The Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Traits on Heavy Metal Uptake of Vetiver Grasss

Transcription

1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 13 (4): , 2013 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2013 DOI: /iosi.ejes The Effets of Plnt Growth Promoting Trits on Hevy Metl Uptke of Vetiver Grsss E. Aksorn n B. Chitsomoon Shool of Biology, Institute of Siene, Surnree University of Tehnology, Nkhon Rthsim Provine, Thiln Astrt: The ojets of this reserh were to stuy the effet of vrious growth prmeters on hevy metl uptke of vetiver grss in the sterile Lortory sle. The results showe tht the PGP trits stimulte C, P n Zn uptke in oth on V. ziznioies n V. nemorlis. However, the ifferent vetiver eotypes showe the ifferent effets of PGP trits., n pyrotehol were the proper hoies for C uptke on V. ziznioies while N, n were suitle for V. nemorlis ompre to ontrol. Zn uptke y V. nemorlis ws stimulte y Desferroxmine, GA 3,,, pyrotehol n zetin while phosphte ws suitle for V. ziznioies. In ition, the ifferent PGP trits effets on P umultion of oth eotypes suggeste tht GA 3n were suitle for P uptke of V. ziznioies while, DFB n GA 3enhne P uptke in V. nemorlis. Therefore, the pproprite PGP trits enhne the hevy metl remeition y vetiver grss. Key wors: Plnt growth promoting (PGP) trits Vetiver grss Hevy metl INTRODUCTION work whih reognize for its effetiveness in soil erosion n seiment ontrol, highly tolerne to extreme Phytoremeition s the frienly remeite environmentl vritions inluing prolonge rought, tehnology of hevily hevy metl ontminte soils y floo, sumergene, extreme flutution of temperture using plnts to reue, remove, egre or immoilise (22-60 C), soil ph ( ) n most importntly high hevy metl from ontminte environment [1]. However, resistne to hevy metl toxiities [6]. n inhiitory effet on the plnt growths ws oserve The ims of this stuy were to etermine the uner extremely hevy metls stress. The solution of this solutely uptke n istriution effiieny of Cmium limittion solve y lrge rry of teri inluing (C), Le (P) n Zin (Zn) on 2 speies of vetiver speies of Pseuomons, Azospirillum, Azototer, grss onsisting of Vetiveri ziznioies n Vetiveri Klesiell, Enteroter, Alligenes, Arthroter, nemorlis in xeni onition uner ifferent plnt growth Burkholeri, Billus n Serrti whih reporte to promoting trits supplement. enhne plnt growth [2, 3]. The ext mehnisms y whih PGPR promote plnt growth re not fully MATERIALS AND MEDTHODS unerstoo, ut re thought to inlue (i) the ility to proue or hnge the onentrtion of plnt growth Plnt Cultures: Tissue ulture of vetiver grss oth regultors like inoleeti i, gierelli i, V. ziznioies (Kumphng Phet1, Prju Kirikhun n ytokinins n ethylene [4], (ii) symioti N2 fixtion, (iii) Rthuri eotype) n V. nemorlis (Kumphng Phet2, ntgonism ginst phytopthogeni miroorgnisms y Me Hongson n Surtthni eotype) were plnte in proution of sierophores, ntiiotis n ynie, (iv) sterile onition. The sterile 30 m length glss tue soluiliztion of minerl phosphtes n other nutrients ontine 0.7% gr of Musshige n Skoog meium [5]. Most the plnts must estlish n proue high supplemente with ifferent hevy metls s follows: iomss in hostile onitions. Hving eep n ense 20 mg/kg of C, 500 mg/kg of Zn, or 500 mg/kg of P. root system, vetiver is goo nite for phytoremeil Eh supplemente hevy metl ws spike with ifferent Corresponing Author: E. Aksorn, Shool of Biology, Institute of Siene, Surnree University of Tehnology, Nkhon Rthsim Provine, Thiln. 465

