CA-SCL-12/H, also known as the Smaller Yñigo

Transcription

1 82 Procdings of th Socity for California Archaology, Vol. 21, 2009 Mo u n d Oc c u pat i o n in t h So u t h Sa n Fr a n c i s c o Bay Ar a Th Yñigo Mound in Historical Contxt Stphn Bryn and Brian F. Byrd Th Yñigo Mound (CA-SCL-12/H) is on of th fw rmaining prhistoric shllmounds along th southrn dg of San Francisco Bay. Th sit also falls within Rancho Posolmi, which was grantd to Ohlon Nativ Amrican Lop Yñigo in Yñigo was on of a handful of Nativ Amricans to rciv a Mxican land grant, and is a wll-known historical figur. Dspit bing locatd in a modrn, urban stting, portions of th mound rmain prsrvd at th junction of two major frways. W rviw th uniqu history of th sit, summariz prior archaological invstigations, and plac th sit within th broadr contxt of South Bay ara shllmounds. Introduction CA-SCL-12/H, also known as th Smallr Yñigo (or Iñigo) Mound, is locatd in th Santa Clara Vally along th southrn dg of San Francisco Bay (Figur 1). Th sit is on of th ara s fw rmaining prhistoric shllmounds. It is also of historical importanc owing to its association with Lop Yñigo, a prominnt Ohlon Nativ Amrican who rcivd a Mxican land grant for ancstral lands that includd th Yñigo Mound. Dspit bing locatd in a modrn, urban stting, portions of th mound rmain prsrvd today at th junction of two major frways. W rviw th sit s uniqu history, summariz prior archaological invstigations, and plac th sit within th broadr contxt of South Bay ara shllmounds. Historical Contxt Lop Yñigo was born in 1781, four yars aftr th founding of narby Mission Santa Clara d Asis (Shoup and Millikn 1999). A Costanoan or Ohlon Indian, h was a mmbr of th triblt that inhabitd th land around th Yñigo Mounds. Aftr obtaining his librty from Mission Santa Clara in 1839, Yñigo rturnd to th plac of his birth and sttld nar El Posida d las Animas (th Littl Wll of th Souls ), building a traditional Ohlon hous and planting fruit trs. In 1840, Govrnor Alvarado ordrd that Yñigo should rciv farm animals and supplis, but h was not officially grantd any land. Yñigo had constructd at last four structurs, two of adob and two of wood, on th land by this tim. In 1843, Yñigo ptitiond Govrnor Michltorna, asking that th land b grantd to him, and in Fbruary 1844, h was grantd titl to Rancho Posolmi, a 3,042-acr tract of land that includd th Yñigo Mounds complx (Figur 2). Figur 1. CA-SCL-12/H shown on U.S.G.S. Mountain Viw 7.5 Minut quadrangl. During th arly 1850s, Yñigo livd in an adob hous and ownd svral corrals and 200 had of cattl, 300 shp, and 25 horss. On his land h cultivatd what, corn, bans, potatos, pumpkins, and onions. Yñigo s fortuns dclind ovr tim and h ownd vry littl, if any, of th original rancho at th tim of his dath on Fbruary 28, 1864 at th ag of 83. According to Loud (1912), Yñigo was burid on th Smallr Yñigo Mound (SCL-12/H) at th southast cornr of Rancho Posolmi (howvr, s Shoup t al. 1995: for an altrnativ opinion). Stphn Bryn, Caltrans District 04 Oakland, Offic of Cultural Rsourc Studis, Mail Station 8A, 111 Grand Avnu, Oakland, CA , Stphn_bryn@dot.ca.gov, ; and Brian F. Byrd, Far Wstrn Anthropological Rsarch Group, 2727 Dl Rio Plac, Suit A, Davis, CA 95618, Brian@farwstrn.com, x 1228 Procdings of th Socity for California Archaology, Volum 21, 2009, pp

2 This T pag has bn rdactd to h protct th location of this sit. i Should you rquir spcific s location information, p plas contact th a SCA Businss Offic at offic@scahom.org g h a s b Figur 2. Ynigo s rancho shown on 1866 map of Santa Clara County. n During th 140-plus yars sinc Yñigo did, rural and latr urban dvlopmnt hav dstroyd most visibl tracs rof th rancho, including buildings, shllmounds, and vn his grav. Today, Mofftt Fild Naval Air Station, including th massiv Hangar 1, covrs most of Rancho Posolmi. Portions of th Smallr Yñigo Mound, howvr, rmain prsrvd at dth intrsction of U.S. Highway 101 and Stat Rout 237 (Hylkma 1995). Th 1932 California Division of Highways aas-built construction drawings provid insight into how th finishd grad of U.S. 101 shard off th top of th mound, cwhil apparntly distributing th uppr portion of th mound as fill to th ast and wst (Figur 3). t d Archaological Invstigations During , Nls Nlson (1909) invntorid shllmounds of th Bay Ara, rcording svral within and taround Rancho Posolmi (Nlson s sits ar now SCL-12 through 21 and 23 through 25). Subsquntly, o archaologist Llwllyn L. Loud (1912) dscribd and mappd th Rancho Posolmi shllmounds in mor dtail p(figur 4). Loud (1912) dscribd th Smallr Yñigo Mound (now rcognizd as SCL-12/H) as bing svral hundrd rft in diamtr and probably fiv ft or mor dp. o t Paprs on Northrn California Archaology Figur 3. CA-SCL-12/H shown in plan and cross sction (adaptd from Caltrans as-built construction drawings). 83 This pag has bn rdactd to protct th location of this sit. Should you rquir spcific location information, plas contact th SCA Businss Offic at offic@scahom.org This pag has bn rdactd to protct th location of this sit. Should you rquir spcific location information, plas contact th SCA Businss Offic at offic@scahom.org Figur 4. Portion of L. L. Loud s 1912 Map of Indian Mounds in th Vicinity of th Mountain Viw.

