Effect of Feeding Artichoke Leaves Meal on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Mandarah Hens

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 6 (11): , 2007 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2007 Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel on Proutive n Reproutive Performne of Mnrh Hens Ni L. Rwn, Zein M.A. Ao n R.A. Hssn Reserh Institute of Animl Proution, Agriulture Reserh Center, Giz, Egypt Astrt: The min trget of this stuy ws to evlute the effet of feeing Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) on proutive n reproutive performne of Mnrh hens. In this stuy, totl numer of 300 Mnrh hens n 30 Mnrh oks, 28 weeks of ge were rnomly istriute into 10 groups n fe on the experimentl iets, six levels of ALM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 n 12% of the iet) in omprison to three teste levels (50, 75 n 100 g/ton iet) of Artihoke Extrt (AE), in ition to the sl iet. The results of this stuy showe tht inlusion of Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) t 8% of the iet resulte in the highest, vlues, lying rte, egg mss n est fee onversion thn the sl iet (ontrol), while 12% ALM erese fee intke, signifintly s ompre with the ontrol n sore the lest, numerilly, egg mss. The improvements in lying rte, egg mss n fee onversion vlues, ue to 8% ALM, ompre to the ontrol were 6.61%, 7.87% n 7.44%, respetively. None of the tretments h verse effet on the hnge of oy weight of the hen, however rtihoke extrt levels h no ler effet n my e not enough to use remrkle effets on proutive performne. Shell thikness vlues (mm) were improve y inlusion of AE or ALM, strting with 75 g/ton AE. There ws grul, numerilly, inrese in yolk olor sore strting with 8% ALM. Artihoke leves mel t 6,8 n 10% of the iet resulte in the highest fertility n hthility perentges t the en of the experimentl perio. It oul e onlue tht AE t 75 g/ton or more or ALM up to 8% my hve enefiil effet on semen qulity. Digestiility oeffiient of EE ws improve y ll levels of AE n y ALM up to 10% s ompre to the ontrol. Inlusion of Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) t 8, 10 n 12% of the iets erese egg yolk totl lipis signifintly s ompre with the ontrol ( vs mg/g). Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) t 8% erese yolk totl lipis, yolk holesterol n yolk LDL, in omprison to the ontrol y 10.02, 9.72 n 21.65%, respetively n inrese HDL y 14.34%. It erese serum holesterol n serum LDL, in omprison to the ontrol y n 19.72%, respetively. Best net revenue, eonomi effiieny n reltive eonomi effiieny vlues were for 8%, followe y 10% ALM. It is reommene to use 8% rtihoke leves mel to get est eonomi effiieny, proutive, reproutive performne n low holesterol eggs. Key wors: Artihoke, hens, oks, proutive, reproutive, holesterol Introution In Egypt, out 8617 fens re ultivte with rtihoke (Cynr solymus L.), whih proue out 7.84 ton/fen (Agriulture Eonomi, 2003). Flower he of rtihoke weights out 200 gm, while rtihoke rts weights gm, out 37% of the flower he weight (El-Bry, 1995). Lrge mounts of rtihoke rts re proue nnully s y prouts. Artihoke (Cynr solymus L.), n eile vegetle from the Meiterrnen re, is goo soure of nturl ntioxints suh s vitmin C, rotenois, polyphenols, hyroxyinnmi is n flvones (Temple, 2000; Jimenez et l., 2003). It is rih soure of inulin n oligofrutose, whih elong to lss of rohyrtes known s frutns. Inulin n oligofrutose re onsiere s funtionl foo ingreients sine they ffet the physiologil n iohemil proesses in rts n humn eings, resulting in etter helth n reution in the risk of mny iseses. Experimentl stuies hve shown their use s ifiogeni gents, stimulting