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 13 (4): , 2013 onstituents, onsisting of 30 µm esferrioxmine B mesylte (DFB), 30 µm pyrotehol, 2.8 µm kinetin riosie (zetin), 3 µm gierelli i (GA 3), 5 µm inol eti i (), 10 µm minoethoxyvinylglyine (), 9.0 mm KNO 3 n 1.5 mm KH2PO 4. The tue were lose with sterile otton n kept in growth hmer t C for 7 ys. Eh tretment n lnk in ll experiments ws teste in five replites. These hevy metl onentrtions were hosen s the lowest toxi levels in soils [7]. As the vetiver plnt ws ie uring experiments when expose y high onentrtions of hevy metls. Hevy Metl Extrtion: At the en of eh experiment, the plnts were weighe for iomss etermintion n then hevy metl onentrtion ws etermine s esrie y Frwell et l. [8]. Briefly, plnts were extensively rinse with severl hnges of 0.01 M EDTA n followe y istille wter to remove some non-speifilly oun hevy metl. Afterwrs, the seprte shoot n root of grss were rie in hot ir oven t 65 C for 1 y n were finely ut. The rie plnt smples were igeste with 0.8 ml of purifie HNO 3 in inutors t 65 C for 3 h. The superntnts were etermine for hevy metls y Grphite Furne Atomi Asorption Spetrophotometry (GFAAS). The sorption of hevy metl from the meium y plnts expresse s totl umultion rte (TAR) n trnsport inex (TF), were lulte y the following formul s esrie y Tyln et l. [9] n Mellem et l. [10], respetively. (A) (B) TAR = [(Shoot ry weight (g) x Shoot HM on (µg/g)) + (Root ry weight g x Root HM on µg/g)]/[(shoot ry weight g + Root ry weight g x ys of hrvest)] (C) TF = Shoot hevy metl on (µg/g)/root hevy metl on (µg/g) Fig. 1: Totl hevy metl uptke of V. ziznioies HM on. = hevy metl onentrtion (RC)- n V. nemorlis (ST) inoulte with the plnt growth promoting trits n grown in the Sttistil Anlysis: All hemil experiments were presene of C (A), P (B), or Zn (C). Brs of eh nlyze in five replite. Sttistil nlysis ws eotype with ifferent supersript re signifint evlute in Completely Rnomize Design (CRD). The ifferene (p < 0.05). t were nlyze with nlysis of Vrine (ANOVA) using SPSS Signifint ifferenes t P < 0.05 were (Tle 1 n Fig. 1, 2, & 3). However, Tle 1 showe tht ompre using the Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test. the trnslotion of C from root to shoot ws rther low in ll investigte trits. This ws suggeste y higher RESULTS C onentrtion in root thn shoot, espeilly uner the influene of, the C umultion in root ws For V. ziznioies, the results revele tht the most 10 times higher thn shoot. The mount of totl C uptke plnt growth promoting trits-teste enhne the per y (TAR) of V. ziznioies uner ifferent PGP totl hevy metl uptke when ompre to the ontrol trits ws the sme n ll were higher thn ontrol group. 466

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 13 (4): , 2013 Tle 1: C onentrtion in V. ziznioies grown in the presene of vrious growth promoting trits C onentrtion in plnts (mg/kg) Prmeter Shoot Root TF TAR 6.21± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.00 Desferosmine ± ± ± ±0.03 Gierellin ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 Pyrotehol ± ± ±0.935 Zetin ± ± ± ±0.00 Vlue in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript re signifintly ifferene (p < 0.05). Tle 2: P onentrtion in V. ziznioies grown in the presene of vrious growth promoting trits P onentrtion in plnts (mg/kg) Prmeter Shoot Root TF TAR 42.03± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.10 Desferosmine ± ± ± ±0.11 Gierellin 202.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.00 Pyrotehol 40.1± ± ± ±0.00 Zetin ± ± ± ±0.02 Vlue in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript re signifintly ifferene (p < 0.05). Tle 3: Zn onentrtion in V. ziznioies grown in the presene of vrious growths promoting trits Zn onentrtion in plnts (mg/kg) Prmeter Shoot Root TF TAR ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 Desferosmine ± ± ± ±0.16 Gierellin ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± , ±2, ±20.37 Pyrotehol ± ± ± ±0.34 Zetin ± ± ± ±0.19 Vlue in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript re signifintly ifferene (p < 0.05) Tle 4: C onentrtion in V. nemorlis grown in the presene of vrious growth promoting trits C onentrtion in plnts (mg/kg) Prmeter Shoot Root TF TAR 41.2± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.005 Desferosmine ± ± ± ±0.005 Gierellin ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.004 Pyrotehol ± ± ± ±0.005 Zetin ± ± ± ±0.007 Vlue in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript re signifintly ifferene (p < 0.05) 467

