Lactation Performance and Serum Biochemistry of Dairy Cows Fed Supplemental Chromium in the Transition Period

Transcription

1 Lcttion Performnce nd Serum Biochemistry of Diry Cows Fed Supplementl Chromium in the Trnsition Period M. Khlili1 1*, D. Foroozndeh 1 nd M. Toghyni 1 1 Deprtment of Animl Science, Khorsgn Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Esfhn, Irn. *corresponding Author: m_khlili1362@yhoo.com. Tel: , Fx: This experiment ws conducted to study the effect of supplementl chromium on performnce nd blood serum biochemistry of diry cows. Thus twenty multiprous Holstein cows (prity 3) were eqully divided into two groups. Group one, control, which received no chromium supplementtion nd group two, tretment group, received 5mg/dy chromium methionine from week 5 prior to prturition until 12 weeks therefter. Milk production nd milk composition were evluted on weeks 4, 8 nd 12 fter prturition. Serum biochemistry concentrtions (serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, totl protein, cortisol nd insulin concentrtion) were mesured on weeks 2 nd 5 prior to prturition nd 1 nd 4 weeks therefter. Results indicted tht milk production ws significntly ffected by chromium methionine supplementtion during the entire period (P<0.01) but no significnt effect on milk composition ws found. Supplementl chromium hd no significnt effect on serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides nd insulin concentrtion nd blood hemtology prmeters(p>0.05). However, chromium supplementtion tended to increse significntly serum totl protein concentrtion nd decrese cortisol concentrtion (P<0.05). The results of this experiment showed tht chromium methionine supplementtion in multiprous diry cows diet my improve their Milk yield in trnsition period. 1

2 Keywords: Diry cow, Trnsition period, Chromium methionine, Milk yield, Serum biochemistry. INTRODUCTION Chromium is trnsitionl element with n tomic number 24 nd n tomic weight of Chromium ws first shown to be essentil in swine by Schwrz nd Mertz (1957) when isolte glucose tolernce fctor (GTF) from swine kidney. Furtheremore, this element hs been reported to ply essentil roles in ctivity of certin enzymes, metbolism of protein nd nucleic cids, s well s impct on immune functions (Beitz et l., 1997). However, only its function s relted to glucose metbolism is sufficiently understood. Chromium lso ids in the conversion of thyroxin to triodothyronine, incresing the metbolic rte (Burton., 1995). Potentil benefits of supplementing Chromium to livestock hve been shown to improve performnce in growing nd finishing swine nd ruminnts (Chng nd Mowt., 1992; Kejly et l., 1997; MoonsieShgeer nd Mowt., 1993). In studies conducted in diry cows, chromium supplementtion hs been shown to increse dry mtter intke (Besong et l., 1996; Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2002), increse milk yields (Besong et l., 1996; Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2002), reduce blood nonesterified ftty cid (NEFA) concentrtion (Bryn et l., 2003; Depew et l., 1998; Hyirli et l., 2001; Yng et l., 1996), improve fertility (Yng et l., 1996; Bryn et l., 2003; Pechov et l., 2003) nd decrese plcentl retention, nd udder edem in older cows (Hyirli et l., 2001; Yng et l., 1996; Villlobos et l., 1997; Sthlhut et l., 2003; Bryn et l., 2003; Burton et l., 1993; Besong et l., 1996). 2

3 Since there is no dequte mesure of chromium sttus, estblishing dietry requirement for livestock nd humn is difficult. While the recommended intke for chromium is µg per dy (Ntionl Reserch Council, 1989) in humn; currently there is no estblished chromium requirement for ruminnt. Improvement in impired glucose tolernce fter chromium supplementtion is the most sufficient mens to determine deficiency. The im of the currents study ws to ssess the effect of supplementl chromium for diry cows, from 5 wk preprturient through 12 wk postprtum on performnce, blood serum biochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animls nd dietry tretments Twenty multiprous Holsteins (prity 3) housed in free stlls t the EsfhnKesht frm (ner the Esfhn Irn ) were rndomly llocted cross two tretment group: Ten cows were supplemented once dy with 5 mg/ dy Cr from CrMet vi bll dough corn fter the.m. milking, wheres the other 10 cows received no Cr supplementtion. Shortly fter the study ws initited, one cow from the Crsupplemented group suffered john disese nd ws removed from the study. Cows received dietry tretments from 5wk preprtum (wk5) through 12wk postprtum once dy (wk+12). From wk5 to wk+12 totl mixed diet (NRC, 2001, Tble1) ws offered to ll cows (d libitum intke). Rndom smples were tken of these TMR diets which were sent to lbortory for nlysis. Also the mounts of chromium of diets were determined by tomic bsorption system (Tble1). Production Dt 3