the immune system of the oy, eresing the pthogeni teri in the intestine, relieving onstiption, eresing the risk of osteoporosis y inresing minerl sorption, espeilly of lium, reuing the risk of theroslerosis y lowering the synthesis of triglyeries n ftty is in the liver n eresing their level in serum. These frutns moulte the hormonl level of insulin n glugon, therey regulting rohyrte n lipi metolism y lowering the loo gluose levels; they re lso effetive in lowering the loo ure n uri i levels, therey mintining the nitrogen lne. Inulin n oligofrutose lso reue the iniene of olon ner. Oligofrutose re non riogeni s they re not use y Streptoous mutns to form is n insolule gluns tht re the min ulprits in entl ries. Beuse of the lrge numer of helth promoting funtions of inulin n oligofrutose, these hve wie pplitions in vrious types of foos like onfetionery, fruit preprtions, milk 826

2 esserts, yogurt n fresh heese, ke goos, hoolte, ie rem n sues. Inulin n lso e use for the preprtion of frutose syrups (Kur n Gupt, 2002). Stoev et l. (2002) foun tht wter extrt of rtihoke h some enefiil protetive effet ginst the growth inhiitory effet of ohrtoxin A n ssoite pthomorphologil hnges. Grne et l. (2004) suggeste tht regulr intke of iotive ompouns from Meiterrnen wil plnts, tht is, wil rtihoke; phenoli-rih extrt ontriutes to mintenne of proper vsomotion n to the low iniene of theroslerosis n enothelil ysfuntion reore in the Meiterrnen re. Kleessen et l. (2003) inite tht smll mount of frutn-rih Jeruslem rtihoke, or topinmur (ministere s 0.5% topinmur syrup) in roilers' rinking wter hs enefiil effet on growth performne, le to signifint inrese (p<0.01) in el ounts of B. teriovorus, whih prsitizes suseptile Grm negtive pthogens, reues teril enotoxin levels n suppresses potentil pthogens in roilers' e. Inulin-type frutns re the simplest n most stuie frutns n hve eome inresingly populr s preioti helth-improving ompouns (Vn en et l., 2006). Inlusion of ehyrte rtihoke leves or wstes, s non-onventionl feestuffs in smll speies iets ws stuie. Bonomi (2001) reporte tht the replement of luerne mel with mel from ehyrte rtihoke leves t rte of 4% of the totl fee improve the growth rte n skin olour of roilers n the egg proution of lying hens. Gul et l. (2001) investigte the possiility of using refuse prts of rtihoke us for silge mking n the feeing vlue of the resulting silge. They foun out tht the nutrient ontents n feeing energy vlue of the rtihoke stlks with leves re omprle with other silges. Meneses et l. (2007) revele tht the silge of rue y-prout left fter inustril proessing of rtihoke (Cynr solymus L.) showe goo ptitue for ensilge, hving plesnt smell n goo visul hrteristis n n e use s niml fee. Aforementione stuies revele the effiy of rtihoke leves in improving the skin olour of roilers n the egg proution of lying hens. Also Artihoke Leves Extrt (ALE) hs n inhiition effet on holesterol iosynthesis n LDL oxition, therefore it Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Mterils n Methos The present stuy ws rrie out t Skh Animl Reserh Sttion, Animl Proution Reserh Institute, Ministry of Agriulture, Egypt. The hemil nlyses were rrie out t Lortories of the Animl Proution Reserh Institute, Ministry of Agriulture, Egypt. The min trget of this stuy ws to evlute the effet of feeing Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) on proutive n reproutive performne of Mnrh hens n oks. A totl numer of 300 Mnrh hens n 30 Mnrh oks, 28 weeks of ge were rnomly istriute into 10 groups of 30 hens n 3 oks eh n then suivie into three replites (10 hens +1 ok/replite). Eh group ws fe on one of the 10 experimentl iets, six