Effect of whey protein against fluvastatin and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

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1 Aville online t Sholrs Reserh Lirry Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 ( ISSN USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Effet of whey protein ginst fluvsttin n ron tetrhlorie-inue heptotoxiity in rts Ezz El-Din S. Elenshry 1, Somi A. N 2, Aeer A. A. Slm 2*, He M. Mnsour 3, Ngl Asf 3 n Nermeen M. Shffie 4 1 Phrmology & Toxiology Deprtment Fulty of Phrmy, Ciro University, Egypt 2 Phrmology Deprtment Ntionl Reserh Centre, Giz, Egypt 3 Phrmology & Toxiology Deprtment Fulty of Phrmy, MISR University for Siene &Tehnology, Egypt 4 Pthology Deprtment, Ntionl Reserh Centre, Giz, Egypt ABSTRACT The purpose of this stuy ws to evlute the heptotoxiity inue y o- ministrtion of fluvsttin (F) n ron tetrhlorie (CCl 4 ) ; n to investigte the heptoprotetive effet of Whey protein isolte (WPI) in F+ CCl 4 -inue liver injury in niml moel. Heptotoxiity ws inue y F (4 or 8 mg/kg, p.o.) n CCl 4 (0.8 mg/kg, i.p, twie weekly) for 30 ys in rts. Silymrin (50mg/kg, p.o.) or WPI (100, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were ministere for 30 ys. Heptotoxiity ws ssesse y ltertion of serum lnine minotrnsferse (ALT) sprtte minotrnsferse (AST), totl triglyeries (TGs) n totl holesterol (TC) levels s well s ltertion of liver mlonilehye (MDA), nitri oxie (NO), reue glutthione (GSH) ontents, totl ntioxint pity (TAC), superoxie ismutse (SOD) tivity n hyroxyproline (HYP) ontent n historhiteture ltertions. Co-ministrtion of fluvsttin two ose levels n CCl 4 signifintly elevte serum ALT, AST, TGs, TC levels, NO n MDA ontents in liver homogente. Moreover, they reue HYP, GSH, TAC n SOD tivity. Mirosopi exmintion showe severe vuolr egenertion of heptoytes, fol ellulr infiltrtion, omplete istortion of liver tissue rhiteture, DNA ertion n firosis. WPI ministrtion reverse the eleterious effet inue y F+CCl 4. In onlusion, WPI improve the ntioxint sttus of heptoytes n it h promising ntifiroti effet in this moel. Key wors: heptotoxiity, fluvsttin, ron tetrhlorie, whey protein isolte, hyroxyproline. INTRODUCTION Drug-inue heptotoxiities re the ommon use of ute liver filure, inlue ntiiotis, lipi lowering gents, orl hypoglyemis, psyhotropis, ntiretrovirls n nti-inflmmtory [1]. Unommon, rug-inue liver injury (DILI) is mjor helth onern tht hllenges phrmeutil inustry n rug regultory genies like [2]. The resultnt effets of toxins, infetious gents, meitions, n serum inflmmtory meitors re the min ustive gent of isese proesses, leing to loss of norml histologil rhiteture, reue ell mss n loss of loo flow. Consequently, funtionl liver pity will e lost [3]. Oxitive stress hs een implite in the mehnisms of rug n hemil inue toxiity [4, 5]. It plys n importnt role in vrious liver iseses [6]. It is ommon pthogeni mehnism to initite n progress the hepti mge [7]. Sttins, 3-hyroxy-3-methylglutryl-oenzyme (HMG-CoA reutse inhiitors), re the most effiious hypolipiemi rugs [8]. Orgni nion-trnsporting polypeptie (OATP 2) plys role in the hepti uptke of sttins suh s prvsttin, pitvsttin, torvsttin, n fluvsttin [9, 10]. OATP2- inhiitors erese sttins Sholr Reserh Lirry 1