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 13 (4): , 2013 Tle 5: P onentrtion in V. nemorlis grown in the presene of vrious growth promoting trits P onentrtion in plnts (mg/kg) Prmeter Shoot Root TF TAR ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.009 Desferosmine ± ± ± ±0.02 Gierellin 968.5± ± ±1.028 f 0.3± ± ± ±0.945 f 0.24± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.08 Pyrotehol ± ± ± ±0.03 Zetin ± ± ± ±0.01 Vlue in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript re signifintly ifferene (p < 0.05) Tle 6: Zn onentrtion in V. nemorlis grown in the presene of vrious growth promoting trits Zn onentrtion in plnts (mg/kg) Prmeter Shoot Root TF TAR ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.29 Desferosmine ± ± ± ±0.31 Gierellin ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 Pyrotehol ± ± ± ±0.15 Zetin ± ± ± ±0.14 Vlue in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript re signifintly ifferene (p < 0.05) The totl C umultions (mg C per kg plnt ry from root to shoot (TF) ompre to the ontrol group. weight) of,, DFB, GA 3,,, Similrly, P lso inue the mximum totl umultion, Pyrotehol n Zetin were 26.15, 1,067.06, of Zn per y (TAR) while the rest of PGR trits h no , , , 545.1, , n effet. Notly, the TF n TAR for Zn uptke n mg/kg, respetively. The metl TF s pity of hevy umultion in ontrol or every PGP trits were higher metl trnslotion from root to shoot hs een thn the other hevy metl. etermine. The results showe tht the TF ws highest Hevy metl nlysis otine from the root n (8.433) when supplemente with DFB. A signifint higher shoot of V. nemorlis (Tles 4, 5 & 6) revele tht roots C onentrtion in root thn shoot ws lso oserve in C onentrtion ws higher thn in shoots ll evlute prmeter (Tle 1) n ll onentrtion onentrtion, espeilly in, the C umultion in were higher thn ontrol group. root ws out 5 time of shoot (Tle 4). The verge Only V. ziznioies grown uner n DFM totl C umultion of ontrol,, DFB, GA 3,, signifintly isplye higher P in root ompre to,, Pyrotehol n Zetin, ontrol (Tle 2). The totl uptke of P ws in the orer expresse s mg C per kg ry plnt, were , , of DFB,, GA 3 >, Zetin, Pyrotehol, N, ontrol , , , , , n n P, respetively (Fig. 1B). TF nlysis foun no mg/kg, respetively. There were no effets of PGP trits ifferene etween group n eh PGP trits in P on C trnslotion from root to shoot in V. nemorlis. trnslotion ompre to the ontrol. The totl In ition, the higher C umultion rte thn the onentrtions of Zn in V. ziznioies ws in the orer of ontrol group ws only eserve uner the influene P > DFB,, Pyrotehol, ontrol, N,, GA3 n of DFB, n N. Similr to the V. ziznioies, the Zetin, respetively (Fig. 1C). The verge mximum TF V. nemorlis lso exhiite higher P root onentrtion n TAR ws oserve in Zn (Tle 3). All of the teste thn P shoot onentrtion in ll prmeters-teste, PGR trits, exept P h no influene of Zn trnslotion inluing the ontrol (Tle 5). Compre to the ontrol, 468