levels of ALM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 n 12% of the iet) in omprison to three teste levels (50, 75 n 100 g/ton iet) of Artihoke Extrt (AE), in ition to the sl iet. The experimentl perio lste 90 ys. The experimentl iets (Tle 1) were formulte to e isonitrogenous (~16% CP) n isolori (~2700 Kl ME/Kg iet) n to t lest stisfy the nutrient requirements oring to Agriulture Ministry Deree (1996). The irs were rere uner the sme mngeril onitions in open-sie house on floor. Photoperio ws 17 hours ily. The irs were fe liitum n the wter ws ville ll the time. Artihoke leves use in this stuy were otine from Behirh governorte, the prie of rie rtihoke leves ws 150 LE/ton uring the experimentl perio. Artihoke leves mel ontine, on ir ry sis (s fe), 7.7% moisture, 9.5% CP, 1.5% EE, 28.0% CF, 6.9% sh, 46.4% NFE, 46.3% NDF, 32.2% ADF, 21.6% ellulose, 14.1% hemiellulose, 10.6% ADL. Its ontent of ME (2484 kl/kg ALM) ws etermine using Sott et l. (1976) eqution s follows: ME = (% CP+2.25 % EE NFE). The tive onstituents of rtihoke leves (1.064% totl flvonois n 1.194% totl phenoli ontent s ynrin), while rtihoke extrt (0.319% ynrin) were etermine oring to Constntinesue et l. (1967). Fee Intke (FI), egg proution (%) n egg weight were reore. Thirty representtive eggs from eh tretment (10 from eh replite) were ollete monthly throughout the experimentl perio in orer to etermine egg n shell qulity. Shpe inex n yolk inex were etermine oring to Romnoff n Romnoff (1949) s follows: hs een suggeste s hrmless yet effetive Shpe inex (%) = (with/length) 100 tretment option for hyperholesterolemi (Lupttelli et l., 2004; Pittler et l., 2005). These results my Yolk inex (%) = (height / imeter) 100 inite positive effets on egg qulity (yolk olor n holesterol ontent). Hene, this work ime to evlute the effet of feeing Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) on proutive n reproutive performne of Mnrh hens. Semen qulity of Mnrh oks ws lso investigte. Egg shell thikness, inluing shell memrnes, ws mesure using mirometer t the equtor. Hugh unit sore ws pplie from speil hrt using egg weight n lumin height whih ws mesure y using mirometer oring to Hugh (1937), Kotih n Mohptr (1974) n Eisen et l. (1962). The egg 827

3 Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Tle 1: Composition n lulte nlysis of the experimentl iets Artihoke extrt (g/ton) AE Artihoke leves mel (ALM) Ingreients (%) Control % 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Yellow orn Soyen mel (44%) Artihoke leves mel Whet rn Corn oil Lime stone Di lium phosphte NCl Premix DL-Methionine Totl Clulte nlysis: Crue protein % Metolizle energy (Kl ME /Kg iet) Crue fire % Aville Phosphors % Clium % Lysine % Methionine % Methionine+Cystine% Eh 3 kg of Vit. n Min. Mixture ontins: Vit. A, 10000,000 IU; Vit. D 3, 2000,000 IU; Vit. E, 10,000 mg; Vit. k 3, 1000 mg; Vit. B 1, 1000 mg; Vit. B 2, 5000 mg; Vit. B 6, 1500 mg; Vit. B 12, 10 mg; Pntotheni i, 10,000 mg; Niin, 30,000 mg; Foli i, 1000 mg; Biotin, 50 mg; Choline, 250,000 mg; Mngnese, 60,000 mg; Zin, 50,000 mg; Copper, 10,000 mg; Iron, 30,000; Ioine, 1000 mg; Selenium, 100 mg; Colt, 100 mg; CCO 3 to 3,000 gm yolk visul olor sore ws etermine y mthing the eh group. Fel nitrogen ws etermine oring yolk with one of the 15 ns of the 1961, Rohe to the metho outline y Jkosen et l. (1960), while Improve Yolk Color Fn. At the en of the experimentl the urinry orgni mtter frtion ws lulte perio three egg yolk smples from eh tretment were oring to Aou-Ry n Gll (1971). Eonomi seprte from the roken eggs, lulte n effiieny ws lulte from the money out put-money extrte oring to Folh et l. (1957). Totl