4 All cows were milked four times per dy. At three time points, t 4wk intervls, milk yield ws determined nd milk smples collected for determintion of milk composition. Ft, protein, lctose, solid nonft, totl solid percentges nd 4% FCM were evluted by SOSS 4000 unit. Blood Smpling Blood smples were collected from ll of the cows, t 5 nd 2 wk before expected clving nd 1 nd 4 week post clving. Blood smples were obtined by 20 ml vein puncture of the coccygel vein during the A.M. milking. After blood ws collected, 2 ml of ech smple ws poured into tubes contining EDTA for determining blood hemtology nd then reminded smple ws centrifuged t 3500 g for 10 min nd the serum stored t 4ºC until further nlysis (within 24h). Smples were nlyzed for serum glucose, totl cholesterol, triglyceride, totl protein, insulin nd cortisol concentrtions. Glucose, totl cholesterol, triglyceride, nd totl protein, of serum were mesured by RA1000 unit. Insulin nd cortisole of serum were mesured by hormonl insulin nd cortisol kits using gmcounter (Kon Pron) system. Results nd Discussion Milk yield nd composition In present reserch, Cr supplementtion diet hd incresed milk yield (Tble2) which greed to results of Besong et l., (1996); Hyirli et l., (2001) ; Smith et l., (2005) nd Yng et l., (1996). However, Bryn et l., (2004) nd Pechov et l. (2002; 2003) hd reported Cr supplementtion hs no effect on milk yield. At the most studies which increse of milk production hs been reported, increse t dry mtter 4

5 intke is lso seen (Besong et l., 1996; Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2005). Hyirli et l., (2001) reported, diet supplementtion with CrMet during the periprturient period my increse pre nd postprtum DMI nd yields of milk in multiprous cows nd increse DMI s well s milk yield in primiprous cows. In our study lthough possibility of mesuring of the rte of dry mtter intke ws not possible, mybe Cr supplementtion hs incresed dry mtter intke. Consequently it cused increse in milk production. As it is shown in Tble 2, milk composition hs not ffected by Cr supplementtion. The composition of milk with regrd to Cr supplementtion ws studied by reltively few uthors (Pechov et l., 2003). In most cses they found no difference between the experimentl nd control group (Besong et l., 1996; Yng et l., 1996; Simek et l., 1999). Hyirli et l., (2001) reported incresed ft production nd lctose levels in milk fter Cr supplementtion, which corresponds to our finding. Serum biochemistry prmeters The effects of Cr methionine supplementtion on serum biochemistry prmeters in the entire period of experiment nd during different experimentl periods re shown in Tble 3. As shown, glucose nd insulin concentrtion hd not been effected by Cr supplementtion tht is mybe becuse of inbility of chromium on insulin secretion of pncres glnd. Previous studies by Besong et l., (1996); Bryn et l., (2004); Burton et l., (1995) on cow nd Gentry et l., (1999) nd Kitchlong et l., (1995) on sheep hve shown tht Cr supplementtion hs no effect on serum glucose nd insulin concentrtion. However, Chng nd Mowt., (1992) nd Kegley et l., (1997b; 2000) on clves nd Bunting et l., (1994) on cows hd reported tht Cr 5