3 84 Procdings of th Socity for California Archaology, Vol. 21, 2009 A sris of archaological invstigations at SCL- 12/H during th last quartr-cntury hav contributd to our currnt undrstanding of th northrn and wstrn portions of th sit (Bryn 2005; Byrd 2006). Initial survy by Salzman and Chavz (1984) documntd prhistoric middn and historic-ra dbris of SCL-12/H north of th US Highway 101 and Stat Rout 237 intrchang. Shortly thraftr, Caltrans first invstigation of th sit a surfac survy by Marcia Klly (1987a) for proposd highway improvmnts rvald th sit xtndd into th highway intrsction. Subsqunt Extndd Phas I invstigations by Klly (1987b:1) includd augr borings, thr 1-by-1-m tst units, and a backho trnch. This fildwork rvald intact prhistoric dposits, including a possibl pit fatur, and rcovrd prhistoric matrials including flakd ston artifacts, possibl bakd clay artifacts, Olivlla shll bads, human bon, and a varity of stuarin and trrstrial faunal rmains (Klly 1987b:1). Basd on this work, th sit was listd on th National Rgistr of Historic Placs (Klly 1988). combining all prior sit boundary dpictions, dlinats an approximatly 70.5-acr ara cntrd on th U.S. Highway 101 and Stat Rout 237 intrsction. R s u lt s In this sction, w summariz th archaological vidnc from th sit, concntrating on th intact middn dposits. Radiocarbon and obsidian hydration data from SCL-12/H rval that th sit was occupid for a considrabl priod of tim, including portions of th Early, Middl, and Lat priods. Svn radiocarbon dats obtaind by Samulson and Slf (1995) from th northrn portion of th sit documnt Early and Middl priod occupation (Figur 5). Th Middl priod occupation includs two dats clustrd around 1,350 yars ago from an intact thrmal fatur. Sinc thn svral othr archaological invstigations hav takn plac within SCL-12/H. Chavz and Ilic (1993) survyd and augrd along th northwstrn dg of th sit for th proposd H Strt xtnsion. A total of in.-diamtr augr hols wr xcavatd, with almost onquartr having subsurfac cultural dposits including rich middn sdimnts, and a sub-middn burial was idntifid. Similarly, survy and augr tsting by Morgan (1993) in th wstrn portion of th sit notd a varity of prhistoric cultural matrial and human bon. Caltrans also xcavatd two additional 1-by-1-m units within th sit, documnting th most widsprad intact archaological dposits within th highway right-of-way (Hylkma 1995). Th most xtnsiv fildwork to dat was conductd by Samulson and Slf (1995) within th Tasman Light Rail Corridor in th northrn portion of th sit. A total of 26 m 3 was xcavatd, intact middn dposits (including a probabl harth fatur) wr rcordd, and a rich assmblag of cultural matrial was rcovrd including obsidian and chrt ston tools and dbitag, milling tools, a charmston, shll bads, faunal rmains, and floral rmains, as wll as human bon. Finally, backho tsting by Ests t al. (2006) north of th highway notd middn dposits and sub-middn burials. In summary, a sris of fild projcts has providd varid insight into SCL-12/H, particularly with rspct to th sit s horizontal and vrtical xtnt, natur of disturbancs, and rang of associatd cultural matrial. Th fildwork has documntd th prsnc of a significant and oncsubstantial prhistoric shllmound. Evidnc of subsqunt historic-ra occupation, including that associatd with Rancho Posolmi, has bn limitd to historic-ra matrial in disturbd contxts. Th maximum sit boundary, basd on Figur 5. Calibratd radiocarbon dats from SCL-12/H.