2 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 hepti uptke n enhne the irsystemi exposure to the rugs. Moreover, sttins re oxiize minly y CYP3A4 [11]. Cron tetrhlorie (CCL 4 ) is wiely use s heptotoxi moel to investigte the heptoprotetive gents in experimentl nimls [12]. CCL 4 tivte y hepti ytohrome P450 (CYP2E1, CYP2B1, CYP2B2, n possily CYP3A4) to form the trihloromethyl ril [13]. This ril ins to ellulr moleules (nulei i, protein n lipi), impiring ruil ellulr proesses suh s lipi metolism, with the potentil outome of ftty egenertion (stetosis) [14]. This ril n lso ret with oxygen to form the trihloromethylperoxy (CCl 3 OO ) whih is highly retive speies, tht initites the hin retion of lipi peroxition, whih ttks, estroys polyunsturte ftty is n inhiit ntioxint enzyme system [15]. Silymrin, n extrt of milk thistle (Silyummrinum), whih is the most ommonly, use for liver isorers, owing to its purporte heptoprotetive properties [16]. Silymrin hs ntioxint effet whih reues free ril proution n lipi peroxition use y CCL 4 [17]. In spite of tremenous sientifi vnes in the fiel of heptology in reent yers, liver iseses re on the rise n remin serious helth prolem. Presently, few heptoprotetive rugs n tht too from nturl soures, re reommene for the tretment of liver isorers. Hene, people re looking t the tritionl systems of meiine for remeies to hepti isorers [18]. Whey protein, y-prout of the heese-mking proess;whih is typilly mixture of et-ltogloulin (~65%), lph-ltlumin (~25%), nserum lumin (~8%), whih re solule in their ntive ulture forms [[19, 20] n onstitutes ~20% of the totl ovine milkprotein. Whey proteins re ystine-rih protein soure. Consumption of ystine-rih whey protein n inrese plsm GSH onentrtions in humns [21], protet ginst ROS-inue ell mge [22], n inhiit MDA proution [23, 24]. It hs een suggeste tht WP hs n ntioxint tivity proly epening on the unne of ysteinenglutmylysteine groups whih re in other foo proteins. An interest in the use of ntioxint nutritionl supplements hs een sprke y epiemiologi eviene suggesting tht ietry ntioxints in foo onstituents my protet or prevent the iniene of mny iseses [25], therefore, WP my e onsiere s possile therpeutil tool in oxitive stress orrelte iseses s heptotoxiity MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Animls: Alino Wistr mle rts, weighing g were use throughout the experiments. They were purhse from Animl House L., Ntionl Reserh Centre, n Giz, Egypt. Animls reeive humn re in ompline with the guielines of the niml re n use ommittee of Ntionl Reserh Centre, n Giz, Egypt, experiments were performe oring to the Ntionl Regultion of Animl Welfre n Institutionl Animl Ethil Committee. The nimls were kept in quiet ple n were llowe free ess wter n stnr foo pellets throughout the perio of investigtion Chemils: CCL 4 ws purhse from El-Gomhouri Compny for rug n hemils, Ciro, Egypt Drugs: Whey protein isolte ws purhse from DAVISCO Compny, USA. Silymrin ws purhse from Novrtis Phrm, Ciro; Egypt. Fluvsttin ws purhse from Sigm-Alrih, Germny Experimentl esign: Rts were rnomly llote in to 12 groups (6 rt eh ) n trete for 30 suessive ys s follows : Group 1ws given istille wter ( 10 ml/kg ) n serve s norml ontrol, Groups 2 n 3 were orlly ministere fluvsttin 4 n 8 mg/kg, respetively(26) ; Groups 4 injete with CCL 4 (0.8 mg/kg, i.p., twie weekly for 4 weeks) (27),Groups 5 n 6 were given fluvsttin 4 n 8 mg/kg, p.o., respetively, in onomitnt with CCL 4 ; Groups 7 n 8 were given silymrin (50 mg/ kg, p.o.) (28) in onomitnt with eh ose of fluvsttin n CCL 4 ministrtion, Groups 9-12 were given WPI (100 n 200 mg/kg, p.o.) (29) onomitnt with eh ose of fluvsttin n CCL 4 ministrtion. Sholr Reserh Lirry 2