6 supplementtion cuses decrese in glucose concentrtion nd increse of serum insulin concentrtion. In our study Cr supplementtion decresed serum cortisol concentrtion in the entire period of experiment but it ws not significnt (P>.005) t different experimentl periods (Tble3). How chromium ffects cortisol production is unknown, but it is cler tht glucocorticoids inhibit excretion of insulin (Munck et l., 1984). Becuse GTF Cr potenttes the ction of insulin it my inversely inhibit cortisol excretion (Chng nd Mowt., 1992). Chng nd Mowt., (1992); MoonsieShgeer nd Mowt (1993)., hd reported tht Cr supplementtion cuses decrese in serum cortisol concentrtion. However, Depew et l., (1998) nd Kegley et l., (1997b) did not observe ny effect of Cr supplementtion on serum cortisol supplementtion. As it is shown in Tble 3, serum totl cholesterol nd triglyceride concentrtion were not ffected by Cr supplementtion. This cn be becuse of disbility of chromium on insulin concentrtion in our experiment. The role of insulin is proved of lipogenesis stimulus nd lipolysis inhibition (Kegley et l., 2000). Previous studies by Besong et l., (1996); Depew et l., (1998); Kegly et l., (1997b) nd Moonsieshgeer nd Mowt., (1993) hd shown Cr supplementtion hs no effect on concentrtion of serum totl cholesterol nd triglyceride. However, Bunting et l., (1994); Pge et l., (1993); Riles et l., (1981) nd Subiytno et l., (1996) hd reported Cr supplementtion cuses reduction in serum totl cholesterol nd triglyceride concentrtion. 6

7 The present study, using chromium supplementtion resulted in some increse in totl protein of serum (Tble3). This could be due to the decrese of serum cortisol concentrtion or n increse of sensitivity tissue to insulin. The role of insulin is proved t increse of synthesis of proteins (Roginski nd Mertz., 1969). These results re in ccordnce with studies reported by Bunting et l. (1994), Roginskey nd Mertz., (1969) nd Chng nd Mowt., (1992). However, Kitchlong et l., (1995) nd Kegley et l., (1997) reported Cr supplementtion hs no effect on serum totl protein concentrtion. In conclusion results of this experiment showed tht milk production ws significntly ffected by chromium methionine supplementtion during the entire period, but it hd no significnt effect on milk composition. Supplementl chromium hd no significnt effect on serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides nd insulin concentrtion. However, chromium supplementtion tended to increse serum totl protein concentrtion nd decrese cortisol concentrtion. The results of this experiment lso showed using chromium methionine supplementtion in multiprous diry cows diet my improve their Milk yield in trnsition period. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project supported by SANA DAM PARS Co. on behlf of ZINPRO Corportion nd Islmic Azd University, Khorsgn brnch, Isfhn, Irn. 7

8 REFERENCES Anderson RA Stress effects on chromium nutrition of humns nd frm nimls. In: Biotechnology in the feed industry, Proceedings of Alltech s 10th Annul Symposium, Lyons P. Jcques K. A. (eds). Nottinghm University Press, pp Besong S, Jckson JA, Trmmell DS, Aky V Influence of supplementl chromium on concentrtion of liver triglyceride, blood metbolites nd rumen VFA profile in steer fed modertely high ft diet. Journl of Diry Science, 84: Besong S. J.A. Jckson, D.S. Trmmell nd D. AmrlPhilips Effect of supplementl chromium picolinte on liver triglyceride, blood metbolites, milk yield nd milk composition in erlylcttion cows. Journl of Diry Science, 79(suppl.1), 79. Bonomi A. A. Qurntelli, B.M. Bonomi nd A. Orlndi The effects of orgnic chromium on the productive nd reproductive efficiency of diry cttle in Itly. Rivist di Scienz dell Alimentzione, 26: Bryn M.A. M.T. Soch nd D.J. Tomlinson Supplementing intensively grzed ltegesttion nd erly lcttion diry cttle with chromium. Journl of Diry Science, 87:

