Imaging of the Head and Neck

Transcription

1 Imaging of the Head and Neck Bearbeitet von Minerva Becker,, Galdino E. Valvassori Neuausgabe Buch. 880 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 23 x 30 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Sonstige Medizinische Fachgebiete > Radiologie, Bildgebende Verfahren schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 IX Contents Section I Temporal Bone 1 Imaging of the Temporal Bone... 3 Galdino E. Valvassori Sectional Anatomy of the Temporal Bone... 3 Anatomical Notes... 3 Sectional Anatomy... 3 Imaging Techniques Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Developmental Variations Mastoid Lateral Sinus Tegmen Jugular Fossa Carotid Artery Arachnoid Granulations Petrous Apex Congenital Abnormalities of the Temporal Bone Imaging Assessment Embryology Anomalies of the Sound-Conducting System Facial Nerve Anomalies Anomalies of the Inner Ear Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea Imaging Assessment for Cochlear Implantation Congenital Vascular Anomalies Syndromic Hearing Loss Temporal Bone Trauma Classification Clinical Findings Imaging Findings Labyrinthine Concussion and Bleeding Longitudinal Fractures Transverse Fractures Comminuted Mastoid Fractures Ossicular Dislocation Projectile Injuries Traumatic Facial Nerve Lesions latrogenic Lesions Meningoencephalocele Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea Acute Otitis Media, Mastoiditis, and Malignant Necrotizing External Otitis Acute Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Imaging Findings Imaging Technique Differential Diagnosis Acute Labyrinthitis Chronic Labyrinthitis Facial Neuritis Malignant Necrotizing External Otitis Imaging Findings Healing Stages Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Clinical Findings Otoscopic Findings Imaging Techniques Imaging Findings Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear Acquired Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear and Mastoid Clinical and Otoscopic Findings Imaging Techniques Diagnosis of Cholesteatoma Patterns of Imaging Findings Pars Flaccida Cholesteatomas Epitympanic Retraction Pockets Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas Combined Pars Flaccida and Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas Evaluation of the Extent of Cholesteatoma Labyrinthine Fistulas Petrous Extension of Cholesteatoma Facial Nerve Congenital Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear Petrous Pyramid and Epidural Cholesteatomas Keratosis Obturans and Cholesteatoma of the External Auditory Canal Postoperative and Postirradiation Imaging of the Temporal Bone Simple and Radical Mastoidectomies Tympanoplasty Imaging Findings Tumors Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors Internal Auditory Canal and Acoustic Schwannomas Normal Internal Auditory Canal Imaging Studies Pathology of the Internal Auditory Canal Pathology within the Internal Auditory Canal Meningeal Pathology Vascular Abnormalities Heterotopic Lesion within the Internal Auditory Canal Otosclerosis and Bone Dystrophies Otosclerosis Paget Disease Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis Fibrous Dysplasia Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia References

3 X Contents Section II Eye and Orbit, Base of the Skull 2 Eye and Orbit Part 1: The Eye Embryology Lens The Ciliary Body, Iris, and Suspensory Ligaments of the Lens The Vitreous The Choroid The Sclera The Cornea Vascular System Extraocular Muscles The Eyelids The Lacrimal Gland The Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct The Orbit References Anatomy Tenon s Capsule and Extraocular Muscle Sheaths (Sleeves) Sclera Cornea Uvea (Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris) Retina Vitreous Imaging Techniques CT Technique MRI Technique Pathology Congenital Anomalies Coloboma and Morning Glory Disk Anomaly Ocular Detachments Ocular Inflammatory Disorders Benign Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia Papilledema Intraocular Calcifications Leukokoria Retinoblastoma Intraocular Mass and Masslike Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous Retinal Dysplasia Norrie Disease Warburg Syndrome Retinopathy of Prematurity or Retrolental Fibroplasia Coats disease Ocular Toxocariasis (Sclerosing Endophthalmitis) Ocular Astrocytic Hamartoma (Retinal Astrocytoma) Combined Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Retina Incontinentia Pigmenti Juvenile Xanthogranuloma Ganglioneuroma Optic Nerve Head Drusen Choroidal Osteoma Retinal Gliosis Myelinated Nerve Fibers Subretinal Neovascular Membranes Vitreous Opacities Choroidal Hemangioma Malignant Uveal Melanoma Melanocytoma Uveal Metastasis Uveal Nevus Choroidal and Retinal Hemangiomas Angiomatosis Retinae and von Hippel Lindau Disease Choroidal Hemorrhage and Choroidal Detachment Choroidal Cyst Ocular Lymphoma Ocular Leukemia Primary Ocular Schwannoma (Neurilemoma) Leiomyoma (Mesoectodermal Leiomyoma) Ocular Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma Medulloepithelioma Senile Macular Degeneration Ocular Trauma Anophthalmic Socket and Orbital Implant References Part 2: The Orbit Embryology Anatomy Bony Orbit Orbital Septum and Eyelids Orbicularis Oculi Tenon s Capsule (Fascia Bulbi) and Tenon s Space Orbital Fatty Reticulum Muscles of the Eye Innervation Vascular Anatomy Lacrimal Apparatus Imaging Techniques Computed Tomography MRI Techniques Normal CT and MRI Anatomy of the Orbit Pathology Hypertelorism, Hypotelorism, Exophthalmos, and Exorbitism Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities Anatomical and Developmental Considerations Acquired Orbital Cysts Parasitic Cysts Inflammatory Diseases Mycotic Infections Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Disorders (Pseudotumors) Painful External Ophthalmoplegia (Tolosa Hunt Syndrome) Thyroid Orbitopathy (Graves Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathy) Sarcoidosis Sjögren Syndrome Vasculitides (Angiitides)