3 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12): Methos: Preprtion of loo smple n tissue homogente: Bloo smples were withrwn from the retro-oritl vein of eh niml, uner light nesthesi y iethyl ether, oring to the metho of Cohetto n Bjoronsson [30]. Bloo ws llowe to ogulte n then entrifuge t 3000 rpm for 15min. immeitely fter loo smpling, nimls were srifie y ervil islotion n the liver tissues were rpily remove, wshe in ie-oole sline, plotte ry n weighe. A weighe prt of eh liver ws homogenize, using homogenizer (Meil instruments, MPW-120, Poln), with ie-oole sline to prepre 20% w/v homogente. The homogente ws then entrifuge t 4000 rpm for 5 min. t 4 C in ooling entrifuge to remove ell eris (Lorzentrifugen, 2k15, Sigm, Germny) Biohemil mrkers: The tivities of lnine minotrnsferse (ALT) n sprtte minotrnsferse (AST) were etermine oring to Reitmn n Frnkel [31], serum levels of totl triglyeries (TGs) n totl holesterol (TC) levels were etermine oring to Fssti et l. [32] n Rihmon [33] respetively, nitri oxie (NO), mlonilehye (MDA) ontents were etermine oring to Mirn et l. (34] n Uhiym n Mihr [35], respetively. Liver reue glutthione (GSH), superoxie ismutse (SOD) n totl ntioxint pity (TAC) tivities were mesure, oring to Beutler et l. [36], Mrklun [37] n Korevi et l. [38], respetively, using Bioignosti kits, Egypt. Liver hyroxy proline (HYP) ontent ws mesure y ELISA oring to Tin et l. [39] using Kom Biotehnology KIT, Kore. 2.6 Histopthologil stuies: The left loe of eh liver ws issete n fixe in 10% formlin, ehyrte in grul ethnol (50-100%), lere in xylene n emee in prffin. 4-5µm thik setions prepre n stine with hemtoxilen n Eosin (H&E) for photomirosopi oservtion [40]. Imges were pture n proesse using Aoe Photoshop version 8.0. Setions were put on positively hrge slies n stine immune histohemilly for COX-2 ntioy using streptviin iotin immunoenzymti metho. Other setions were stine for DNA [41]n ounterstine with Light Green. DNA nlysis ws performe y lei Qwin 500 imge ytomery in Pthology eprtment, Ntionl Reserh Centre, Ciro, Egypt. For eh setion ells were rnomly mesure. The threshol vlues were efine y mesuring ontrol ells. The results re presente s histogrms n tles whih emonstrte the perentge of the iploi ells (2C). The proliferting ells (3C), the tetrploi ells (4C) n the neuploi ells (>5C). The proliferting ells were further lssifie oring to Lee et l. (1999) into; (<10%) low prolifertion inex, (10-20%) meium prolifertion inex n high prolifertion inex is >20%. The DNA histogrm lssifie oring to Dnque et l. [42]. 2.7 Sttistil nlysis: Dt were expresse s men ± S.E. Anlysis ws one using ANOVA followe y the LSD test for multiple omprisons. Differene ws onsiere signifint t 0.05 level of proility using Grph p prism progrm. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on serum liver enzymes: The present iohemil results revele tht the two ose levels of fluvsttin (4 or 8 mg/kg) elevte serum ALT tivity y 73 % n 79 % respetively, s well s serum AST tivity y 10% n 17% respetively, s ompre to norml ontrol group (tle 1& 2). Argo et l. (43) reporte tht mil-to-moerte elevtions in liver trnsminses re the most ommonly oserve sie effet of sttin- tretment in linil prtie, followe in frequeny y musulr symptoms. Although these elevtions in liver enzymes usully remin symptomti, they ffet etween 0.5 n 5% of ll ptients trete with sttins in linil stuies [44]. In the urrent work, CCL 4 use signifint elevtion in serum ALT n AST y 65% n 24% respetively. Moreover, the omintion of fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 (0.8 ml/kg) signifintly elevte serum ALT tivity y 103% n110% respetively, s well s serum AST tivity y 78% n 91% respetively, in ose epenent mnner s ompre to norml ontrol group n more thn fluvsttin lone (tle 1& 2). Sholr Reserh Lirry 3