9 Bunting L. D. J. M. Fernndez, D. L. Thompson nd L. L. Southern Influence of chromium picolinte on glucose usge nd metbolic criteri in growing Holstein clves. Journl of Animl Science, 72: Bunting L.D Chromium nd diry nutrition: wht do you know? Animl Helth nd Nutrition motormns, Inc. Quincy, IL Burton J.L. B.A. Mllrd nd D.N. Mowt Effects of supplementl chromium on immune response of periprturient nd erly lcttion diry cows. Journl of Animl Science, 71: Burton J.L. B.J. Nonnecke, T.H. Elssser, B.A. Mllrd, W.Z. Yng nd D.N. Mowt Immunomodultory ctivity of blood serum from chromiumsupplemented periprturient diry cows. Veterinry Immunology nd Immunopthology, 49: Chng X. nd D. N. Mowt Supplementl chromium for stressed nd growing feeder clves. Journl of Animl Science, 70: Chng X. B. A. Mllrd nd D. N. Mowt Effects of chromium on helth sttus, blood neutrophil phgocytosis nd in vitro lymphocyte blstogenesis of diry cows. Veterinry Immunology nd Immunopthology, 52: Depew C.L. L.D. Bunting, J.M. Fernndez, D.L. Thompson nd R.W. Adkinson Performnce nd metbolic responses of young diry clves fed diets supplemented with chromium tripicolinte. Journl of Diry Science, 81: Ducros, V Chromium metbolism. Biol. Trce Elem. Res. 32:

10 Gentry L.R. J.M. Fernndez, T.L. Wrd, T.W. White, L.L. Southern, T.D. Bidner, D.L. Thompson, D.W. Horohov, A.M. Chp nd T. Shlu Dietry protein nd chromium tripicolinte in Suffolk wether lmbs: Effects on production chrcteristics, metbolic nd hormonl responses nd immune sttus. Journl of Animl Science, 77: Hyirli A. D.R. Bremmer, S.J. Bertics, M.T. Soch nd R.R. Grummer Effect of chromium supplementtion on production nd metbolic prmeters in periprturient diry cows. Journl of Diry Science, 84: Kegley E.B. J.W. Spers nd T.T. Brown Effect of shipping nd chromium supplementtion on performnce, immune response, nd disese resistnce of steers. Journl of Animl Science, 75: Kegley E.B. J.W. Spers nd J.H. Eisemnn. 1997b. Performnce nd glucose metbolism in clves fed chromiumnicotinic cid complex or chromium chloride. Journl of Diry Science, 80: Kegley E. B. D.L. Gllowy nd T.M. Fkler Effect of dietry Chromium methionine on glucose metbolism of beef steers. Journl of Animl Science, 78: Kitchlong, L. J.M. Fernndez, L.D. Bunting, L.L. Southern, nd T. D. Bidner Influence of chromium tripicolinte on glucose metbolism nd nutrient prtitioning in growing lmbs. Journl of Animl Science, 73: Lentner, C Geigy Scientific Tbles, Volume 1. CIBAGEIGY Limited, Bsle, 295 p. 10

11 Mertz, W Confirmtion: Chromium levels in serum, hir, nd swet decline with ge. Nutr. Rev. 55: MoonsieShgeer S. nd D.N. Mowt Effect of level of supplementl chromium on performnce, serum constituents, nd immune sttus of stressed feeder clves. Animl Science, 71 (1) : Mowt D.N Orgnic chromium. A new nutrient for stressed nimls. Proceeding of Alltechs 10 th Annul Symposium, Nottinghm, UK, pp Munk A. P.M. Guyre nd N.J. Holbrook Physiologicl functions of glucocorticoids in stress nd their reltion to phrmcologicl ctions. Endocrinol, Rev, 5:25. Ntionl Reserch Council Nutrient Requirements of Diry Cttle. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Pge T.G. L.L. Southern, T.L. Wrd nd D.L. Thmpson, jr Effect of chromium picolinte on growth nd serum nd crcss trits of growingfinishing pigs. Journl of Animl Science, 71:656. Pechov A. nd L. Pvlt Chromium s n essentil nutrient. A review.veterinrni Medicin, 52 (1) : 118. Pechov A. A. Podhorsky, E. Lokjov, L. Pvlt nd J. Illek Metbolic effects of chromium supplementtion in diry cows in the periprtl period. Act Veterinri Burno, 71: Pechov A. S. Cech, L. Pvlt nd A. Podhorsky The influence of chromium supplementtion on metbolism, performnce nd reproduction of diry cows in 11

12 herd with incresed occurence of ketosis. Czech Journl of Animl Science, 48: Riles R. AND M.J. Albrink Effect if chromium chloride supplementtion on glucose tolernce nd serum lipids including highdensity lipoprotein of dult men. Americn Journl of clinicl nutrition, 34:2670. Roginski E.E. nd W.Mertz Effects of chromium (III) supplementtion on glucose nd mino cid metbolism in rt fed low protein diet. Journl of nutrition, 97:525. Simek M. D. Zemnov, P. Tvrznik nd A. Krs Vliv orgnicke formy chromu (BIOCHROM) nprodukci kvlitu mlek dojnic. In: Proceedings of III. Kbrtovy dieteticke dny, VFU Brno, Smith K.L. M.R. Wldron, T.R. Overton, j.k. Drckley nd M.T. Soch Performnce of diry cows s ffected by preprtum dietry crbohydrte source nd supplementtion with chromium throughout the periprturient period. Journl of Diry Science, 85(Suppl. 1): 23 bstrct. Smith K.L. M.R. Wldron, J.K. Drckley, M.T. Soch nd T.R. Overton Performnce of diry cows s ffected by preprtum dietry crbohydrte source nd supplementtion with chromium throughout the trnsition period. Journl of Diry Science, 88: Sthlhut H.S The effect of supplementl chromium nd copper sttus on glucose metbolism, performnce nd reproduction of beef cttle. MSc. Thesis, North Crolin stte university, USA. 12

13 Subiytno A. D.N. Mowt, nd W.Z. Yng Metbolite nd hormonl responses to glucose or propionte infusions in periprturient diry cows supplemented with chromium. Journl of Diry Science, 79: Underwood E.J Chromium. in Trce elements in humn nd niml nutrition. Fourth Edition, E. J. Underwood, ed. Acdemic Press, New York, pp villlpbosf A.C. RomeroR M.R. TrrgoC nd A. Rsdo Supplementtion with chromium picolinte reduce the incidence of plcentl retention in diry cows. Cndin Journl of Diry Science, 77:329. Yng W.Z. D.N. Mowt, A. Subiytno nd R.M. Liptrp Effects of chromium supplementtion on erly lcttion performnce of Holstein cows. Cndin Journl of Animl Science, 76:

14 Tble1. Dry mtter composition of bse diets fed to non lcttion or lcttion cows Diet content dry off(%) close up(%) Lctting(%) Corn silge Alflf hy Whet strw Concentrte Concentrte content (%) Corn grin Brely grin Cotton seed 8 11 Whet brn Cotton seed mel 6 5 Rpeseed mel Soy been mel Fish mel Corn gluten mel 4 2 Ft mel Animl supplementtion Ure 0.3 Feso4 0.1 Cco3 0.3 DCP NH4Cl 1.7 NCl NHCo3 1.2 Mg2o Mycosorb Protoxin Clculted composition 14

15 Protein(%) NDF(%) ADF(%) C (%) P(%) Cr (mg/kg) Tble 2. The Effect of CrMet supplementtion on milk production nd composition Lcttion period Experimentl tretment Milk (kg/d) Ft (%) Protein (%) Lctose (%) Totl solid(%) SolidNon Ft (%) FCM %4 (kg/d) Wk 4 of Lctting Chromium Control SEM Wk 8 of Lctting Chromium Control SEM Wk 12 of Lctting Chromium Control SEM Totl experimentl period Chromium Control b SEM b Mens in the sme column with no common superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05) 15

16 Tble3. The Effect of CrMet supplementtion on serum biochemistry prmeters Blood smpling periods Experimentl tretment Glucose (mg/dl) Totl cholesterol (mg/dl) Triglyceride (mg/dl) Totl protein (mg/dl) Insulin (µ UA/L) Cortisol (µ UA/L) weeks 5 prior to prturition Chromium Control SEM weeks 2 prior to prturition Chromium Control SEM week fter prturition Chromium Control SEM week fter prturition Chromium Control SEM Totl experimentl priod Chromium Control 38.4 b b SEM b Mens in the sme column with no common superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05) 16