4 Contents XI Amyloidosis Miscellaneous Granulomatous and Histiocytic Lesions Tumors Orbital Vascular Conditions Neural Lesions Nontumoral and Tumoral Enlargement of the Optic Nerve Sheath Fibrous Tissue Tumors of the Orbit Lacrimal Gland and Fossa Lesions Miscellaneous Lacrimal Gland Lesions Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Orbit Ocular Motility Disorders Traumatic Injury of Ocular Muscles Congenital Anomalies of the Extraocular Muscles Orbital Trauma References Base of the Skull Embryology Anatomy The External Surface of the Cranial Base The Pterygoid Processes, Pterygoid Plates, Scaphoid Fossa, Spine of the Sphenoid Bone, Foramen Ovale, and Foramen Spinosum The Foramen Lacerum Pterygoid (Vidian) Canal The Squamotympanic Fissure Foramen Magnum and Hypoglossal Canal The Jugular Foramen Stylomastoid Foramen The Internal Surface of the Cranial Base Superior Orbital Fissure, Foramen Rotundum, Tegmen Tympani, and Tegmen Antri Cavernous Sinus Trigeminal Cavity (Meckel s Cave), Trigeminal Cistern, and Ganglion The Posterior Cranial Fossa Role of Diagnostic Imaging in Skull Base Pathology and Surgery Imaging Techniques Angiography and Embolization Imaging Anatomy of the Skull Base Anatomical Variations Skull Base Pathology Developmental Cysts of the Skull Base Tumors Histiocytoses Leukemia Extracranial Lesions Affecting the Skull Base Metastasis Trauma References Section III Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 4 Imaging of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Nasal Cavity: Embryology and Development Paranasal Sinuses: Embryology and Development Maxillary Sinuses Ethmoid Sinuses Frontal Sinuses Sphenoid Sinuses Anatomy: The Nasal Cavity The Nasal Mucous Membrane Nasal Cycle Innervation Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage Lymphatics Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses The Frontal Sinuses The Ethmoidal Sinuses and Surgical Anatomy of the Ethmoid Bone Sphenoidal Sinuses The Maxillary Sinuses Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and the Role of the Radiologist Ostiomeatal Complex Anatomical Variations Pterygomaxillary Fissure, Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Fossa, and Palatine Bone The Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Ganglion Applied Anatomy References Imaging Techniques General Considerations Computed Tomography Standard Film Radiography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Risk of Radiation from Sinus Imaging References Sinonasal Pathology Congenital Anomalies of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses References Inflammatory Diseases Retention Cysts Nasal Polyps References Tumor and Tumorlike Lesions of the Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity Benign Fibro-osseous, Osseous, and Cartilaginous Lesions of the Sinonasal Region Malignant Osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors of Sinonasal Cavities Miscellaneous Tumors of Sinonasal Cavities References Traumatic and Postoperative Findings References

5 XII Contents Section IV Masticatory System 5 Temporomandibular Joint Embryology Anatomy Diagnostic Imaging Techniques Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy) CT Technique MRI Technique Normal Imaging Anatomy of TMJ Anatomical Variations and Developmental Anomaly Condylar Agenesis (Otomandibular Dysostosis, Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Hemifacial Microsomia) Condylar Hypoplasia Condylar Hyperplasia Inflammation Infectious Arthritis Necrotizing External Otitis Internal Derangements Osteochondritis Dissecans Arthritic Conditions Degenerative Arthritis (Osteoarthritis, Osteoarthrosis) Traumatic Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Metabolic Arthritis Rheumatoid Variants (Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis) Synovial Chondromatosis Neoplasms Miscellaneous Fractures Postoperative Conditions References Mandible and Maxilla Alfred L. Weber Embryology Dental Development Development of Enamel Ossification Anatomy The Mandible The Maxillae Dental Anatomy The Teeth Dental Blood and Lymphatic Vessels Dental Lymphatics Dental Innervation Dental Histology The Dental Pulp The Enamel, Cement, and Periodontal Ligament The Gingivae (Gums) Imaging Techniques Intraoral Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pathology Congenital and Developmental Anomalies Inflammation Osteoradionecrosis Benign and Malignant Tumors References Section V Suprahyoid Neck 7 Nasopharynx Embryology Anatomy Pharyngobasilar Fascia The Pharyngeal Tonsil and Pharyngeal Bursa Pharyngeal Isthmus, Oropharyngeal Isthmus, and Waldeyer s Ring Innervation Vascular Supply Lymphatics Regional Anatomy (Parapharyngeal Space) The Masticator Space Infratemporal Fossa Applied Anatomy Histology Imaging Techniques Pathology of the Nasopharynx Congenital Anomalies Inflammations Infectious Mononucleosis Tangier Disease Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma References Parapharyngeal and Masticator Spaces Sherif Gamal Nour Jonathan S. Lewin Introduction Anatomy Fascial Layers of the Neck Face and Neck Spaces Normal Imaging Anatomy Imaging Rationale and Techniques Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pathology Lesions Arising within the Pharyngeal Wall and Adjoining Deep Neck Spaces Suprahyoid Neck Trauma Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA) Suprahyoid Neck Biopsy and Interventional MRI References