lipis, in put nlysis. The prie of eh kg of the experimentl holesterol, LDL, HDL were olorimetrilly etermine iets ws lulte oring to the prie of in oth of loo serum n egg yolk, while AST, ALT, ingreients in the lol mrket t the time of experiment. totl protein, lumin n gloulin were etermine in Proximte nlyses of fee n exret were rrie out loo serum using ommeril kits, following the sme following A.O.A.C. (1990). steps s esrie y mnuftures. At the en of the Dt from ll the response vriles were sujete to stuy, iniviul loo serum smples were tken from one wy nlysis of vrine (SAS, 2000). Vriles jugulr vein of 3 hens within eh tretment. Serum ws hving signifint F-test (P < 0.05) were ompre seprte for nlysis. using Dunn's Multiple Rnge Test (Dunn, 1955). A totl of 1500 eggs (150 eggs 10 groups) were inute monthly in fore rft inutor for three Moel: times. Fertility, hthility n hik hthing weight were reore. Semen smples were ollete etween X ij = µ+t+e i ij 10 n 11 AM t 40 weeks of ge (t the en of the Where: X ij = Any oservtion experiment, fter 90 ys) from three oks of eh µ = Overll men group y ominl mssge tehnique oring to T i = Tretments (i = 1, 2, n 10) the metho of Burrows n Quinn (1937). Semen e ij = Experimentl error ejulte volume ws mesure y tuerulin syringe grute to nerest 0.01 ml perentge of sperm forwr motion. Sperm normlities were etermine oring to Vontienhoven n Steel (1957). Digestion oeffiients of Dry Mtter (DM), Orgni Mtter (OM), Crue Protein (CP %), Crue Fier (CF %), Ether Extrt (EE %) n Nitrogen Free Extrt (NFE %) were etermine t the en of the stuy using 3 hens from Results n Disussion Proutive performne: Egg proution ws not influene signifintly (P < 0.05) y ny of the tretments (Tle 2). However, inlusion of Artihoke Extrt (AE) or Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) resulte in higher lying rte thn the sl iet (ontrol), exept ALM t 12%, whih gve lower vlue (46.89 vs % 828

4 Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Tle 2: Effet of experimentl tretments on proutive performne prmeters Egg Egg Egg Fee Fee onversion Boy weight Tretments proution (%) weight (g) mss (g/) intke (g/) (fee/egg mss) hnge (%) Control g/ton g/ton g/ton % % % % % % SEM ±0.45 ±0.04 ±0.445 ±0.31 ±0.03 ±0.192 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (P < 0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens for the ontrol). The highest numerilly vlue ws for Egg qulity 8% ALM (53.07%). In spite of the signifint ifferenes Externl egg qulity: Shell weight (%) vlues i not etween the tretments, there ws no ler tren to the reflet the effet of the tretments lerly, while shell tretments on egg weight, the vlues were very lose thikness vlues (mm) were improve y inlusion of AE n rnge etween n g for the or ALM strting with 75 g/ton AE (Tle 3). The ontrol n the tretments, respetively. Egg mss ifferenes etween the ontrol n the tretments were vlues (g/) were not signifintly ifferent, however signifint for 4, 8 n 12% ALM. The highest vlue ws there ws grul inrese with inresing ALM level for 8% ALM (0.389 vs mm for the ontrol). Shpe rehing mximum vlue t 8% (26.58 vs g for the inex vlues (%) were not ffete signifintly y ny of ontrol). There ws no signifint effet on fee intke the tretments, the vlues rnge etween n ue to ALM up to 10%, while 12% ALM erese fee 77.58%. The improvement in shell thikness ue to intke, signifintly s ompre with the ontrol (94.78 inlusion of AE or ALM ws supporte y Kur n vs g for the ontrol). Inlusion of Artihoke Extrt Gupt (2002) who reporte tht rtihoke (Cynr (AE) or Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) resulte in etter solymus L.), is rih soure of inulin