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 13 (4): , 2013 the higher P totl umultion ws only eserve in the The omprison of hevy metl uptke y two presene of the influene of GA 3, n N (Fig. 1B n vetiver eotypes foun tht V. ziznioies n V. Tle 5). In ition, only oul inrese the ziznioies h no signifine for hevy metl uptke. In trnslotion from root to shoot higher thn the ontrol. ontrst with Roongtnkit n Chiroj [16] The higher totl Zn umultion thn the ontrol group reporte tht V. ziznioies h signifintly higher Mn, ws only eserve uner the influene of DFB,, GA 3, Zn n C mounts in shoot n root thn V. nemorlis n pyrotehol (Fig. 1C). Tle 6 inite tht n Kmpheng Phet eotypes on pot experiment. most of PGP trits inrese the onentrtions of Zn in root n shoot ompre to the ontrol group. The totl CONCLUSIONS rte of Zn umultion ws lso higher thn ontrol uner the influene of, DFB, n pyrotehol. This reserh ws the first report tht eluite However, there were no effets of PGP trits on Zn the effet of hevy metl on PGP trits n the effiieny trnslotion from root to shoot. of hevy metl uptke y two speies of vetiver grss. The results supporte tht PGP trits oul e promote DISCUSSION hevy metl uptke of vetiver grss. However, the utiliztion of vrious PGP trits on phytoremeition PGP trits oul e stimulte C, P n Zn uptke epens upon hevy metl n plnt speies. on oth V. ziznioies n V. nemorlis. Belimov et l. [11] lso reporte tht, the hemil inhiitors of ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ethylene iosynthesis, inhiite ACC umultion in plnts 2+ whih expose to solutions ontining C This work ws supporte y Ntion Reserh rought signifint improvement in the plnt growth. Counil of Thiln, Ministry of Siene n Tehnology, Pyrotehol n esferroxmin s su-type of Thiln. sierophore were low moleulr mss iron heltors with high ssoition onstnts for omplexing iron n lso REFERENCES form stle omplex with other hevy metl suh s luminium, C, opper, P n Zn. Therefore they 1. Suthersn, S.S., Phytoremeition: remeition promote the iron uptke y plnts in the presene of engineering-esign onepts. CRC Press LLC. hevy metl [12]. Wng et l. [13] reporte tht 2. Kloepper, J.W., R. Lifshitz n R.M. Zlotowixz, inrese P umultion in roots, ut signifintly Free-living teril inoul for enhning rop erese P umultion in shoots of mize (Ze mys proutivity. Trens Biotehnol., 7: L. v. TY2) seelings. Similrly, L opez et l. [14] reporte 3. Glik, B.R., C.L. Ptten, G. Holguin n D.M. Penrose, tht 0.2 mm P plus 10 mm gierelli i inrese P Biohemil n geneti mehnisms use y onentrtion in lflf (Meigo stiv L.) roots y plnt growth promoting teri. Lonon, Unite out 40% ompre to tretment with P only. The Kingom: Imperil College Press. summry oul e pronoune tht, GA 3 n 4. Arsh, M. n W.T. Jr Frnkenerger, phosphte emonstrte the iniret effets on P Miroil proution of plnt growth regultors. umultion euse is moleule tht promotes In Soil miroil eology. Applitions in griulturl pil ominne, tropism, stem elongtion n root n environmentl mngement, E., Metting, F.B. formtion mong others, while GA 3 is relte to New York: Jr. Mrel Dekker, In., pp: germintion n flowering proesses. 5. Defreits, J.R. n J.J. Germi, Growth However, the ifferent vetiver eotypes showe the promotion of winter whet y fluoresent ifferent effets on hevy metl uptke y vrious PGP Pseuomons uner fiel onitions. Soil Biol. n trits. Therefore, the ifferent results oserve in this Biohem., 24: stuy might e use y iffering properties of plnt 6. Truong, P. n D. Bker, Vetiver Grss System vrition whih supporte y Mlik et l. [15]. They for Environmentl Protetion. Teh. Bull. No.1998/1, reporte tht the effets on the ioumultion of PRVN / ORDPB, Bngkok, Thiln. selete hevy metls y plnts hve een known to vry 7. Truong, P.N., Vetiver Grss Tehnology for gretly epening on the ifferent rhizoteri, plnt Mine Rehilittion. Teh. Bull. No. 1999/2, PRVN speies, soil hrteristis n limti onitions. /ORDPB, Bngkok, Thiln. 469

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 13 (4): , Frwell, A., V. Nero n M. Croft, Moifie 12. Dimkp, C.O., A. Svtoš, P. Drowsk, A. Shmit, Jpnese mek emryo-lrvl iossy for rpi W. Boln n E. Kothe, Involvement of etermintion of evelopmentl normlities. Arh. sierophores in the reution of metl-inue Envir. Contm. n Toxiol., 51: inhiition of uxin synthesis in Streptomyes spp. 9. Tyln, K., Y. Elif, K. E, B. Çi em, Y. Sirri, Chemosphere, 71: B. Murt, C. Gül n U. Mummer, Uptke, 13. Wng, H.H., X.Q. Shn, B. Wen, G. Owens, J. Fng umultion n some iohemil responses in n S.Z. Zhng, Effet of inole-3-eti i Rphnus stivus L. to zin stress. Afr. J. on le umultion in mize (Ze mys L.) Biotehnol., 10: seelings n the relevnt ntioxint response. 10 Mellem, J.J., H. Bijnth n B. Ohv, Environ. n Expt. Bot., 61: Bioumultion of Cr, Hg, As, P, Cu n Ni with 14. L opez, M.L., J.R. Perlt-Vie, T. Benitez n the ility for hyperumution y Amrnthus J.L. Gre-Torresey, Enhnement of le uius. Afr. J. Agri. Res., 7: uptke y lflf (Meigo stiv) using EDTA n 11. Belimov, A.A., V.I. Sfronov, T.A. Sergeyev, plnt growth promoter. Chemosphere, 61: T.N. Egorov, V.A. Mtveyev, V.E. Tsygnov, 15. Mlik, R.N., S.Z. Husin n I. Nzir, Hevy A.Y. Borisov, I.A. Tikhonovih, C. Kluge, metl ontmintion n umultion in soil n A. Preisfel, K.J. Dietz n V.V. Stepnok, wil plnt speies from inustril re of Islm, Chrteriztion of plnt growth promoting Pkistn. Pk. J. Bot., 42: rhizotei isolte from pollute soils n 16 Roongtnkit, N. n P. Chiroj, Uptke ontining 1-minoylopropne-1-roxylte potentil of some hevy metls y vetiver grss. eminse. Cn. J. Miroiol., 47: Ksetsrt J. Nturl Siene, 35: