicory Control Control Chicory Clover Chicory Clover Control Control Clover Chicory Clover Chicory Control Control Figure 2. A sketch over the 18 pens in the rering stble with distributed tretments. Squres represent silge rcks. Behviour observtions All pens hd cmer device instlled tht recorded the pigs dy nd night throughout the experiment. The behviour observtions were mde from the recorded video mteril nd ll observtions were mde by the sme person. The pigs were observed two consecutive dys t two occsions during the experiment. First occsion ws in beginning of the experiment, 24 th nd 25 th of July (week 2 of the experiment), nd the second in the end of the experiment, 7 th nd 8 th of August (week 4 of the experiment). To estimte the pigs time budget (how the pigs spend their time), n instntneous scn smpling ws done every hour during dytime, o clock. The reson for the choice to do scn smpling only dytime ws tht the pigs were more ctive then compred to nighttime, when the mjority of the pigs were only sleeping. At ech scn smple the ctivity, body posture nd loction in the pen were registered. The definitions of the ctivity behviours, body postures nd the loction of the pen re described in n ethogrm in Tble 3. 12

19 Tble 3. Ethogrm of behviours of pigs in the video recordings. Ctegory Vrible Definition Scn smpling Body posture Lying on the side Lying on the side, hed on the side Lying on the belly Lying on the belly, with hed in nerly verticl position, front legs not outspred to the side Sitting Front feet on the ground, bck legs in lying position Stnding Stnding or wlking on ll four feet Loction in pen Lying re In the lying re Sltted re At lest one leg on the sltted re Activity Eting feed Snout in feed trough Eting silge Snout touching silge rck Drinking Snout touching wter nipple Nosing/rooting pen floor Snout touching pen floor (lso sltted floor) Nosing/biting pen fitting Nosing/biting other pig Nothing Snout touching pen fitting Snout touching other pig (If nosing on other pig in other pen, it will not be register s nosing pen fitting) (If two pigs re fighting it will be register s two nosing events even if one of the snouts is not touching the other one) Snout in ir (If snout hppens to touch something while the pig is sleeping it is defined s nothing) Continuous smpling Performing pig Nosing Snout touching other pig Nibbling/biting A pig nibbles or bite nother pig Til biting Hving nother pig s til in the mouth Hed knock Approching other pig with rpid hed movement nd open mouth Climbing At lest one hoof/leg on the top of nother pig Riding A pig is mounting nother pig Lifting Snout under the body of nother pig nd lifting upwrds Pushing Pushing nother pig with ny prt of the body in order to displce it, no biting Belly mssge A pig mssging nother pig s belly or throt Biting pen fitting Biting pen fitting Eting/rooting silge Eting silge nd rooting close to the silge rck ( puse for t lest 20 seconds is consider s new rooting behviour) Receiving pig No rection No chnge in body position or ctivity of the Avoiding Return pproch Other pen receiving pig Pig or pig s hed turning/moving wy from the performing pig Receiving pig pproching the performing pig with hed/snout Receiving pig is from other pen, no rection recorded 13

20 Socil interctions were observed nd recorded continuously for 5 minutes three times per dy on the sme dys s the scn smpling. These three occsions occurred 11.15, nd o clock, to void collidtion with feeding. The socil interction is divided in performing pig nd receiving pig, becuse the severity of behviour depends on how it is being received (Presto et l., 2013). A prt from socil behviour, eting nd rooting silge nd biting pen fittings were lso registered in the continuous observtions. Except from being of big interest in this study, these behviours could hve low frequency nd therefore be better to nlyse with continuous observtions. In the silge tretment pens, pigs were mrked with individul numbers on the bck. In those pens the identity of the performing nd the receiving pig were recorded. The definitions of the socil interctions in the continuous smpling re described in the ethogrm in Tble 3. Sttisticl nlyses Sttisticl nlyses were performed in SAS softwre, version 9.2 (SAS, 1990). Descriptive sttistics were clculted with the procedure FREQ nd MEANS nd the nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) with the procedure GLM. Only vribles tht hd dequte vrition nd norml or pproximtely norml distribution were nlysed with ANOVA, other interesting vribles re presented with descriptive sttistics. Residuls of the vribles in the ANOVA nlyses were exmined for norml distribution using PROC UNIVARIATE, where the Shpiro-Wilks test for normlity nd norml probbility plot were considered. Differences in pigs time budget nd socil interctions between tretments were nlysed with model including the fixed effects of tretment (CH, RC, C), week (2, 4), time, dte nested within week nd box nested within tretment. The prmeters lying on belly nd lying on side in time budget were dded together nd nmed lying down. The interction between tretment nd week nd the interction between tretment nd time were lso exmined in time budget nd socil interctions. Those interctions were not significnt for ny of the vribles nd thus not included in the sttisticl model. Differences in socil interctions between genotypes nd between genders were nlysed with model including the fixed effect of tretment (CH, RC, C), gender (mle, femle), genotype (YxD, YxH) nd box nested within tretment. All socil interction prmeters from the performing pig except nosing were dded together nd nmed severe socil interctions. The production performnce vribles of the study were not nlysed in this mster thesis, insted the results from the sttisticl nlyses from Andersson et l. (2014) re presented s previous results. 14

21 Results Time budget The pigs spent on verge 70.4% of the dytime ( o clock) lying down (both on side nd on belly). 71.9% of the time the pigs hd their snout in the ir, i.e. no specific ctivity, nd 11.4% of the time they were nosing/rooting on pen floor. There were significnt differences between tretments in time budget, see Figure 3 for body position nd loction in the pen nd Figure 4 for ctivity b Chicory Red clover Control Percent of time b b b Lying down Stnding Lying re Sltted re Figure 3. Proportion (%) of time tht pigs in tretment CH, RC nd C spent on lying down, stnding nd locted in lying re vs. sltted re.(lest squres mens ± stndrd error. Different letters (, b) indicte pir-wise differences t p< 0.05). 15

22 b Chicory Percent of time Red clover Control b 0 Nosing feed trough Nosing pen floor Nothing Figure 4. Proportion (%) of time tht pigs in tretment CH, RC nd C spent on nosing/eting in feed trough, nosing/rooting on pen floor nd nothing (snout in ir). (Lest squres mens ± stndrd error. Different letters (, b) indicte pir-wise differences t p< : p<0.10). Pigs in control tretment spent more of their time lying down nd less time stnding compred to the two silge tretments. They lso spent lrger proportion of the time (77.5% vs. 71.4% (CH) nd 67.3% (RC)) where they did not do ny ctivity (nothing). This my imply tht the control pigs with no ccess to silge were more inctive thn the pigs tht were given silge. There were no differences between pigs given chicory silge nd pigs given red clover silge in body posture or pen loction. Pigs in the control tretment spent less time in the lying re nd thus more in the sltted re compred to CH nd RC pigs. There ws tendency tht CH pigs hd higher proportion of no ctivity compred to RC pigs (mrked with in Figure 4.). Otherwise there were no differences between the CH nd RC tretments. Control pigs spent less time nosing/rooting in the strw on the pen floor thn the pigs in the other tretments, which hd some silge to mnipulte on the pen floor. The time pigs spent nosing in feed trough did not differ between tretments. There ws no difference in how much of the time the pigs were lying down between the first observtion occsion nd the second (week 2 vs. week 4). There ws lso no difference in time spent nose/rooting on pen floor between the two observtion occsions. In week 4 the pigs incresed the time spent on nosing in feed trough (p<0.001, LSM ± SEM; ± (w. 2) vs ± (w.4)) nd decresed the time spent on no ctivity (p<0.05, LSM ± SEM; ± (w. 2) vs ± (w. 4)). The time spent in the sltted re decresed from week 2 to week 4 (p<0.001, LSM ± SEM; ±1.015 (w. 2) vs ± (w. 4)), which is probbly minly explined by the increse in the pigs body size. 16

23 In Figure 5 the pigs body posture lying down nd the ctivity nosing/rooting on pen floor re shown in reltion to the time of the dy. The results indicte n ctivity increse round the feeding events. % Lying down % Nosing pen floor Percent of time Time (o'clock) Figure 5. Proportion (%) of time (lest squres mens ± stndrd error) tht pigs spent lying down nd nosing/rooting pen floor during the dy. Behviour like sitting, eting silge, drinking wter, nosing/biting pen fitting nd nosing other pig mde up too smll proportion of the pigs time budget (less thn 4.4%) to be ble to be nlysed with ANOVA, i.e. not normlly distributed. In Tble 4 eting silge, nose/biting pen fitting nd nose/biting other pig re presented with men proportions. The control pigs hd the highest proportion of time nosing/biting pen fitting. Tble 4. Men vlues (men ± stndrd devition) of proportion (%) of time pigs in CH, RC nd C tretment spent on three ctivities. Chicory Red clover Control Eting silge 4.4 ± 10.6% 4.7 ± 11.1% - Nose/bite pen fitting 1.2 ± 6.0% 1.5 ± 5.9% 3.8 ± 9.8% Nose/bite other pig 4.3 ± 10.5% 4.4 ± 11.8% 4.4 ± 11.0% Socil interctions Totl number of socil interctions nd the behviours eting silge nd biting pen fitting tht were observed during the continuous smpling re presented in Tble 5. The observtions were divided with totl number of pigs in ech tretment. The totl number of socil interctions ws highest in the control group nd the most common interction in ll three 17

24 tretments ws nosing on other pig. The control group hd the highest number of biting pen fitting lso in this smpling. The totl time of the continuous observtions ws 1 hour in ech pen (5 min x 3 times dy x 4 dys in totl). Tble 5. Totl number of socil interctions (nd two behviour) per pig on ltogether 1 hour of continuous smpling in CH, RC nd C tretment. Chicory Red clover Control Nosing Bite/nibbling Til biting Hed knock Climbing Riding Lifting Pushing Belly mssge Rooting/eting silge Biting pen fitting Totl socil interctions * * The number of totl socil interctions does not include the number of rooting/eting silge or biting pen fitting. In Figure 6 the response of the receiving pig to performed behviour is shown in percentge of ll rections to tht behviour. To nosing the most common response ws no rection. The response to more severe socil interctions, like biting, nibbling, hed knock nd pushing the voiding response nd return pproch mde out lrger prt. 18

25 No rection Avoiding Return pproch Other pen 100% 90% 80% Percent of receiving pig response 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% CH RC C CH RC C CH RC C Nosing Bite/nibbling + hed knock Performed pig behviour Pushing Figure 6. Proportion (%) of the rection by the receiving pig in the CH, RC nd C tretment when received the behviour nosing, bite/nibbling together with hed knock, nd pushing. 19

26 1,2 Number of interctions/pig/observtion 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 b b b b Chicory Red clover Control Figure 7. Number of interctions (or behviour) per pig per continuous observtion ( 5 min). (Lest squres mens ± stndrd error. Different letters (, b) indicte pir-wise differences t p< 0.05). In Figure 7 lest squres mens nd stndrd errors for the socil interctions, eting/rooting silge nd biting pen fitting re presented. Til biting, riding (never occurred), lifting nd belly mssge hd very low frequency nd re therefore not normlly distributed nd not nlysed further. There were no significnt differences in how much nosing on other pigs, climbing nd pushing the pigs did between tretments. There ws tendency (p= 0.064) tht RC pigs pushed more often thn C pigs. There ws less biting nd nibbling in RC tretment nd more hed knocks in CH tretment compred to other tretments. The control pigs clerly bit more in pen fittings thn the other pigs (p<0.001), which ws lso indicted in the time budget results. The number of times the pigs were eting nd rooting silge did not differ between the two silge tretments. In the response of the receiving pig no significnt differences could be seen between tretments. Only tendency (p= 0.058, LSM ± SEM; ± (CH) vs ± (C)) tht CH pigs hd bit higher number of return pproch thn C pigs ws seen. Differences between first observtion occsion nd the second (week 2 nd week 4) re presented in Figure 8. The number of biting nd nibblings decresed to week 4, s well s hed knocks seems to hve done (tendency, p=0.085). Climbing incresed, probbly minly due to the pigs increse in body size nd tht they more esily wlked on ech other when moving round in the pen. There ws lso tendency (p=0.078) tht eting silge decresed in week 4 compred to week 2. The return pproch response on socil interction ws 20

27 decresing in number to week 4 (p=0.032, LSM ± SEM; ± (w.2) vs ± (w.4)). 0,4 Number of interctions/pig/observtion 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 * * Week 2 Week 4 0 Bite/nibbling Hed knock Climbing Eting/rooting silge Figure 8. Number of interctions (or behviour) per pig per continuous observtion ( 5 min) in week 2 nd week 4. (Lest squres mens ± stndrd error. * indicte pir-wise differences t p< 0.05, : p<0.10). Considering the time of the dy (11.15, 13.45, o clock) quite mny differences could be seen. For exmple nosing occurred more often in the evening (17.30) thn the midmorning (11.15), hed knock ws most common t lunch time (13.45), more climbing in the evening nd less pushing in the midmorning. Biting pen fitting occurred more often in the evening. On the other hnd there ws no difference in eting silge, tht occurred evenly during the dy. Considering the totl number of interctions ll three tretments hd the lowest number in the midmorning, this cn be explined by 83.7% of the pigs is lying down round this time (11.00 o clock). Genotype nd gender The number of socil interctions, biting pen fitting nd eting/rooting silge in the continuous smpling in the two silge tretments were nlysed lso from gender nd from cross breed (YxD or YxH) perspective. The differences tht were found in gender re presented in Figure 9. Femle pigs hd higher number of nosing interctions s well s totl number of socil interctions. When the femles were the receiving pig the return pproch ws more frequent thn for the mle pigs. Only one difference ( tendency, p=0.056) ws 21

28 found between genotypes; the number of severe interctions ws higher in Duroc cross breed compre to Hmpshire cross breed (LSM ± SEM; ± (YxD) vs ± (YxH)). Severe interction, new vrible in this nlyse, ws ll socil interctions registered ccording to the ethogrm (Tble 3, continuous smpling) dded together minus nosing (biting/nibbling + til biting + hed knock + climbing + riding + lifting + pushing+ belly mssge). In this nlyse with only silge tretments, significnt difference could be seen in the behviour biting pen fitting between the chicory nd the red clover tretment. The chicory tretment hd higher number of biting of pen fitting in 1 hour continuous observtion compred to red clover tretment (LSM ± SEM; ± vs ± 0.148, p<0.01). There ws once gin no difference in number of times the pigs te or rooted in silge between the two silge tretments * Totl number of interctions/pig ** * Mle Femle 0 Nosing Totl socil interctions Performing pig behviour No rection Return pproch Recieving pig behviour Figure 9. Totl number of interctions per pig on ltogether 1 hour of continuous smpling depending on gender. (Lest squres mens ± stndrd error. * indicte pir-wise differences t p< 0.05, indictes p<0.1). 22

29 Previous Results -Production performnce Another prt of this study ws the production performnce of the pigs, but the nlyse nd the results from tht re not prt of this mster thesis. Andersson et l. (2014) hve nlysed the production performnce nd presented them in the ICOPP synthesis report. The following results re from tht report nd re chosen to be included in the mster thesis becuse of the results together with the behviour results of the study will give better view of the use of red clover nd chicory silge to growing/finishing pigs. Andersson et l. sw tht the dily gin of the pigs were lower in the silge tretments compred to the control tretment (0.813 kg/dy (CH) nd kg/dy (RC) vs kg/dy (C) (Andersson, 2015, pers. comm.). The dily gin ws 16% lower in the chicory tretment nd 10% lower in the red clover tretment. This is to be compred with the commercil feed llownce ws 20% lower in the silge tretments. This indictes tht the red clover nd chicory silges contributed with energy nd nutrients to the growing/finishing pigs, where red clover silge seems to hve provided nutrient in better wy. As no residues were collected nd weighed, the silge consumption is not known. The feed conversion rte (FCR) (kg commercil feed/kg gin) ws lowest in the red clover tretment (2.23 kg/kg growth). No differences were found in growth between genotype (YxH or YxD) or gender. Crcss qulity ws lso nlysed nd presented in the report. Andersson et l. sw tht crcss weight ws lower in the chicory tretment compred to red clover nd control tretment (p=0.027) nd tht the killing-out percentge ws higher in control group compred to the silge tretments (p=0.007). The len met percentge did not differ between ny of the tretments. 23

30 Discussion This study confirms tht tody s domestic pigs rered in indoor pens re to lrge extent inctive nd resting/sleeping during the dy (Morrison et l., 2007). The pigs were lying down 70% of the dytime nd were rooting/nosing in the litter mteril on the pen floor only 11% of the dytime. A contributing fctor to the high proportion of inctiveness in this study could lso hve been the hot summer this yer. Due to high temperture outside during this experiment period the ventiltion system in the rering stble did not mnge to keep the inside temperture s low s desirble. According to the stff the pigs were quite drowsy by the het. Access to silge of some kind hs shown to mke the pigs more ctive both in this study nd in erlier studies (Presto et l., 2009). Pigs in the control tretment spent more of their time lying down, less time nosing/rooting on pen floor nd hd higher proportion of being inctive compred to the pigs given silge. Regrding rooting on pen floor, probbly the chopped strw did not mintin the pigs curiosity nd serch for novelty s much s for the pigs tht lso hd some chicory or red clover silge drgged out on the pen floor. The silge seems to hve offered higher opportunity to perform forging nd rooting behviour. In the control tretment biting in pen fittings ws significnt higher compred to the other two tretments nd it is likely tht those pigs redirected some of their explortory behviour towrds pen fittings insted. The control pigs spent 3.8% (± 9.8%) of the dytime nosing nd biting on pen fittings. Also Presto et l. (2013) could see tendency tht biting pen fittings decresed with ccess to silge. This is probbly lso n explntion to the difference in the pigs loction in the control tretment compred to the silge tretments. Pigs in the control tretment spent more time on the sltted re. In the sltted re the gtes of metl brs re locted, where the mjority of the biting of pen fittings occurred. It is lso in the sltted re where the pigs cn hve socil interctions with pigs from other pens. Another possible explntion might hve been tht some pigs drink wter/ply with wter t the wter nipple in the sltted re s redirected forging behviour, but this is not seen in the proportion of the time spend drinking. The time spent drinking is similr in ll tretments. The pigs in the control tretment did not seem to hve redirected some of the explortory behviour towrds other pigs. Considering the totl number of socil interctions it ws highest in the control group but no significnt difference ws seen in number of nosings between tretments. This study did not show ny incentive to more ggressive behviour in the control tretment compred to the silge tretments. Insted significnt difference ws found in number of hed knocks, type of ggressive behviour, where the chicory tretment hd higher number of hed knocks compred to the other tretments. Between chicory tretment nd control tretment there ws no difference in number of biting/nibblings, but in the red clover tretment number of bitings/nibblings ws lower. In the receiving pig response no significnt differences were found either. But once more there ws tendency tht the chicory tretment hd higher proportion of return pproch to performed behviour. A return pproch is to ccount s more severe response. One likely explntion for these results is probbly tht the feeding spce round the silge rck could sometimes hve been 24

31 limited when severl pigs wnted to et silge t the sme time. Jensen & Pedersen (2010) reported tht reduced feeding spce incresed ggressive behviour. There could lso hve been some competition for sorting out the most desirble prt of the silge. This is probbly the cse in the chicory tretment. According to the stff subjective observtions, there were more silge residues in the chicory tretment compred to the red clover tretment. In the study of Wllenbeck et l. (2014) it ws discover tht mny of the silge residues were chewed on nd tht the most esily digestible prts probbly were chosen first. The proportion of lef nd stem determine the digestibility (Ivrsson, 2012) nd chicory hve quite much stems compred to red clover. Other possible spects to more residues could hve been the result of the ensiling process. Jensen & Pedersen (2010) lso showed tht restricted feeding gve rise to more ggression compre to d libitum feeding. The silge fed pigs hd 80% of recommended feed rtion, this could hve per se led to more ggressive behviour s well. However the control pigs were not fed d libitum either. When considering the pigs dily gin in the different tretments, it ws lowest in the chicory tretment. This indictes tht those pigs probbly were hungrier thn the others. Red clover silge on the other hnd ctully gve rise to less biting nd nibblings in tht tretment, but tendency to more pushing thn the control tretment. The outcome of ccess to silge on socil interctions between the pigs is probbly very much depending on the wy it is presented for them, i.e. the silge composition, the form of it, the serving plce nd ccess. The niml density with only four pigs in ech pen (but with smller pen) my influence socil behviour compred to norml production stble with more pigs in ech pen. Presto et l. (2013) found tht the pigs fed intct silge hd the lowest number of wounds on their bodies (compred to the pigs fed chopped silge mixed with feed nd control group), indicting tht hrmful socil interctions were lowest in tht group. The pelleted fed pigs in tht study showed tendency to stronger pproch rections to socil interctions. Presto et l. concluded tht intct silge could further reduce dmging socil behviour. If compring socil behviour in the beginning nd in the end of the experiment, biting/nibbling, hed knock nd return pproch s response decresed t the end of the experiment. It seems to hve been decrese in some ggressive behviours during the rering time. In the study of Presto et l. (2013) the time spent on eting nd nosing other pigs decresed with ge. This study did not show ny differences in nosing other pig or rooting on pen floor over time, but there ws tendency to decrese in eting silge in the second observtion occsion. Mybe the silge lost some of its novelty over time. The time spent on nosing in feed trough did on the other hnd increse so the pigs probbly felt n incresed hunger. Mybe tht could be reson for the increse in ctivity in the pigs time budget in the end of the experiment. One should lso hve in mind tht the experiment ws performed during the lst month of the rering time of the pigs nd it would therefore be resonbly to be less pronounced differences in behviour compred to longer experiment period. The genotype nlysis on socil interctions did not show ny significnt differences. However Duroc cross pigs showed tendency to perform more severe socil interctions thn Hmpshire cross pigs, which is probbly explined by the chrcteristics of the Duroc breed. 25