4 Paprs on Northrn California Archaology 85 In th Middl priod dposit, shllfish rmains wr abundant, and procurmnt concntratd on oystr (Ostra lurida; 48 prcnt, total shllfish wight =11.9 kg), followd by mussl (Mytilus dulis; 28 prcnt), and California horn shll (Crithida californica; 23 prcnt). Th small horn shll is vn mor abundant in disturbd (prsumably Lat priod) contxts (36 prcnt), suggsting incrasing rlianc on horn shll and also that rsourc intnsification may hav takn plac btwn th Middl and Lat priods. Carbonizd plant rmains ar wll-prsrvd in Middl priod contxts (data and indics basd on data in Klug and Poppr 1995). Small sds ar abundant (dnsity of 9.5 sds pr litr), and wtland spcis, such as hairgrass, ar mor numrous than dryland spcis (ratio of 1.5:1). Small-sdd grasss ar slightly mor common than Chnopodium (ratio of 1.26:1), and much mor frqunt than lgums (ratio of 11.6:1). Notably, acorns wr rcovrd in vry high dnsitis (212 mg/litr), rsulting in a vry high acorn-tosmall-sd indx (17.2). Othr nuts ar rar, or in th cas of pin, absnt ntirly. Ovrall, th Middl priod subsistnc data indicat that th sit was occupid for multipl sasons, and xploitation focusd on a varity of trrstrial, wtland, and bayshor habitats. Figur 6. Napa obsidian hydration from SCL-12/H. Th obsidian hydration rsults from subsurfac contxts ar comparabl, dominatd by th Middl priod but also showing a Lat priod signatur (Figur 6). In addition, sampls from disturbd and surfac contxts hav highr frquncis of Lat priod hydration radings, indicating that th sit had a substantial Lat priod occupation that has bn largly truncatd by modrn dvlopmnt. Ovrall, obsidian sourcing data indicat that primarily Napa ara obsidian was tradd and xchangd (Napa 84.3 prcnt, Annadl 5.8 prcnt, total N=131). Only small amounts of obsidian wr from Sirra sourcs (Casa Diablo 5.8 prcnt, Bodi 3.3 prcnt, Mono 0.8 prcnt). This suggsts that ast-wst trad and xchang only infrquntly involvd obsidian. In th following discussion of subsistnc pattrns, w concntrat on in situ Middl priod dposits rcovrd from a 2-x-2-m ara containing an in situ thrmal fatur datd to cal B.P. (Samulson and Slf 1995). With rspct to faunal rmains, vrtbrat xploitation during th Middl priod was concntratd on trrstrial mammals (77 prcnt, total NISP=3,289). Notably, larg mammals wr procurd in considrabl numbrs, rsulting in a high artiodactyl indx (0.58). Bird rmains wr wll-rprsntd (19 prcnt), and includd prdominantly watrfowl such as ducks and gs. Fish ar wr frqunt (thr prcnt), and canid and sa mammals scarc (ach lss than on prcnt). Currntly, th appropriat prhistoric shorlin and associatd vgtation zons, unfortunatly, ar not wll stablishd. Howvr, using an arly 1800s drainag rconstruction and modrn vgtation boundaris, SCL-12/H can b placd in its broadr nvironmntal contxt (Figur 7). Th sit is situatd on an alluvial plain nar th junction of svral cological zons, including tidal marshland, grassland prairi, and oak woodland. This cotonal stting allowd for th xploitation of all th documntd plant rsourcs within th daily foraging rang of th sit. Th sam holds tru for invrtbrats and most vrtbrat spcis. Larg mammals ar an apparnt xcption; thy wr probably acquird via logistical forays to th south outsid th daily foraging rang. Su m m a r y In summary, prvious invstigations at SCL-12/H hav documntd Early through Lat priod occupations, with possibly a trac of historic-ra activity. Du initially to happnstanc (and now to stat and fdral cultural rsourcs rgulations) portions of th Early and Middl priod occupation of th mound appar to b intact. Currntly, th Middl priod occupation, which includs intact faturs, is th bst-documntd on at th sit. Analysis of th Middl priod dposits rvals xploitation of a divrs st of rsourcs from local and nar-local sttings, particularly with rspct to plant rmains. In addition, larg trrstrial mammals wr likly procurd from xtra-local upland nvirons, prhaps via logistical forays.

5 86 Procdings of th Socity for California Archaology, Vol. 21, 2009 Figur 7. Spatial contxt of CA-SCL-12/H and narby southrn Bay Ara shllmounds. Ovrall, data from SCL-12/H complmnt th rsults of invstigations in othr portions of th South Bay, notably to th ast along th Guadalup Rivr and to th wst nar San Francisquito Crk (Alln t al. 1999; Cartir t al. 1993; Fitzgrald 2005; Hylkma 2002; Wibrg 2002). Futur rsarch at th sit, in concrt with rconstructions of lat Holocn palo-landscap and palo-vgtation, will allow a mor accurat modl of th dynamic natur of sttlmnt organization in this rgion. Such work also has th potntial to contribut to ongoing rsarch rgarding lat Holocn sttlmnt pattrn shifts, whthr or not rsourc intnsification took plac, and th impact of th Mganos intrusion on population and sttlmnt dynamics wst of th Guadalup Rivr in th South Bay ara.

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