4 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Atty et l. [45] showe tht rts trete with CCL 4 (2 ml/kg) tivities signifintly elevte ALT n AST to 108% n 100%, respetively. This elevtion ws lower thn our t when fluvsttin (8 mg/kg) ws ministere with CCL 4 (0.8 ml/kg) for 30 ys of tretment. While silymrin tretment signifintly reue liver enzymes tivity y ALT: 13% &12% n AST: 35 % & 40 %, respetively, s ompre with F4 + CCL 4 or F8 + CCL 4 - toxite groups (tle 1& 2). These finings re onsistent with Preep et l. [46] whih suggeste the protetion of the struturl integrity of the heptoytes memrne or regenertion of mge liver ells y silymrin. WPI (100 mg/kg) tretment signifintly reue serum ALT n AST tivities y (ALT: 13% &15% n AST: 42 % & 40 %, respetively), s ompre with toxite groups (tle 1& 2). Moreover, WPI ( 200 mg/kg) signifintly erese serum ALT n AST tivities y (ALT:15 % & 18 % n AST: 43% & 42% respetively), s ompre with fluvsttin two ose levels n CCL 4 -toxite groups s shown in tles 1& 2. Ashoush et l. [47] reporte tht WPI erese serum liver enzymes tivity in ron tetrhlorie-inue heptotoxiity in rt. Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on serum lipi profile: In the urrent stuy, tretment with CCL 4 lone elevte serum TG level y 18%, n the omine tretment with F4 + CCL 4 or F8 + CCL 4 elevte serum TG level y 63% n 34 % respetively. As well s the higher ose of fluvsttin in omintion with CCL 4 elevte serum TC level y 3% s ompre to norml ontrol group n fluvsttins lone (F4 n F8) s shown in tles 1& 2. Nsir et l. [48] foun tht rts trete with CCL 4 signifintly inrese TC n TG levels s ompre with norml ontrol rts. This ue to CCl 4 interferes with triglyerie seretion n uses stetosis, firosis, n nerosis in mie [49, 50]. Moreover, the heptotoxi effet of fluvsttin ue to isruption of hepti CYP3A tivity n orgni trnsporter expression (OATP1) whih re responsile for sttins metolism [51]. Our t revele tht silymrin signifintly erese serum TG y 41 % n 32 %, respetively, s ompre to fluvsttin two ose levels n CCL 4 -toxite groups (tles 1& 2). Soolov et l. [52] reporte tht silymrin signifintly reue TC n TG sorption in rts fe on high holesterol iet. However, WPI (100 mg/kg) tretment signifintly erese serum TG n TC levels y (TG: 52% &42 %n TC:2% &3% respetively), in ition, WPI (200 mg/kg) erese serum TG n TC level y (TG: 33% &15 % n TC:4% &2% respetively), s ompre with fluvsttin two ose levels n CCL 4 -toxite groups ( tle 1& 2). Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on liver mlonilehye (MDA) n nitri oxie (NO) ontents: The present stuy revele tht CCl 4 tretment signifintly elevte MDA n NO ontents in liver homogente y 14% & 48%, respetively s ompre to norml ontrol. CCl 4 metolites inue oxitive stress in the liver, whih propgte inflmmtory response [53)]. CCl 4 is one of the xenoioti inue ute n hroni tissue injuries [54]; its exposure inrese lipi peroxition n free ril formtion resulting tissue nerosis [55]. CCL 4 inues DNA mge n frgmenttion s well s epletes CYP2E1 tivity inuing poptosis [56]. The omintion of fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 -inue heptotoxiity, liver- MDA ontent elevte y 24 % n 37 %, respetively (Fig 1A & 1B) n NO in liver ontent y 97 % n 203 %, respetively (Fig 1C& 1D) ompring with norml ontrol, n more thn F4 n F8 tretment lone. Silymrin o-tretment reue oxitive stress, it erese MDA- liver ontent y 18% n 17% respetively (Fig 1A& 1B), n NO in liver ontent y 34% n 54 % respetively (Fig 1C& 1D), s ompre to fluvsttin two ose levels n CCL 4 -toxite groups, these results re in orne with those of Shker et l. [(57] whih reporte tht silymrin hve heptoprotetive n ntioxint effets on CCl 4 - poisone rts. Our results revele tht WPI (100 mg/kg) erese liver MDA ontent y 17% n 12% respetively, while WPI (200 mg/kg) signifintly erese liver MDA ontent y 28% n 27%, respetively (Fig 1A& 1B), s ompre to fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 - toxite groups. Mny reports foun tht whey protein erese MDA ontent n h potentil effet in preventing further umultion of free rils n the oxitive stress; this my e ue to its powerful ntioxint pity n/or its nti-inflmmtory effet [58, 59]. Moreover, WPI (100, 200 Sholr Reserh Lirry 4

5 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 mg/kg) signifintly erese NO in liver ontent y 47 % n 54 %, respetively n y 51 % n 64 %, respetively s ompre to their orresponing toxite groups (Fig 1C& 1D). Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on reue glutthione (GSH), totl ntioxint (TAC) n superoxie ismutse (SOD) tivities: Our t showe tht CCL 4 tretment reue TAC n SOD tivities y 22 % n 51% respetively. In ition the omintion of fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 signifintly erese GSH ontent y 15 % n 25%, respetively (Fig 1E&1F), TAC tivity y 30 % n 20 % (Fig 1G&1H) n SOD tivity y 79 % n 72 % respetively (Fig 1I&1J), s ompre to norml ontrol n mre thn fluvsttin lone. Shker et l. [60] showe tht GSH ontent signifintly erese y 36% in (2 ml/kg) trete rts. Tretment with silymrin inrese liver GSH ontent y 47 % n 95 % (Fig 1E& F) s ompre to their orresponing toxite groups n inrese SOD tivity y 117% s ompre with F4+ CCL 4 -toxite groups (Fig 1I). Silymrin oministrtion signifintly inrese TAC tivity y 21% n 16%, respetively s ompre to fluvsttin two ose levels + CCL 4 -toxite groups (Fig 1G &1H). Nem et l. [61] reporte tht silyummrinum hs high sfety n t s heptoprotetive n ntioxint gent ginst CCl 4 poisoning in rts. Our t revele tht WPI (100 mg/kg ) signifintly elevte liver GSH tivity y 39 % n 44%, respetively (Fig 1E&1F), TAC tivity y 23% n 17%, respetively (Fig 1G&1H) n SOD tivity y 181% n 114%, respetively (Fig 1I&1J) n WPI (200 mg/kg) signifintly elevte liver GSH tivity y 44 % n 54%, respetively (Fig 1E&1F), TAC tivity y 29 % n 18% respetively (Fig 1G&1H) n SOD tivity y 333% n 214% respetively (Fig 1I&1J), s ompre to fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 -toxite groups, these results re in greement with N [62] who showe tht whey protein inreses glutthione levels y supplying the preursors require for intrellulr glutthione synthesis, n exerts its effet ue to their ntioxint tivity through inrese the level of SOD. Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on liver hyroxyproline (HYP) ontent n histopthologil hnges: The present iohemil results revele tht CCL 4 elevte liver HYP ontent y 54% (Fig. 1K &1L) s ompre to norml ontrol group. CCL 4 tretment resulte the formtion of lipi peroxition n free rils proution [63] whih uses nerosis of heptoytes, inues inflmmtion, n promotes the progression of hepti firogenesis [64]. These results re onfirme y histopthologil investigtions whih revele tht the norml struture of liver tissue (Fig 2A) ws ffete y CCl 4 s vuolr egenertion of mny heptoytes, krrhyolysis formtion, some iophili ells n ggregtions of inflmmtory ells (Fig 2B). Fluvsttin two ose levels elevte HYP ontent in liver homogente y 47 % n 60%, respetively (Fig 1k&1L) s ompre to norml ontrol group, these results re onfirme y histopthologil stuy. Mirosopil exmintion showe tht rt reeive the lower ose of fluvsttin h norml struture of the tissue exept for mil ilttion n ongestion of some loo sinusois, slight ellulr infiltrtion is oserve ner the entrl vein. While, rt reeive F4 showe eformtion, vuolr egenertion of mny heptoytes n smll rk nulei in some heptoytes (Fig 2C & 2D). The omintion of fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 inrese tissue HYP y 61% n 78 %, respetively s ompre with norml ontrol, n more thn fluvsttin lone (Fig 1k& 1L). Our results showe tht F4+CCl 4 h thikening of the entrl vein s wll (rrow), mrke vuolr egenertion of some heptoytes (rrowhe) n ilttion of loo vessels (Fig 2E). While rt reeive F8+ CCl 4 showe severe vuolr egenertion of mny heptoytes (V), multiple smll res of hemorrhge (rrowhe), fol ellulr infiltrtion (rrow) n omplete istortion of liver tissue rhiteture in the mge re (Fig 2F). Silymrin tretment erese liver HYP ontent y 40% n 17%, respetively (Fig 1K&1L) s ompre with fluvsttin two oses levels n CCL 4 -toxite groups. These fining prove tht silymrin h slight vuolr egenertion of some heptoytes, ilttion n ongestion of loo vessels (Fig 3A, 3B). These results re in orne with mny investigtors who reporte tht silymrin tretment rrest hepti firosis whether in ute or hroni infetion, n it hs nti-firoti properties ue to inhiition of trnsforming growth ftor-et (TGF-β) inue e novo synthesis of ollgen type I [65,66]. Our result showe tht the two oses level of WPI hs powerful effet in eresing liver HYP ontent; WPI(100 mg/kg) y 43 % n 42 %, respetively s ompre with fluvsttin two oses levels n CCL 4 -toxite groups (Fig 1K&1L). Histopthologil exmintion of livers from group trete with WPI 100+ F4+ CCl 4 showe very slight vuolr egenertion of some heptoytes t the periphery of loules (rrowhe), mil thikening of entrl Sholr Reserh Lirry 5