n oligofrutose fee onversion vlues thn the sl iet (4.03), exept whih result in inresing minerl sorption, espeilly ALM t 12%, whih gve higher vlue (4.05) thn the of lium. Inrese lium sorption oul e ue other tretment ( ), the est vlue ws for 8% to its inrese vilility y trnsfer of lium from ALM. None of the tretments h verse effet on the the smll intestine into the lrge owel n the osmoti hnge of oy weight of the hen, ll groups gine effet of inulin n oligofrutose tht trnsfers wter into etween 8.47 n 8.95% of the initil oy weight. It the lrge intestine, thus llowing it to eome more oul e onlue tht inlusion of Artihoke Leves solule (Crin n Flmm, 1999). However, the ext Mel (ALM) t 8% of the iet resulte in the highest, mehnisms y whih ingestion of non-igestile numerilly, lying rte, egg mss n est fee rohyrtes improves minerl sorption is not very onversion thn the sl iet (ontrol), while 12% ALM ler (Kur n Gupt, 2002). erese fee intke, signifintly s ompre with the ontrol n sore the lest, numerilly, egg mss. Internl egg qulity: There ws no ler tren to either The improvements in lying rte, egg mss n fee AE or ALM level regring Hugh unit sores; however onversion vlues, ue to 8% ALM, ompre to the the vlues inrese strting with 75 g/ton AE, s ontrol were 6.61%, 7.87% n 7.44%, respetively. ompre with the ontrol (Tle 3). Yolk olor sore of None of the tretments h verse effet on the hnge the ontrol iet i not iffer signifintly thn the iets of oy weight of the hen. However rtihoke extrt inluing either AE or ALM. There ws grul, levels h no ler effet n my e not enough to numerilly, inrese in yolk olor sore strting with 8% use remrkle effets on proutive performne. ALM. The vlues were 7.20, 7.53 n 7.60 for 8, 10 n The results were supporte y Aliek et l. (2000) who 12% ALM, respetively, while ontrol group reore suggeste the suitility of gloe rtihoke silge me 6.87; this improvement oul e ue to rtihoke leves from rtihoke stems with leves for feeing nimls in ontent of rotenois (Temple, 2000). The semi-ri zones. (Bonomi, 2001) onlue tht 4% improvement in Yolk olor sore ue to ALM ws ehyrte rtihoke leves of the totl fee improve onfirme y the fining of Bonomi (2001) who reporte the egg proution of lying hens. tht the replement of luerne mel with mel from 829

5 Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Tle 3: Effet of experimentl tretments on egg qulity Items Externl egg qulity Internl egg qulity Shell Shell Shpe Hugh Yolk olor Yolk inex Yolk Alumen Tretments (%) thikness (mm) inex (%) unit sore sore (%) (%) (%) Control e g/ton e g/ton g/ton % % e % e % e % % SEM ±0.11 ±0.002 ±0.29 ±0.72 ±0.08 ±0.33 ±0.22 ±0.24 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (P<0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens Tle 4: Effet of experimentl tretments on reproutive performne of Mnrh hens Tretments Items First hth Seon hth Thir hth Fertility Hthility BW of hthe Fertility Hthility BW of hthe Fertility Hthility BW of hthe % hiks (g) % hiks (g) % hiks (g) Control g/ton g/ton g/ton % % % % % % SEM ±0.79 ±0.92 ±0.036 ±1.02 ±0.88 ±0.053 ±1.08 ±0.95 ±0.064 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (p < 0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens ehyrte rtihoke leves t rte of 4% of the totl Reproutive performne fee improve the skin olor of roilers. All tretments, Reproutive performne of mnrh hens: Tle 4 with exeption of 50 g/ton AE n 12% ALM, gve higher represents perentges of fertility n hthility, in Yolk inex vlues thn the ontrol. The ifferenes were ition to the weight of the hthe hiks s ffete not signifint. Both of AE t 100g/ton n ALM strting y the ifferent tretments fter 30 (first hth), 60 with 6% gve slightly higher yolk perentges thn the (seon hth) n 90 (thir hth) ys of feeing the ontrol, without signifint ifferenes etween the experimentl tretments. Fertility perentges were tretments. In ontrst to the yolk perentge vlues, AE numerilly higher for ll rtihoke tretments when n ALM erese lumin vlues without signifint ompre with the ontrol uring the experimentl ifferenes etween the tretments. The slight inrese perios. The vlues, fter 90 ys of feeing the in yolk perentges in reltion to lumin perentges experimentl tretments were vs.85.00% for ue to AE or ALM is revele y Krft (1997) who the ontrol without signifint ifferenes etween the expline tht the inrese ile proution ue to the tretments. Hthility perentges followe the sme polyphenols in rtihoke leves extrt mixes with n tren s tht for fertility, the vlues, fter 90 ys of emulsifies fts to support ft igestion n ft feeing the experimentl tretments, were metolism. vs.73.33% for the ontrol without signifint ifferenes 830

6 Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Tle 5: Effet of experimentl tretments on semen qulity of Mnrh oks Item Tretments Volume (ml) Motility (%) Life sperm (%) De sperm (%) Anorml sperm (%) Control g/ton g/ton g/ton % % % % % % SEM ±0.003 ±0.821 ±0.66 ±0.67 ±0.28 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (P<0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens etween the tretments. Artihoke leves mel t 6, 8 n 10% of the iet resulte in the highest fertility n hthility perentges t the en of the experimentl perio. Boy weight of the hthe hiks ws not ffete y the tretments uring the experimentl perios; the vlues fter 90 ys of feeing the experimentl tretments were vs g for the ontrol without signifint ifferenes etween the tretments. Semen qulity of mnrh oks: Tle 5 shows the effet of the tretments on semen hrteristis (ejulte volume, motility, live sperms, e sperms n the norml sperms). Inlusion of Artihoke Extrt (AE) or Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM), up to 10%, resulte in slightly higher ejulte volume thn the sl iet ( vs.0.31 ml). Motility (expresse s the perentge of motile spermtozo with moerte to rpi progressive movement) ws non-signifintly higher for groups fe on iets ontining AE t 75 g/ton or more or ALM up to 8%, s ompre with the ontrol. Also the perentges of norml sperms erese numerilly ue to AE or ALM inlusion when ompre with the ontrol. Perentges of oth live n e sperms seeme not ffete y the tretments. It oul e onlue tht AE t 75 g/ton or more or ALM up to 8% my hve enefiil effet on semen qulity. Improving the perentges of fertility, hthility n semen qulity in rtihoke tretments (ALM), my e ue to ALM ontents of Cynrin (1.19%) n Fllvonois (1.06%) whih hve een lssifie s ntioxints (Wng et l., 2003). The importne of the ntioxints in this regr ws expline y Kelso et l. (1996) n Aitken (1994) who reporte tht vin spermtozo re hrterize y the presene of high onentrtions of polyunsturte ftty is within the phospholipis. The presene of suh polyunsturte ftty is requires n effiient ntioxint system to protet sperm memrnes ginst peroxitive mge. Nutrient igestiility: The effet of tretments on the nutrients igestiility oeffiients of CP, CF, EE n NFE re summrize in Tle 6. Nutrient igestiility oeffiients of CP, CF n NFE were not ffete signifintly y the tretments, while igestiility oeffiient of EE ws improve y ll levels of AE n y ALM up to 10% s ompre to the ontrol; the ifferene ws signifint etween the ontrol n oth of 2 n 6% ALM. Inresing rtihoke leves mel level to 12% gve, numerilly, lower vlues of nutrients igestiility oeffiients thn the ontrol. This my e ue to inresing rue fier y inresing rtihoke leves mel level. Improving the igestiility oeffiient of EE ue to AE or ALM inlusion ws supporte y Krft (1997) who revele tht the inrese ile proution ue to the polyphenols in rtihoke leves extrt mixes with n emulsifies fts to support ft igestion n ft metolism. The results were on the sme tren with Bonnno et l. (1994) who inorporte Drie Artihoke Brts (DAB) in New Zeln White rit iets t 15 or 30% for 56 ys experimentl perio n foun tht only 30% DAB in the iet erese igestive utiliztion n energy vlue of the iet. Biohemil prmeters Some onstituents of egg yolk extrt: Egg yolk ontent of totl lipis ws not ffete signifintly y AE levels or y up to 6% ALM, (Tle 7), while 8, 10 n 12% ALM erese egg yolk totl lipis signifintly s ompre with the ontrol ( vs mg/g). Yolk holesterol strte to e ffete signifintly y 6% ALM, where there ws grul erese from to mg/g y inresing ALM levels from 6 to 12% of the iet. Yolk LDL strt to erese signifintly y 4% ALM s ompre with the ontrol ( vs mg/g), while the useful HDL vlues were numerilly higher thn the ontrol n the other tretments strting with 8% ALM. Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) strting with 8% erese yolk totl lipis, yolk 831

7 Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Tle 6: Effet of experimentl tretments on nutrient igestiility Item Tretments DM (%) OM (%) CP (%) CF (%) EE (%) NFE (%) Control g/ton g/ton g/ton % % % % % % SEM ±0.455 ±0.494 ±0.541 ±0.358 ±0.44 ±0.52 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (P < 0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens Tle 7: Effet of experimentl tretments on some onstituents of egg yolk extrt Items Totl lipis Cholesterol L.D.L. H.D.L. Tretments (mg/g) Control g/ton g/ton g/ton % % % % % % SEM ±2.880 ±0.157 ±0.177 ±0.106 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (p < 0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens holesterol n yolk LDL, in omprison to the ontrol. For exmple 8% ALM erese these vlues y 10.02, 9.72 n 21.65%, respetively, while inrese HDL y 14.34%. Bloo serum onstituents: Results of serum onstituents s ffete y ifferent tretments re shown in Tle 8. Neither Artihoke Extrt (AE) nor Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) t the stuie levels h no signifint effet on serum onstituents, exept serum holesterol n serum LDL, whih strt to erese signifintly t 6% or more s ompre with the ontrol. It oul e onlue tht rtihoke extrt n rtihoke leves mel t the stuie levels h no verse effets on liver funtions (AST n ALT) or serum onstituents. Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) t 8% erese serum holesterol n serum LDL, in omprison to the ontrol y n 19.72%, respetively. The results were supporte y El-Sy et l. (1995) who foun tht inorportion of Artihoke Brts (AB) in New Zeln White rits iets up to 20%, for 9 weeks, h no signifint effet on loo omponents. The non verse effet on liver funtion enzymes (AST n ALT) ws supporte y Peht (1996) who reporte tht preprtion me from rtihokes, enourges the funtioning of liver n kineys. The erese in loo lipis n holesterol ue to rtihoke, ws expline y Gehrt (1998) n Pittler et l. (2005) who revele tht ynrine (1.5-i-ffeoyl-D-quini i), whih is the prinipl tive omponent of Artihoke Leves Extrt (ALE) inhiits the inorportion of 14C-lelle ette into the nonsponifile lipi frtion n thus reue holesterol iosynthesis or it my hve iniret inhiitory effets exerte t the level of HMGCoA reutse, key enzyme in holesterol iosynthesis. It n onlue tht erese of totl lipis, LDL n holesterol in loo serum le to erese the sme omponents in egg yolk. Eonomil evlution: The eonomi effiieny of the ifferent formulte iets