Unit 10: Systems & Regulation Guided Reading Questions (70 pts total)

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1 AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 10: Systems & Regulation Guided Reading Questions (70 pts total) Chapter 35 - Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 1. List the three basic plant organs with their functions List four types of leaves and examples of their functions (Figure 35.7) List and indicate functions of the three different tissues systems that connect all of a plant s organs Give a brief description of the following: a. xylem b. phloem c. parenchyma d. collenchyma e. sclerenchyma f. epidermis - Page 1 of 17

2 5. Describe the function and importance of stomata. 6. Roots and stems grow indeterminately, but leaves do not. How might this benefit a plant? 7. Plants increase in size in two distinct ways, growth and cell expansion. Which of the following accounts for about 90% of a plant cell s increase in size? A. water stored in the nucleus B. water uptake stored in various small vacuoles C. additional organic material stored in vacuoles D. water uptake that is stored in a large central vacuole Chapter 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants 1. These terms are a review, but also very critical to know to understand the transportation of nutrients in vascular plants. Define these terms. a. passive transport b. active transport c. transport proteins d. osmosis e. water potential f. solute potential g. pressure potential h. turgor pressure 2. Why is long-distance transport important for vascular plants? Page 2 of 17

3. Explain the process of transpiration in your own words and describe how it affects the transportation of minerals and water. Label the diagram to support your explanation. Explanation: 4.

3 3. Explain the process of transpiration in your own words and describe how it affects the transportation of minerals and water. Label the diagram to support your explanation. Explanation: 4. How do stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration? What are some factors that could possibly stimulate the opening and closing of stomata? 5. What keeps the force of gravity from overcoming transpirational pull? A. upward pressure from the roots B. high water pressure in the leaves C. movement of water toward a sugar sink D. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules Chapter 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition 1. Some lawn mowers collect grass clippings. What is a drawback of this with respect to plant nutrition? Page 3 of 17

4 2. Define the following terms: a. nitrogen cycle b. nitrogen fixation c. nodules - d. mycorrhizae 3. Soil can easily become deficient in, because these ions are negatively charged and do not stick to negatively charged soil particles. A. nitrate B. calcium C. potassium D. magnesium Chapter 38 - Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology 1. Label the diagram of an idealized flower (Figure 38.2). 2. Sketch and label a dicot and monocot seed and answer the question that follows. monocot seed dicot seed Question: What does a seed need in order to germinate? 3. Identify some asexual mechanisms for plant reproduction. Page 4 of 17

5 4. After fertilization, the develops into a seed and the develops into a fruit. A. egg ovary B. ovule ovary C. ovary ovule D. pollen grain ovule Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 1. What does auxin typically do when it is found in low concentrations? 2. Define the following terms: a. tropism b. phototropism c. photoperiodism d. gravitropism e. thigmotropism 3. How are statoliths thought to be involved in root gravitropism? 4. Auxin enhances cell elongation in all of these ways EXCEPT A. gene activation. B. cell wall loosening. C. increased uptake of solutes. D. acid-induced denaturation of cell wall proteins. Page 5 of 17

Chapter 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 1. Label the diagram of the internal exchange surfaces (Figure 40.4). 2. Study Figure 40.5 and define the following: a. tissues - b.

6 Chapter 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 1. Label the diagram of the internal exchange surfaces (Figure 40.4). 2. Study Figure 40.5 and define the following: a. tissues - b. epithelial tissues - c. connective tissues - d. muscle tissues - e. nervous tissues 3. How are the tissues arranged into organs and then into organ systems? Explain this using the digestive system as an example. Page 6 of 17

7 4. Define and explain the following: a. thermoregulation b. endothermic - c. ectothermic - 5. Label the diagram explaining bioenergetics in animals (Figure 40.18). 6. What is metabolic rate and how is it determined? 7. List three influences on metabolic rate Page 7 of 17

8 8. Which mode of thermoregulation is due to a change in behavior and results in warming? A. An elephant rolls in the mud and sprays dust over its back. B. A falcon migrates from San Francisco to Brazil for the winter. C. A man puts on a wide-brimmed hat while laboring in the sunshine. D. Sweat oozes from the hide of a thirsty antelope in the drought-stricken Serengeti plains. Chapter 41 - Animal Nutrition 1. Define the following terms: a. ingestion b. digestion c. enzymatic hydrolysis d. absorption e. elimination 2. Define the following types of animal feeding mechanisms and give an example of an animal that uses each mechanism (Figure 41.6): Definition Example a. filter b. substrate c. fluid d. bulk 3. Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion. Page 8 of 17

4. Label the schematic diagram of the human digestive system (Figure 41.9). Be sure to indicate the accessory glands and list their functions below. a. salivary glands b. gallbladder c. liver d.