6 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 veins wll (rrow) (Fig 3C). While, rt reeive WPI 200+F8+ CCl 4 showe vuolr egenertion of mny heptoytes (V), ilttion with ongestion of loo sinusois (rrowhe), firosis n ellulr infiltrtion with istortion of rhiteture t the sme re (rrow) (Fig 3E). However, WPI (200 mg/kg) signifintly erese liver HYP ontent y 49% n 50%, respetively (Fig 1K&1L) s ompre to fluvsttin two ose levels with CCL 4 - toxite groups. These results were onfirme y histopthologil stuy whih prove WPI 200 mg/ Kg normlize the hepti tissue exept for little firous tissue t the entrl vein (Fig3D&3F). Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on COX-2 enzyme (immune-histohemil stuy): Stining setions with COX-2 ntioy revele tht fluvsttin use stimultion of inflmmtory proess in norml hepti tissue (Fig. 4 B). This role is mrkely inrese when it is use long with CCl 4 in ose epenent mnner (Figure 4 C & 4 D). Silymrin hs COX-2 inhiitory effet use y fluvsttin+ CCl 4. This effet ws ler with low ose of fluvsttin (Fig. 4E), n less ler with high ose of fluvsttin (Figure 4F). High ose of WPI normlize hepti tissue (negtive stin with COX-2 ntioy) tht oserve in group trete with F4 + CCl 4 s shown in Fig. 4G & 4 F. Less result ws otine from group trete with F8 + CCl 4, s shown in Fig. 4 H. Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on DNA ontent: Norml istriution of DNA ontent in the liver ells of the ontrol group showe tht 3.57 % of the exmine ells ontine DNA (<1.5C), 89.28% ontine iploi DNA vlue (2C), 5.35% ontine (3C) DNA vlue (low Prolifertion Inex) n 1.78% of the exmine ells t (4C) re (Histogrm 1A). Exmintion of ells from group of rts reeive CCl4 only showe tht 1.0% of exmine ells ontine DNA ontent (<1.5C), while those ontine iploi DNA vlue (2C) were (20.0%). Cells ontine (3C) DNA vlue were 40% (high prolifertion inex), while 35% of exmine ells ontine tetrploi (4C) vlue of DNA (Histogrm 1B). Exmintion of ells from groups trete with high ose of fluvsttin (Histogrm 1C) n high ose of fluvsttin with CCl4 (Histogrm 1D) showe tht the ells ontine DNA (<1.5C) were 0.94% n 0.0 %, n those ontine DNA vlue (2C) were 37.73% n 8.41% respetively, whih mens the erese in DNA ontent (hypoploiy) ompre to the ontrol. While those ontine DNA vlue (3C) were 37.73% n 36.44% (high proliferting inex), respetively n (4C) were 20.75% n 39.25% respetively. Exmintion of ells from groups trete with silymrin n high ose of fluvsttin in onomitnt with CCl4 long (Histogrm1E), with high ose of WPI long with low ose of fluvsttin n CCl4 (Histogrm 1F) n high ose of WPI long with high ose of fluvsttin n CCl4 (Histogrm 1G) revele tht 89.74%, 33.64% n 4.63% of the exmine ells ontine DNA (< 1.5C) respetively. Perentge of ells ontine iploi DNA vlue, were 10.25%, 58.87% n 26.85%, respetively. (3 C) were 0.0% n 7.47% (low proliferting inex) s well s 55.55% (high proliferting inex) respetively, (4C) were 0.0%, 0.0% n 8.33% respetively. These results inite tht tretment with WPI long with fluvsttin n CCl4 showe DNA vlues omprle to the ontrol vlues espeilly with low ose of fluvsttin, while, groups trete with high ose of fluvsttin with or without CCl4 showe erese DNA vlues (hypoploiy) (Tle 3). Tle (1): Effets of silymrin (50 mg/kg, orlly) n whey protein isolte (100 n 200 mg/kg) on the liver enzymes n lipi profile in fluvsttin (4mg/kg) n l4- inue heptotoxiity Prmeters Alnine minotrnsferse (ALT) Asprtte minotrnsferse (AST) Triglyerie (TG) ontrol 148 ± ± ± 2.04 F ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.26 F4+ l ± ± ± 1.40 S + F ± ± 2.80 e ± 1.12 WP100+F ± ± ± 0.95 e WP200+F ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Totl holesterol (TC) CCl4: ron tetrhlorie, F4: fluvsttin, S: silymrin, WP: whey protein DATA were expresse s men ± SE (n= 6). Dt were nlyze y ANOVA- one wy; p 0.05.The ifferent lphetil supersript is signifintly ifferent etween groups. Sholr Reserh Lirry 6

7 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Tle (2): Effets of silymrin (50 mg/kg, orlly) n whey protein isolte (100 n 200 mg/kg) on the liver enzymes n lipi profile in fluvsttin (8mg/kg) n l4- inue heptotoxiity Prmeters Control F8 F8+ S + F8+ WPI 100+F8+ WPI 200+F8+ Alnine minotrnsferse (ALT) 148 ± ± 1.43 e ± ± ± ± 2.14 e ± 2.53 e Asprtte minotrnsferse (AST) ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.70 e ± 2.97 e Triglyerie (TG) ± ± ± ± ± 45.02± 1.17 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Totl holesterol (TC) CCl4: ron tetrhlorie, F4: fluvsttin, S: silymrin, WPI: whey protein isolte DATA were expresse s men ± SE (n= 6). Dt were nlyze y ANOVA- one wy; p 0.05.The ifferent lphetil supersript is signifintly ifferent etween groups. Sholr Reserh Lirry 7

8 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 MDA 4 (nmol/g) MDA 8 (nmol/g) norml norml C F4 F4+l4 S+ l4 W100+f4+ NO 4 (umol/gm.tissue) f4 A f4+l4 S+ l4 w100+f4+ W200+f4+ w200+f norml f8 f8+l4 S+ l4 NO (umol/gm tissue) norml f8 B w100+f8+ f8+l4 S+ l4 w100+f8+ w200+f8+ e e D w200+f GSH 4 ( mg/g.tissue) GSH 8 ( mg/g.tissue) Norml F4 TAC 4 (mm/g.tissue) E norml f4 f4+l4 S+ l4 F4+l4 S+ l4 W100+f4+ W200+f4+ e e G w100+f4+ w200+f norml norml f8 f8+l4 S+ l4 F TAC 8 (mm/g.tissue) f8 f8+l4 S+ l4 w100+f8+ w100+f8+ w200+f8+ H w200+f8+ Sholr Reserh Lirry 8

9 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12): Norml norml SOD 4 ( u/g.tissue) F4 F4+l4 S+ l4 W100+f4+ HYP 4 (mol/mg.tissue) f4 f4+l4 e S+ l4 W200+f4+ f w100+f4+ I K g w200+f norml norml SOD 8 ( u/gm.tissue) f8 e f8+l4 S+ l4 e w100+f8+ HYP 8 ( mol/mg.tissue) f8 f8+l4 S+ l4 w100+f8+ w200+f8+ Fig1: Effets of silymrin (50 mg/kg) or whey protein isolte (WPI 100 n WPI 200 mg/kg) on the hepti nitri oxie (NO) n (MDA) ontents, reue glutthione (GSH), totl ntioxint pity (TAC) n superoxie ismutse (SOD) tivities s well s ontent of hyroxy proline ( HYP) CCl4: ron tetrhlorie, F4: fluvsttin, S: silymrin, WPI: whey protein isolte DATA were expresse s men ± SE (n= 6). Dt were nlyze y ANOVA- one wy; p 0.05.The ifferent lphetil supersript is signifintly ifferent etween groups e J f w200+f8+ g L Sholr Reserh Lirry 9

10 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Figure 2: photomirogrph of setion of liver tissue of (A) : norml rt, (B): rt reeive CCl 4, (C): norml rt reeive flouvsttin rug in low ose,(d) norml rt reeive fluvsttin in high ose,(e) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in low ose,(f) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in high ose.(hx. & E. X 200) Sholr Reserh Lirry 10

11 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Fig 3: photomirogrph of setions of liver tissue from (A) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in low ose n trete with silymrin, (B) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in high ose n trete with silymrin (C) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in low ose n trete with whey protein in low ose,(d) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in low ose n trete with wheyprotein in high ose,(e) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in high ose n trete with whey protein in low ose, (F) rt reeive CCl 4 n fluvsttin in high ose n trete with whey protein in high ose.(hx. & E. X 200) Sholr Reserh Lirry 11

12 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Figure 4: A photomirogrph of setions of liver tissue from: (A) norml ontrol rt shows negtive result for the stin. (B) norml rt reeive fluvsttin in high ose,(c) rt reeive low ose of fluvsttin long with CCl 4,(D) rt reeive high ose of fluvsttin long with CCl 4,(E) rtreeive low ose of fluvsttin, CCl 4 n silymrine,(f) rt reeive high ose of fluvsttin,, CCl 4 n silymrine,(g) rtreeive low ose of fluvsttin, CCl 4 n high ose of WPI,(H) rtreeive high ose of fluvsttin, CCl 4 n high ose of whey protein (immunohistohemil stin with Cox2 ntioy X 200 (A, B, E & G)& 100 (C, D, F & H) Sholr Reserh Lirry 12

13 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Histogrm A Histogrm B Histogrm C Histogrm D Histogrm E Histogrm F Histogrm G Histogrm1: Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on DNA ontent (A) Norml rt, (B) CCL 4, (C) high ose of fluvsttin, (D) high ose of fluvsttin +CCL 4, (E) high ose of fluvsttin +CCL 4 + silymrin, (F) low ose of fluvsttin +CCL 4WPI(200 mg/ kg), (G) high ose of fluvsttin +CCL 4+ WPI(200 mg/ kg) Sholr Reserh Lirry 13