s ffete y ifferent tretments is shown in Tle 9. Results inite tht Artihoke Extrt (AE) or Artihoke Leves Mel (ALM) t the stuie levels improve net revenue, eonomi effiieny n reltive eonomi effiieny ompre to the ontrol group. Best net revenue, eonomi effiieny n reltive eonomi effiieny vlues were for 8%, followe y 10% ALM. > From eonomi point of view, it is reommene to use 8% rtihoke leves mel to get est net revenue, eonomi effiieny n reltive eonomi effiieny. These results were in greement with Hmm n A El-Mksou (2005) who onlue tht ietry rue fier level of 7%, whih ws higher thn mximum CF level in this experiment (Tle 1), inrese lying performne n eonomi effiieny. The results of this stuy n the previous stuies showe tht ehyrte rtihoke leves mel my e omprle or utilize etter thn other soures of fier in the iet s reporte y Mesini (1996). 832

8 Rwn et l.: Effet of Feeing Artihoke Leves Mel Tle 8: Effet of experimentl tretments on loo serum onstituents Items AST ALT Totl protein Alumin Gloulin Totl lipis Cholesterol L.D.L. H.D.L. Tretments (U/L) (g/l) (mg/l) Control g/ton g/ton g/ton % % % e % e % e % e SEM ±1.345 ±0.493 ±0.189 ±0.165 ±0.095 ±0.028 ±2.721 ±1.386 ±1.789 P vlue ,...= Mens on the sme olumn ifferently supersripte re signifintly ifferent (p < 0.05), SEM = Stnr error for mens Tle 9: Eonomil evlution of ietry tretments uring the experimentl perio (90 ys) AE ALM Items Control 50 g/ton 75 g/ton 100 g/ton 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Prie/ kg fee (L.E.) Totl fee intke/hen (kg) Totl fee ost/hen (L.E) Totl numer of eggs/hen Totl prie of eggs /hen (L.E.) Net revenue / hen (L.E.) Eonomil Effiieny (E.E.) Reltive EE The prie of the egg = 30 P.T., 2- Net revenue per unit of totl fee ost, 3- Reltive eonomi effiieny % of the ontrol Conlusion: It oul e onlue tht, the rtihoke leves mel n e use t 8% of lyer iet to get est eonomi effiieny, proutive, reproutive performne n low holesterol eggs. Referenes Aou-Ry, A.K. n A.G.H. Gll, Evlution of poultry fees in igestion trils with referene to some ftors involve. A. R. E. J. Anim. Pro., 11: Agriulture Eonomi, Summer n Nile rops. Eonomi ffirs Setor, Agriulturl Eonomis Centrl Aministrtion. Volume 2, Ministry of Agriulture n Ln Relmtion, Ar Repuli of Egypt. Agriulture Ministry Deree, The stnr properties for ingreients, fee itives n fee mnufture for niml n poultry. El-Wkee El- Msri, No. 192 (1997) P 95 Amirri Press Ciro, Egypt. Aitken, R.J., Free ril theory of mle in fertility. Repro. Fertility Develop., 6: Aliek, A., S. Tumer n H. Ozkul, Silge from rtihoke stems with leves s soure of si fee. Ege-Universitesi-Zirt-Fkultesi-Dergisi, 37: Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists, A.O.A.C., Offiil methos of nlysis. 15th E. Pulishe y the AOAC., Wshington, D.C., USA. Bonnno, A., M.L. Alit, M. Aliso n G. Leto, Drie rtihoke rts in the feeing of met rits. Rivist-i-Coniglioltur, 31: Bonomi, A., Dehyrte rtihoke leves in fee for smll speies. Informtore-Agrrio, 57: 46, Burrows, W.H. n J.P. Quinn, The olletion of spermtozo from the omesti fowl n turkey. Poult. Si., 16: Crin, I.G. n W.G. Flmm, Evlution of sfety of inulin n oligofrutose s ietry fier; Regul. Toxiol. Phrmol., 30: Constntinesue, D.G., F. Plton n M. Pvel, Ingreients of the leves of Romnin limtize Cynr solymus L. Die Phrmzie, 22: Dunn, D.B., Multiple rnge n multiple F-Test, Biometris, 11: Eisen, E.J., B.B. Bohren n M. Mken, The Hugh Unit s mesure of egg lumin qulity. Poult. Si., 41: El-Bry, M.A., Effet of some griulturl tretments on yiel proutivity of rtihoke. M. S. Thesis, Fulty of Agriulture, Moshtohor, Zgzig University. 833

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