6 Contents XIII 9 Salivary Glands Embryology Anatomy Parotid Gland Submandibular and Sublingual Glands Applied Anatomy Histology Imaging Conventional Radiography Conventional Sialography Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MR Sialography Technique Minerva Becker Ultrasound Technique Nuclear Medicine Clinical Applications: Pathological Conditions Congenital Lesions Inflammatory Diseases of the Major Salivary Glands Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Parotid Lymphoepithelial Lesions/Cysts Benign Lymphoepithelial Sialadenopathy (Autoimmune Sialosis) Neoplasms of Salivary Glands References Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Minerva Becker Introduction Developmental Considerations Normal Anatomy Imaging Techniques CT MR Imaging Ultrasonography Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma Non Squamous Cell Neoplasms Inflammatory Lesions of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Congenital Lesions Miscellaneous Pathology Acknowledgments References Section VI Infrahyoid Neck 11 Larynx and Hypopharynx Minerva Becker Introduction Developmental Considerations Normal Anatomy Larynx Hypopharynx Tissue Characteristics on Sectional Imaging Imaging Techniques Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Imaging Modalities Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology and Rationale for Imaging Tumor Sites and Patterns of Tumor Spread Invasion of the Deep Paralaryngeal Spaces Cartilage Invasion Pretherapeutic T-Classification According to the TNM System Atypical Forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Non Squamous Cell Neoplasms Vasoformative Tumors Tumors of the Laryngeal Skeleton Tumors of the Lymphoreticular System Tumors of the Minor Salivary Glands Tumors of Fatty Tissue Metastases to the Larynx Myogenic Tumors Neurogenic Tumors Morphological Changes Induced by Tumor Treatment and Detection of Tumor Recurrence Surgical Procedures, Postoperative Changes, and Tumor Recurrence in the Operated Larynx Radiation-Induced Changes and Tumor Recurrence in the Irradiated Larynx Cystic Lesions, Pouches, Diverticula, and Webs Larynx Hypopharynx Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions Congenital Lesions Vocal Cord Paralysis Trauma Larynx Hypopharynx References Other Infrahyoid Neck Lesions Minerva Becker Introduction Anatomy Imaging Techniques CT Scanning MR Imaging Ultrasonography Nuclear Medicine Studies of the Thyroid Gland FDG-PET Neoplastic Lesions Nodal Neoplasms Nonnodal Neoplasms Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland Masses Imaging of the Neck after Treatment Radiation-Induced Changes in the Neck Postoperative Changes after Various Types of Neck Dissection and Reconstruction with Flaps Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions Cervical Chain Nodal Inflammation and Infection Infection of the Retropharyngeal Space Bacterial Soft-Tissue Infections Complications of Bacterial Infections Vertebral Body Spondylodiskitis

7 XIV Contents Inflammatory Diseases of Neck Muscles and Tendons Inflammatory Lesions of the Thyroid Gland Branchial Cleft Anomalies Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Vascular Malformations Miscellaneous Pathology Acknowledgments References Index Abbreviations used for Imaging Techniques 2D FSE 3D FSE CECT CISS DTPA DWI EXPRESS FDG FISP FLAIR FLASH FSE FSEIR GRASE GRASS HASTE 2D fast spin-echo sequence 3D fast spin-echo sequence contrast-enhanced CT constructive interference in steady state diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid diffusion-weighted image/imaging extended phase symmetry rapid spin echo sequence 2-( 18 F)fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose fast imaging with steady-state precession fluid-attenuated inversion recovery fast low angle shot fast spin-echo fast spin-echo inversion recovery gradient and spin echo gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state half acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo technique HU MIP MRA MRV NCCT PD PET RARE STIR T1W T2W TE TI TR US Hounsfield unit maximum intensity projection magnetic resonance angiography magnetic resonance venography noncontrast CT proton density positron emission tomography rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement short tau inversion recovery T1-weighted T2-weighted echo time inversion time repetition time ultrasonography/ultrasound