14 Aeer A. A. Slm et l Der Phrmi Lettre, 2015, 7 (12):1-15 Tle (3): Effets of silymrin n whey protein isolte on DNA ontent DNA inex DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA < 1.5 C > 4.5 C (totl) inex C inex C inex C inex inex Norml Control % % % % % - CCl % % % % % F % % % % % F8 CCl % % % % % Silym+F8+CCl % % % - 0.0% - 0.0% - WPI 200+F4+CCl % % % % - 0.0% - WPI 200+F8+CCl % % % % % CCl4: ron tetrhlorie, F: fluvsttin, S: silymrin, WPI: whey protein isolte DATA were expresse s men ± SE (n= 6) n represent % istriution of DNA ontent. Dt were nlyze y ANOVA- one wy; p 0.05.The ifferent lphetil supersript is signifintly ifferent etween groups.(totl numers of ells = 100). CONCLUSION The present stuy suggests tht this is the first experimentl moel in whih orl ministrtion of F+ CCL 4 -inue heptotoxiity n showe eviene of hepti firosis in rts. WPI hs potent heptoprotetive tivity in F+CCl 4 - inue liver injury in rts. This preventive effet of WPI is ue to its free ril svenging, nt oxitive n nti-firoti properties. REFERENCES [1] AJ Pugh, AJ Brve, K Flkner, M Ptel n CJ MClin, Clin Liver Dis, 2009, 13(2), [2] B Rjn, S Sthish, S Blkumr n T Devki, Environmentl toxiology n phrmology, 39(2), 2015, [3] G Mishr, RL Khos, P Singh, n KK Jh, J Phrm Biollie Si, 7(1), 2015, [4] AAA Slm, BM Elsyeh, IE Ismiel n SM El-Shenwy, Journl of Chemil n Phrmeutil Reserh, 2014, 6(12), [5] K Rshi, K Sinh, PC Sil, Foo n Chemil Toxiology,62, 2013, [6] K Tnikw n T Torimur, Me Mol Morphol, 39 (1), 2006, [7] J Mein n R Moreno-Otero, Drugs, 65(17), 2005, [8] JK Lio nu Lufs, Annu Rev Phrmol Toxiol, 45, 2005, [9] J Noé, R Portmnn, ME Brun n C Funk, Drug Met Dispos, 35, 2007, [10] T Wtne, H Kusuhr, K Me, H Knmru, Y Sito, Z Hu n Y Sugiym, Drug Met Dispos, 38, 2010, [11] V Fisher, L Johnson, F Heitz, R Tullmn, E Grhm, JP Blek n WT Roinson, Drug Met Dispos, 27, 1999, [12] SR Suj, PG Lth, P Pushpngn n S Rjsekhrn, Journl of Ethnophrmol, 92, 2004, [13] LW Weer, M Boll n A Stmpfl, Critil Reviews in Toxiology, 33 (2), 2003, [14] Y Msu, Journl of the Phrmeutil Soiety of Jpn, 126(10), 2006, [15] V Vithev, R Simeonov, I Krstev, M Yotov, S Nikolov n M Mithev, Reox Report, 16(2), 2011, [16] ND Freemn, TM Curto, C Morishim, et l, Aliment Phrmol Ther, 33(1), 2011, [17] Aenvolil, R Cpsso, N Mili n F Cpsso, Phytother Res, 24, 2010, [18] K Konn, NK Justin, B Lyie, M Souleymne, YA Frnis n NJ Dvi, phrmogn mg, 11(41), 2015, [19] B.S Horton, J Diry Siene, 78(11), 1995, [20] RL Wlzem, CJ Dillr n JB Germn, Crit Rev Foo Si Nutr, 42, 2002, [21] RS Kenney, GP Konok, G Bounous, S Bruhel n TD Lee, Antiner Res, 15, 1995, [22] KD Kent, WJ Hrper n JA Bomser, Toxiol in Vitro, 17, 2003, [23] T Byrm, M Pekmez, N Ar n AS Ylçin, Tlnt, 75, 2008, [24] SA N, New Potent Anlgesi, J Hospits Me, 35, 2009, [25] AS G, YA Khrwy, AA El-Nekeety, SR Mohme, NS Hssnn, MA AelWhh, Nutrition, 27(5), 2011, [26] J Sugtni, S Smitsu, M Kurosw,S Ikushiro,T Skki, AIkri n M Miw, Drug Met Dispos, 38(10), 2010, [27] ML Altun, H Özek, GS Çitoğlu, BS Yilmz, I Byrm n N Cengiz, Phrm Si, 7 (1), 2010, [28] G Krimi, M Vhzeh, P Lri, M Rsheini n M Moshiri, Irn J Bsi Me Si, 14(4), 2011, Sholr Reserh Lirry 14

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