9 4. Label the schematic diagram of the human digestive system (Figure 41.9). Be sure to indicate the accessory glands and list their functions below. a. salivary glands b. gallbladder c. liver d. pancreas - 5. After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of A. fat. B. sugar. C. starch. D. protein. Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. Why is gas exchange essential to all living organisms? 2. What are the limits to diffusion as a means of transport for living organisms? Considering the rate of diffusion, why is it essential for respiratory surfaces to maximize surface area? 3. Contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain focus on advantages of each. Page 9 of 17

10 4. Contrast the vertebrate circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, and mammals (Figure 42.4). What is the advantage of double circulation? 5. One feature that amphibians and mammals have in common is A. the number of heart chambers. B. the number of circuits for circulation. C. a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit. D. a complete separation of circuits for circulation. Chapter 43 The Immune System 1. Complete the diagram (Figure 43.2). 2. Briefly describe the process of phagocytosis by macrophages. Page 10 of 17

11 3. Describe the function of the following cell types: a. neutrophil b. macrophage c. dendritic cell d. natural killer cell e. mast cell f. T cell g. B cell h. effector cell i. plasma cell j. memory cell k. helper T cell l. antigen-presenting cell m. cytotoxic T cell 4. Define the following terms: a. antigen b. antigen receptor c. epitope d. antibody e. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule Page 11 of 17

12 5. Label the diagram below concerning clonal selection of B cells (Figure 43.14): 6. Compare the primary immune response with the secondary immune response. 7. Differentiate between the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response. 8. Contrast active and passive immunity. Page 12 of 17

13 9. Label the following overview of the adaptive immune response (Figure 43.20): 10. How do antibodies to foreign blood groups of the ABO blood group system come to exist in the body? 11. is/are exaggerated, hypersensitive responses to certain antigens, or allergens. A. Allergies B. Antibiotics C. Anaphylactic shock D. The inflammatory response Page 13 of 17

Chapter 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion 1. Define the following terms: a. osmoregulation b. excretion c. osmolarity 2. What are the three forms that animals use to dispose of nitrogenous waste?

14 Chapter 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion 1. Define the following terms: a. osmoregulation b. excretion c. osmolarity 2. What are the three forms that animals use to dispose of nitrogenous waste? (Figure 44.7) 3. Use the diagram on the right (Figure 44.8) to label and define filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion be very clear on their meanings. a. filtration - b. reabsorption - c. secretion d. excretion - 4. Which of these is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of kidneys? A. production of urine B. filtration of the blood C. the excretion of wastes D. the regulation of body fluid composition Page 14 of 17

Chapter 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System 1. What is a hormone? What are the 3 major classes of molecules that function as hormones? (Figure 45.4) 2.

15 Chapter 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System 1. What is a hormone? What are the 3 major classes of molecules that function as hormones? (Figure 45.4) 2. What constitutes the endocrine system and what are its functions? 3. Label the diagram (Figure 45.5) to review basics of signal transduction pathways. 4. How can one chemical signal molecule cause multiple effects? 5. Which of the following is not an accurate statement? A. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. B. Hormones of the same chemical class always have the same function. C. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands. D. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system. Page 15 of 17

16 Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 1. What are the functions of the following? a. sensory neurons b. interneurons c. motor neurons d. glial cells - 2. Label the diagram of neurons below and explain the function of neurotransmitters (Figure 48.2). Explanation: 3. Distinguish between the following systems central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). 4. Study Figure If all the Ca 2+ in the fluid surrounding a neuron were removed, how would this affect the transmission of information within and between the neurons? 5. An action potential is a A. a sudden reversal of the sodium-potassium pump. B. a sudden increase in speed by the sodium-potassium pump. C. a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane. D. a brief neutralization of the charges on sodium and potassium ions. Page 16 of 17

Chapter 50 - Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1. Label the following diagram to explain muscle contraction from the nerve all the way to the roles of actin and myosin (Figure 50.30). 2.

17 Chapter 50 - Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1. Label the following diagram to explain muscle contraction from the nerve all the way to the roles of actin and myosin (Figure 50.30). 2. Contrast the role of Ca 2+ in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber and a smooth muscle cell. 3. Distinguish between a hydrostatic skeleton, an exoskeleton, and an endoskeleton. 4. Why is having a hydrostatic skeleton, rather than an internal skeleton, more advantageous to an earthworm? A. Actually, earthworms do not have a skeleton. B. Having a hydrostatic skeleton means that having muscles is not a requirement for movement. C. Having an internal skeleton would not allow the fine movements an earthworm uses when it moves. D. Having a hydrostatic skeleton allows the earthworm to use peristaltic motion to move over the substrate. Page 17 of 17

CIE Biology A-level Topic 14: Homeostasis

CIE Biology A-level Topic 14: Homeostasis Notes Communication is essential for the survival of organism as all living organisms must be able to detect and respond to changes in both their internal and