The Protective Effect of the Fortified Bread with Green Tea Against Chronic Renal Failure Induced by Excessive Dietary Arginine in Male Albino Rats

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1 Worl Journl of Diry & Foo Sienes 4 (2): , 2009 ISSN X IDOSI Pulitions, 2009 The Protetive Effet of the Fortifie Bre with Green Te Aginst Chroni Renl Filure Inue y Exessive Dietry Arginine in Mle Alino Rts Ashrf A. A El-Megei, Ins Z.A. AAllh, M.F. Elsek n Ysmeen F. A El-Moneim 1 Deprtment of Nutrition n Foo Siene, Fulty of Home Eonomis, Helwn University, Egypt 2 Deprtment of Home Eonomis, Fulty of Speifi Eution, Fyoum University, Egypt Astrt: Reently, onsierle ttention hs een fouse on ietry n meiinl phytohemils tht inhiit or retr iseses use y oxitive proesses. Green te (GT) polyphenols hve ntioxint properties. The present work ws rrie out to stuy the potentil use of groun rie green te leves for fortifition of pn re n evlute the sensory hrteristis n the nutritive vlue of the fortifie re. The results showe tht the est level of fortifition whih h the highest sores ws reore for 2% GT-fortifie re followe y 4% GT-fortifie re, while 6% GT-fortifie re h the lowest sores so, it ws exlue from the iologil stuy. The present work ws lso esigne to investigte the protetive effet of the fortifie re ginst renl filure inue y exessive ietry rginine (20g/kg iet).the possile enefiil role of 2% n 4% GT-fortifie re ws evlute y ietry supplementtion in rginine iet to hroni renl filure (CRF) rts. The results revele tht, feeing CRF rts on rginine iet ontining un-fortifie re resulte in signifint inrese in serum totl holesterol (TC), triglyeries (TG), low-ensity lipoprotein holesterol (LDL-C), Asprtte Amino Trnsferse (AST), Alnine Amino Trnsferse (ALT), uri i, ure nitrogen n retinine n signifint reution in serum high-ensity lipoprotein holesterol (HDL-C). Dietry supplementtion of rginine iet with GT-fortifie re resulte in suffiient meliortion ginst the effets of exessive ietry rginine. GT-fortifie re showe improvement in ll teste iohemil prmeters whih ws more pronoune in 4% GT-fortifie re feeing group thn 2% GT-fortifie re feeing group. Bse on the eviene ville it ppere tht GT-fortifie re ws enefiil to renl funtion n eliminte oxitive stress y virtue of its ntioxint properties. Utiliztion of GT oul e reommene for pn re fortifition. Key wors: Green te Rts Arginine Chroni renl filure Lipi profiles Kiney funtion n liver funtion INTRODUCTION Arginine, semi essentil mino i is use in the synthesis of oy proteins n it is mteril for Chroni renl filure (CRF) is progressive n trnsport, storge n exretion of nitrous prouts. irreversile loss of lrge numers of funtioning In prtiulr, rginine is essentil for mmoni nephrons use y wie vriety of isorers of the etoxifition vi ure synthesis. Physiologil loo vessels, glomeruli, tuules n renl interstitium. requirement of tissues n orgns for rginine shoul e CRF is hrterize y struturl n funtionl supplie y enogenous synthesis n the iet [4]. responses of remnnt nephrons, whih ultimtely le to Kiney is the min site of enogenous L-rginine glomeruloslerosis [1]. The isese kiney showe synthesis. However, ministrtion of exess rginine reution in kiney size n presene of ro sts in uses imlne of mino is n hnges in protein the urine seiment, refleting the ilte hypertrophie metolism. In ition rginine is the key sustne of remining nephrons [2]. When the kineys no longer hve nitri oxie n guniine ompouns suh s retinine enough funtioning nephrons to effetively ri the oy n methylguniine whih re onsiere to e uremi of toxins, uremi poisoning results [3]. toxins responsile for renl filure [5-7]. Corresponing Author: Dr. Ashrf A. A El-Megei, Nutrition n Foo Siene Deprtment, Fulty of Home Eonomis, Helwn University, Egypt 107

2 Worl J. Diry & Foo Si., 4 (2): , 2009 There hs een gret el of interest reently in the role of omplementry n lterntive meiines for the tretment of vrious ute n hroni iseses [8]. Of the vrious herl n the otnil gents, ville interest hs fouse on the nti-inflmmtory n ntioxint properties of polyphenols foun in green te (GT) [9, 10]. GT is proue from the rie leves of the plnt Cmelli sinensis n ontins severl polyphenoli omponents. Most of these polyphenols re flvonols, whih is usully lle tehins suh s (-) epigllotehin gllte (EGCG), (-) epigllotehin, (-) epitehin gllte, (-) epitehin n (-) gllotehin gllte (GCG) [11]. EGCG is the most unnt tehin, ounting for out 65% of GT s tehin ontent n is lso the omponent with the highest ntioxint properties [12]. It ws foun tht te tehins were reltively stle in remking, hving 84% of the totl te tehins remine fter king s well s uring its shelf life [13]. Mny stuies hve foun enefiil effets ssoite with the onsumption of GT. Sientists hve ite these enefiil effets in fighting oesity, liver, stomh, rest, prostte, lung n skin ners [14], eresing the risk of theroslerosis n hert isese [15] n proteting ginst the evelopment of neuroegenertive iseses s Prkinson s isese n Alzheimer s isese [16]. It hs een reporte tht GT onsume within lne ontrolle iet improve the overll ntioxitive sttus n protet ginst mge in humns [17]. Very little ttention ws fouse on the ition of te to re whih is onsume ily. Therefore, the present stuy ws esigne to investigte the potentil use of groun rie GT leves for fortifition of pn re n evlute the sensory hrteristis n the nutritive vlue of the fortifie re. The protetive effet of the fortifie re with green te ginst hroni renl filure inue y exessive ietry rginine in mle lino rts ws lso ssesse s min trget of the present stuy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mteril Plnt Mteril n Ingreients for Bre Preprtion: Smples of Cmelli sinensis L. were otine from the lol mrket n groun to fine power. Bre ingreients (whet flour, sugr, slt n yest) were purhse from the lol mrket. Chemils: Arginine, sein, vitmins, minerls, ellulose n holine hlorie were purhse from El-Nsr Phrm. n Chem. In. Comp. Ciro, Egypt. Corn oil n orn strh were otine from lol mrket. Kits use to etermine serum iohemil prmeters were purhse from Alkn Phrm. In. Comp. Ciro, Egypt. Experimentl nimls: Forty mle lino rts of Sprgue Dwley Strin weighing 220 ± 10g. were otine from Helwn frm. Methos Preprtion of Green Te Fortifie Bre: Pn Bre ws prepre using the metho pte y Penfiel n Cmpell [18]. Norml Bre Ws Prepre s Follows (g %): All rie mterils (flour 80 g., sugr 5g. n slt 5g.) were e together in owl n mixe well. The fermente yest (10g.) ws e to flour n the remining wter ws e while mixing ll the ingreients together to mke ll of ough. The ough kept in wrm ple to rise, then knee gin n kept for the seon fermenttion time in wrm ple. Gently the ough ws punhe own; turning the eges towr the enter, then the ough ws shpe into retngle n put in Tefl pn out 19/9/6 m. The ough ws llowe to rise in the pn n ws ke t 250 C for 25 min. The re ws remove from the pn n oole t room temperture efore refully getting slie. Sensory hrteristis of the prouts were evlute. Supplementtion of Bre: In this stuy, re ingreients were ltere y prtilly repling the whet flour y 2, 4 n 6% of powere rie GT leves. Sensory Evlution: Sensory evlution of ll smples (fortifie n un-fortifie re with green te) were rrie out oring to Molner [19]. Chemil Anlysis of Bre: Moisture, rue protein, rue ft, sh n rue fier ontents were etermine in pn re, oring to A.O.A.C [20], while totl rohyrtes ontent were lulte y ifferene. Inution of Chroni Renl Filure: CRF ws inue y feeing rts on sl iet ontining 2% (w/w) rginine oring to Yokozw [21]. 108

3 Worl J. Diry & Foo Si., 4 (2): , 2009 Experimentl Design: Forty mle lino rts of Sprgue nesthesi. Bloo smples were ollete in ry len Dwley Strin weighing g were kept in stinless entrifuge tues, then entrifuge to seprte the serum steel ges uner hygieni onitions. They were whih kept frozen till nlysis. Kineys were remove, limtize for one week on sl iet with free ess lene in sline solution n weighe to lulte the to foo n wter through the stuy in the niml reltive orgn weight. house of Fulty of Home Eonomis, Helwn University. Serum smples were use for etermintion of totl The sl iet in the preliminry experiment onsists of holesterol (TC) [23], triglyeries (TG) [24], high-ensity 20% sein (protein > 80% ), orn oil 4%, ellulose 5%, lipoprotein holesterol (HDL-C) [25]. While serum vitmin mixture 1%, slt mixture 3.5%, holine hlorie low-ensity lipoprotein holesterol (LDL-C) n very 0.2% n the reminer is orn strh [22]. low- ensity lipoprotein holesterol (VLDL-C) were After perio of pttion on sl iet, the rts lulte oring to the eqution of Friewl [26]. were ivie into two min groups s follows: Serum smples were lso use for etermintion of lnine minotrnsferse (ALT) n sprtte The First Min Group: Ten rts fe on sl iet minotrnsferse (AST) tivities [27], Uri i [28], (negtive ontrol). ure [29] n retinine [30]. The Seon Min Group: Thirty rts fe on sl iet Sttistil Anlysis: Sttistil nlysis ws rrie out ontining 2% (w/w) rginine (2% rginine iet) (20g/kg using SPSS sttistil softwre version 11. The results iet) for two weeks to inue CRF oring to the were expresse s men ± SD. Dt were nlyze y one metho esrie y Yokozw [21]. After this perio, wy nlysis of vrine (ANOVA).The ifferenes rts in oth groups were fste overnight. Bloo smples etween mens were teste for signifine using lest were ollete from the eye in eh rt to mke sure the signifint ifferene (LSD) test t p< inution of CRF in rginine group, the men vlues of serum uri i, ure nitrogen n retinine were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (1.623 ± 0.032, ± n ± mg/l) n (2.664 ± 0.032, ± n ± mg /l) in Sensory Evlution of Bre: Sensory evlution of the negtive group n rginine group, respetively. un-fortifie n fortifie re with ifferent perentges Then, the seon min group ivie into three of GT ws performe for pperne, tste, oor, olor, sugroups s follows: volume, texture n generl eptility (GA). Smples of re whih hve the est sensory hrteristis were The First Sugroup: ten rts fe on rginine iet use in the iologil experiment. Tle 1 expresse the ontining hlf mount of protein from un-fortifie re results of ll sensory hrteristis, the ontrol smple (s positive ontrol group). (re without fortifition) reore the highest sores in omprison with the other smples (2%,4% n 6% The Seon Sugroup: ten rts fe on rginine iet GT-fortifie re).apperne n olor sores of 2% ontining hlf mount of protein from groun rie re GT-fortifie re erese signifintly (P<0.05), s fortifie with 2% GT. ompre to the ontrol. Menwhile, there were no signifint ifferenes in tste, oor, volume, texture The Thir Sugroup: ten rts fe on rginine iet n GA etween ontrol n 2% GT-fortifie re. ontining hlf mount of protein from groun rie re Wng et l. [31] foun tht with n inrese in the level of fortifie with 4% GT. GT extrt, the rightness of the re erese. The During the experimentl perio (28 ys), the iets ifferene in rightness oul e etete with GT extrt onsume n oy weights were reore twie weekly. t 1.5g/kg flour. Bse on their previous stuy [13], the Biologil evlution for ifferent groups ws rrie vlue of the GT extrt re fell into the rnge of mrket out y etermintion of foo intke, oy weight gin% prouts, suh s whole mel re n fier enrihe n kiney weight/oy weight%. At the en of the re. Therefore, no onsumer eptility prolem ue experimentl perio the rts were fste overnight n to olor ws oserve for re ontining GT extrt up srifie from the ominl ort uner ether to the level of 5g/kg flour. On the other hn, there ws 109

4 Worl J. Diry & Foo Si., 4 (2): , 2009 Tle 1: Sensory Evlution Of Un-Fortifie An Fortifie Bre With Different Perentges Of Powere Green Te (GT) Chrters Smples Apperne (20) Tste (15) Oor (10) Color (15) Volume (15) Texture (10) GA (15) Un-fortifie re (ontrol) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % GT-fortifie re ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % GT-fortifie re ± ± ± ± ± ± ± % GT-fortifie re ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.808 G A: Generl eptility Vlues re expresse s men±sd. Numer of pnelists = 20. Vlues in eh olumn whih hve ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t (p< 0.05). Tle 2: Chemil Composition Of Bre Nutrients g/100g Smple Moisture Crue Protein Crue Ft Ash Crue Fier Crohyrtes Bre Eh vlue represents the verge of three etermintions. Tle 3: Effet of fortifie re with green te on foo intke, oy weight gin% n kiney weight/oy weight% in rts suffering from hroni renl filure(crf) Prmeters Groups Foo intke (g/y/rt) Boy weight gin % Kiney weight/oy weight % (-) Control ± ±0.04 (+) Control ± ± % GT fortifie re ± ± %GT fortifie re ± ±0.077 Vlues re expresse s men±sd. Vlues in eh olumn whih hve ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t (p< 0.05). signifint erese in the men sores of ll sensory sh, Crue fier n rohyrtes were , 8.624, hrteristis for the 4% GT-fortifie re, exept the 1.613, 0.712, 0.522n g., respetively. volume n GA, s ompre with the ontrol group. While ll sensory hrteristis for the 6% GT-fortifie Biologil Evlution of Fortifie Bre: Effet of re reore signifint erese (P<0.05), s ompre fortifie re with green te on foo intke, oy weight to the ontrol smple. Wng et l. [31] stte tht GT gin% n kiney weight/ oy weight % in rts suffering extrt t only the level of 5g/kg flour signifintly from hroni renl filure (CRF). reue the sweetness n inrese the stringeny, Tle 3 represente effet of GT fortifie re hrness n stikiness of the re with GT extrt feeing on foo intke, oy weight gin% n kiney ompre with the ontrol. weight/oy weight% in CRF rts. The men vlue of The est level of fortifition whih h the highest foo intke (g/y/rt) for ll groups ws slightly sores ws the 2% GT-fortifie re followe y the inrese, exept for the 4% GT-fortifie re feeing 4% GT-fortifie re. The 6% GT-fortifie re group, s ompre to the negtive ontrol group. reore the lowest sores, so it ws exlue from the On the other hn, the oy weight gin% showe iologil stuy. non- signifint hnges etween ll groups exept group of rts fe on rginine iet ontining 4% Chemil Composition of Bre: In the present stuy GT-fortifie re whih showe signifint erese. re ws nlyze for its ontent n illustrte in This fining ws in greement with the result of Tle 2. The ontent of moisture, Crue protein, Crue ft, Dhnkoti et l. [32] who reporte tht ult rts fe 110

5 Worl J. Diry & Foo Si., 4 (2): , 2009 iet evoi of rginine i not gin oy weight n the weight/oy weight % etween oth 2% n 4% foo intke of these nimls ws less thn tht of rts fe GT-fortifie re feeing groups, s ompre to the 2% rginine iet. Feeing CRF rts on rginine iet positive ontrol group. On the other hn non signifint ontining 2% GT-fortifie re tene to erese oy ifferenes were oserve etween oth 2% n 4% weight gin% ut not signifintly ompre to oth the GT-fortifie re feeing groups s ompre to the negtive n positive ontrol groups. Menwhile, 4% negtive ontrol group. Ko et l. [39] foun tht in mle GT-fortifie re feeing group revele signifint Sprgue Dwley n len Zuker rts trete with EGCG erese in oy weight gin%, s ompre to oth the for 7-8 ys, the weight of the liver were reue y out negtive n positive ontrol groups %. He onlue lso tht green te ministrtion In the present stuy, GT fortifie re feeing le to erese in oy weight; he mentione tht inue progressive eline in weight gin vlues. This this effet my e ue to the thermogenesis, reution ws more pronoune in 4% GT- fortifie re inhiition of lipogenesis in ipose tissue, erese foo feeing group thn 2% GT-fortifie re feeing group, intke, erese loo gluose, triglyeries n insulin where weight reution reore signifint ifferene epennt growth ftor. etween them. Thus greeing with Lin n Lin- Shiu [33] who reporte tht the oy weights of rts hve een Effet of Fortifie Bre with Green Te on Lipi Profile signifintly reue y feeing GT leves to the nimls. in Rts Suffering from Chroni Renl Filure (CRF): Moreover, Wolfrm et l. [34] foun tht feeing mie on The effet of GT fortifie re feeing on serum lipis iets supplemente with GT t levels from 1% to 4% h profile in CRF rts is presente in Tles 4&5. The results signifintly erese foo intke, oy weight gin n inite signifint elevtion p<0.05 in oth totl ft mss. Serum leptin levels were lso lower n tht holesterol (TC) n triglyerie (TG) in CRF group ereses ppetite. Sym et l. [35] reporte tht (positive ontrol), s ompre to negtive ontrol group. ition of 2% GT power to the iet suppresse ft Feeing CRF rts on rginine iet ontining 2% n 4% umultion n oy weight y reution of foo GT-fortifie re inue signifint reution (P<0.05) intke. The reue foo intke in 4% GT-fortifie re in oth TC n TG with inresing the level of fortifition group my influene the reue oy weight gin. in the onsume iet. It ws lerly oserve tht 4% Long term onsumption of GT my erese the GT fortifie re feeing group h the lowest vlues of iniene of oesity n perhps, GT omponents suh TC n TG, ompre with 2% GT-fortifie re feeing s EGCG my e useful for treting oesity. GT tehins group n positive ontrol group. influene metolism in severl wys. Klus et l. [36] Results in Tle 5 revele signifint erese reporte tht ietry supplementtion with EGCG purifie P<0.05 in high ensity lipoprotein-holesterol (HDL-C) from GT for 1 month ttenute iet- inue oesity n n signifint inrese P<0.05 in low ensity lipoproteinerese oy weight of mie y eresing energy holesterol (LDL-C) n very low ensity lipoproteinsorption n inresing ft oxition. Supplementtion holesterol (VLDL-C) in CRF group (positive ontrol), s with GT tehins resulte in signifint reution of ompre to negtive ontrol group. Feeing CRF rt high- ft iet inue oy weight gin, viserl n liver groups on rginine iet ontining GT fortifie re t ft umultion n the evelopment of hyperlipiemi levels of 2% n 4% inue signifint improvement in in mie [37]. GT tehins re known to tivte mny ll lipoprotein prmeters. There were signifint inrese ellulr mehnisms for reuing oy weight. Stuies in P<0.05 in HDL-C n signifint erese P<0.05 in LDL-C ipoyte ell lines n niml moels hve emonstrte n VLDL-C (P<0.05) in oth GT fortifie re feeing tht EGCG inhiits extrellulr signl relte kinses, groups, s ompre to the positive ontrol group. The tivtes AMP-tivte protein kinses, moultes vlues of HDL-C, LDL-C n VLDL-C tene to mth the ipoyte mrker proteins n own regultes lipogeni ontrol vlues in rt group fe on sl iet ontining enzymes [38]. GT fortifie re t level of 4%. This mens tht when Conerning kiney weight/oy weight%, it the level of re fortifition inreses, the rte of oul e oserve tht CRF (positive ontrol) proue improvement inreses. signifint inrese p<0.05 in kiney weight/oy In the present stuy, GT fortifie re feeing weight% s result of feeing on rginine supplemente impose signifint enefiil hnges in the lipi profile stnr sein iet, s ompre to the negtive ontrol of rt groups. The sme oservtion were reporte y group. There were signifint erese p<0.05 in kiney Lin et l. [40], Yokozw et l. [41], Murkmi n 111

6 Worl J. Diry & Foo Si., 4 (2): , 2009 Tle 4: Effet of fortifie re with green te on totl holesterol n triglyeries in rts suffering from hroni renl filure (CRF) Prmeters mg/l Groups Totl holesterol Triglyeries (-) Control ± ±1.762 (+) Control ± ± % GT fortifie re ± ± % GT fortifie re ± ±1.754 Vlues re expresse s men±sd. Vlues in eh olumn whih hve ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t (p< 0.05). Tle 5: Effet of fortifie re with green te on lipoprotein frtion in rts suffering from hroni renl filure (CRF) Prmeters Mg/l Groups HDL-C LDL-C VLDL-C (-) Control ± ± ±0.369 (+) Control ± ± ± % GT fortifie re ± ± ± % GT fortifie re ± ± ±0.351 Vlues re expresse s men±sd. Vlues in eh olumn whih hve ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t (p< 0.05). Tle 6: Effet of green te fortifie re feeing on liver enzymes tivities in rts suffering from hroni renl filure(crf) Prmeters U/l Groups AST ALT (-) Control ± ±3.835 (+) Control ± ± %green te fortifie re ± ± % green te fortifie re ± ±1.911 Vlues re expresse s men±sd. AST:Asprtte Amino Trnsferse ALT:Alnine Amino Trnsferse Vlues in eh olumn whih hve ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t (p< 0.05). Ohsto [42] n Lin n Lin-Shiu [36] who stte tht GT the exretion of ft [47]. GCG-rih te tehins hve leves in iet ws ssoite with lower serum levels of strong effets on lowering TC n TG onentrtions in TC, LDL-C n TG ut higher serum levels of HDL-C. This hyperlipiemi rts [48]. effet is ttriute to reution in holesterol sorption n to n inrese exretion of iliry is n Effet of Fortifie Bre with Green Te on Liver holesterol; nother propose tion is the inhiition Enzymes in Rts Suffering from Chroni Renl Filure of holesterol synthesis in the liver [43, 44]. GT is (CRF): Dt represente in Tle 6 showe effet of GT prtiulrly rih in EGCG, powerful ntioxint [45]. fortifie re feeing on liver enzymes tivities in CRF Some in vitro stuies showe inite the EGCG exerts rts. There ws signifint inrese in teste liver protetive effet ginst lipoprotein oxition, nmely, enzyme (AST & ALT tivities) in CRF rts (positive ginst LDL oxition [46]. GT tehins ffets lipi ontrol group), ompre to negtive ontrol group. metolism y ifferent pthwys n prevent the Feeing CRF rts on rginine iet ontining GT fortifie pperne of therosleroti plque. Its intke re t levels of 2% n 4% resulte in suffiient ereses the sorption of TG n TC n these meliortion in oth AST n ALT tivities, reoring finings re in orne with the ft tht it inreses signifint reution when ompre with positive ontrol 112

7 Worl J. Diry & Foo Si., 4 (2): , 2009 group. The tivities of ALT n AST tene to mth rts. Serum uri i, ure nitrogen n retinine the negtive ontrol vlues in rt group fe on rginine exhiite signifint elevtion in CRF rts (positive iet ontining GT fortifie re t level of 4%. ontrol group), in omprison with the negtive ontrol An exessive ietry rginine inue heptotoxiity group. In this respet Penny n Deie [57] reporte s represente y mrkely elevte levels of AST tht, in Ptients with CRF, loo ure nitrogen (BUN) n n ALT. Vrg et l. [49] n Czko et l. [50] foun retinine levels re the most signifint loo test tht exessive ministrtion of rginine inue results. BUN is protein metolyte n lthough l pnretitis in rts n enhne hypoxi/ reoxygention vlues iffer, the pproximte rnge is etween injury. Feeing CRF rts on rginine iet ontining GT mg/l ( nmol/l) for helthy kineys. BUN is relte fortifie re t level of 2% n 4% resulte in suffiient more to iet n if ehyrtion is present, will show meliortion in oth AST n ALT. GT is n importnt inrese vlues. Cretinine is thought to e more soure of flvonois, nmely tehins, whih re strong relile initor of kiney funtion s it shows how well ntioxints. The sme results were otine y the kineys re filtering out the toxins n is less Sugiym et l. [51] who reporte tht feeing rts on iet epenent on ietry ftors n hyrtion sttus. supplemente with the power of GT extrt showe M et l. [58] reporte tht, the levels of serum BUN, signifint erese in serum AST n ALT ompre retinine were mrkely elevte, while the levels of with ontrol. Stuies y Arteel et l. [52] lso note tht lumin mrkely file in Sprgue-Dwley rts there ws signifint lowering in the tivities of AST reeive iet ontining 0.5% enine to inue CRF. n ALT in rts trete with GT extrt in the iet. Yokosw et l. [21] lso emonstrte tht the Retive oxygen speies n other free rils serum levels of retinine n ure nitrogen were use heptoellulr mge, the tretment with phenoli inrese y the 2% rginine iet. These results provie ompouns ws foun to e heptoprotetive gents, eviene tht rginine ministere to rts is metolize euse it ts s free rils svenging [53]. El- to guniino ompouns, whih umulte in the serum Beshishy et l. [54] oserve tht the ntioxint leing to renl impirment. In ition, Shin et l. [59] property of flvonoil ompouns of GT extrt showe tht the ministrtion of exess L- rginine ontriutes to erese the oxitive stress in liver n inhiite the prolifertion of humn mesngil ells n inrese the levels of ntioxint enzymes, superoxie inrese the onentrtion of nitri oxie. Noris et l. ismutse, tlse n glutthione. Ae et l. [55] [60] reporte tht rginine levels n nitri oxie suggeste tht the rinking of green te with high synthesis were higher in uremi ptients thn in helthy tehin ontent my help to prevent n/or ttenute volunteers, suggesting n explntion for the inrese the evelopment of ertin type of heptitis. Almurshe nitri oxie synthesis in uremi. It rises the possiility [56] suggeste lso tht oth lk n green te possess tht the inrese in nitri oxie proution my e preventive effets ginst ron tetrhlorie CCl4 ttriutle to ietry rginine n tht my use renl inue liver mge in rts. injury. Feeing hroni renl filure rts on rginine iet Effet of Fortifie Bre with Green Te on Kiney ontining GT fortifie re t the two levels 2% n 4% Funtions in Rts Suffering from Chroni Renl Filure reore signifint notiele improvement in these (CRF): Tle 7 illustrte the effet of GT fortifie re prmeters when ompre them with the positive ontrol feeing t levels of 2% n 4% on kiney funtion of CRF group. Tle 7: Effet of fortifie re with green te on kiney funtions in rts suffering FROM CHRONIC renl filure (CRF) Prmeters mg/l Groups Uri i Ure nitrogen Cretinine (-) Control ± ± ±0.061 (+) Control ± ± ± % green te fortifie re ± ± ± % green te fortifie re ± ± ±0.099 Vlues re expresse s men±sd. Vlues in eh olumn whih hve ifferent letters re signifintly ifferent t (p< 0.05) 113

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