Lactation performance and serum biochemistry of dairy cows fed supplemental chromium in the transition period

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1 Africn Journl of Biotechnology Vol. 10(50), pp , 5 September, 2011 Avilble online t DOI: /AJB ISSN Acdemic Journls Full Length Reserch Pper Lcttion performnce nd serum biochemistry of diry cows fed supplementl chromium in the trnsition M. Khlili*, A.D. Foroozndeh nd M. Toghyni Deprtment of Animl Science, Khorsgn Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Esfhn, Irn. Accepted 8 July, 2011 This study ws conducted to evlute the effect of supplementl chromium on performnce nd blood serum biochemistry of diry cows. Thus, 20 multiprous Holstein cows (prity 3) were eqully divided into two groups, group one (control), which received no chromium supplementtion nd group two (tretment) which received 5 g/dy chromium methionine from week 5 prior to prturition until 12 weeks therefter. Milk production nd milk composition were evluted on 4, 8 nd 12 weeks fter prturition. Serum biochemistry concentrtions (serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, totl protein, nd cortisol nd insulin concentrtion) nd blood hemtology (red blood cell, hemtocrit, hemoglobin concentrtion nd percentge neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, bsophiles, eosinophils nd rtio of neutrophils to lymphocytes) were mesured on 2 nd 5 weeks prior to prturition nd 1 nd 4 weeks therefter. Results indicte tht milk production ws significntly ffected by chromium-methionine supplementtion during the entire (P<0.01) but no significnt effect on milk composition ws found. Supplementl chromium hd no significnt effect on serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides nd insulin concentrtion nd blood hemtology prmeters (P<0.05). However, chromium supplementtion tended to increse significntly, serum totl protein concentrtion nd decrese cortisol concentrtion (P<0.05). The results of this experiment showed tht chromium methionine supplementtion in multiprous diry cows diet my improve their milk yield in trnsition. Key words: Diry cow, trnsition, chromium-methionine, milk yield, serum biochemistry. INTRODUCTION Chromium is trnsitionl element with n tomic number 24 nd n tomic weight of Chromium ws first shown to be essentil in swine by Schwrtz nd Mertz (1959) when they isolted glucose tolernce fctor (GTF) from swine kidney. Furthermore, this element hs been reported to ply essentil roles in ctivity of certin enzymes, metbolism of protein nd nucleic cids, s well s impct on immune functions (Beitz nd Horst, 1997). However, only its function s relted to glucose metbolism is sufficiently understood. Chromium lso ids in the conversion of thyroxin to triodothyronine, incresing the metbolic rte (Burton, 1995). *Corresponding uthor. E-mil: m_khlili1362@yhoo.com. Tel: Fx: Potentil benefits of supplementing chromium to livestock hve been shown to improve performnce in growing nd finishing swine nd ruminnts (Chng nd Mowt, 1992; Kegley et l., 1997, b; Moonsie-Shgeer nd Mowt, 1993). In studies conducted in diry cows, chromium supplementtion hs been shown to increse dry mtter intke (Besong et l., 1996; Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2002), increse milk yields (Besong et l., 1996; Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2002), reduce blood nonesterified ftty cid (NEFA) concentrtion (Bryn et l., 2004; Depew et l., 1998; Hyirli et l., 2001; Yng et l., 1996), improve fertility (Yng et l., 1996; Bryn et l., 2004; Pechov et l., 2003) nd decrese plcentl retention, nd udder edem in older cows (Hyirli et l., 2001; Yng et l., 1996; Villlobos et l., 1997; Sthlhut, 2004; Bryn et l., 2004 ; Burton et l., 1993; Besong et l., 1996). Since there is no dequte mesure of chromium

2 Khlili et l sttus, estblishing dietry requirements for livestock nd humns is difficult. While the recommended intke for chromium is 50 to 200 µg per dy (Ntionl Reserch Council (NRC), 1989) in humns; currently, there is no estblished chromium requirement for ruminnts. Improvement in impired glucose tolernce fter chromium supplementtion is the most sufficient mens to determine deficiency. While the recommended intke for chromium is 50 to 200 µg per dy (Ntionl Reserch Council, 1989) in humn; currently, there is no estblished chromium requirement for ruminnt. Improvement in impired glucose tolernce fter chromium supplementtion is the most sufficient mens to determine deficiency. The im of this study ws to ssess the effect of supplementl chromium for diry cows from 5 weeks preprturient through 12 weeks postprtum on performnce, nd blood serum biochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animls nd dietry tretments 20 multiprous Holsteins (prity 3) housed in free stlls t the Esfhn-Kesht frm (ner the Esfhn - Irn), Irn, were rndomly llocted cross two tretment group: ten cows were supplemented once dy with 5 g/dy Cr-Met vi bll dough corn fter the.m. milking, wheres the other 10 cows received no chromium (Cr) supplementtion. Cows received dietry tretments from 5 weeks preprtum (wk-5) through 12 weeks postprtum once dy (wk+12). From wk-5 to wk+12, totl mixed diet (NRC, 2001, Tble 1) ws offered to ll cows (d libitum intke). Rndom smples were tken of these TMR diets which were sent to lbortory for nlysis. Also, the mounts of chromium of diets were determined by tomic bsorption system (Tble 1). Production dt All cows were milked four times per dy. At three time points, t 4 week intervls, milk yield ws determined nd milk smples were collected in plstic bottle contining 2-brom-2- nitro-1, 3- propndiol ( preservtive) for the determintion of milk composition. Milk smples were nlyzed for ft, protein, lctose, SNF (solid nonft) nd TS (totl solid) by n utomted nerinfrred spectroscopy nlyzer (Milko- Scn, 134 BN, Foss Electric, Hiller d, Denmrk). Ft corrected milk 4% (FCM 4% = [0.4 x kg milk] + [15 x kg ft]). Blood smpling Blood smples were lso collected from ll the cows, t 5 nd 2 weeks before expected clving nd 1 nd 4 weeks post clving. Blood smples were obtined by 20 ml vein puncture of the jugulr vein during the.m. milking. After blood ws collected, 2 ml of ech smple ws poured into tubes contining ethylene dimine tetrcetic cid for determining blood hemtology nd then the remining smple ws centrifuged t 3500 g rpm for 10 min nd the serum stored t -20 C until further nlysis (within 24 h). Smples were nlyzed for serum glucose, totl cholesterol, triglyceride, totl protein, nd insulin nd cortisol concentrtions. Biochemicl nd hormonl ssy Glucose, totl cholesterol, triglyceride, nd totl protein, of serum were determined utomticlly (Technicon RA1000 System; Technicon Instruments Corp., Trrytown, NY) t 37 C. Concentrtions of insulin nd cortisol were nlyzed by rdio immune-ssy (RIA) kits obtined from Dignostic System Lbortories (DSL), Corporte USA. A gmm counter (Multicrystl Gmm Counter Perthold LP 2103, Germny) ws used. Insulin nd cortisol were determined ccording to Gerich (Gerich, 1988). Blood hemtology prmeters such s: Red blood cell, hemoglobin nd hemtocrit were evluted by sysmex system (Sysmex K1000, TOA Ltd., Tokyo, Jpn). Also, smir ws mde of blood smples by gims, stining coloring, lymphocyte, bsophile nd eosonophide were determined. Sttisticl nlyses Milk production nd composition nd serum biochemistry prmeters were nlyzed by using generl liner model procedures of SPSS16 in the computer for completely rndomized design with two tretments nd ten repeted using the following model. Duncn multiple rnge test ws used to test significnt differences in tretments: Yijk = µ + Aj + Bk + ABjk+ Eijk Where, Yijk is the depended vrible; µ is the overll men; Aj is the tretment effect; Bk is the effect; A Bjk is the interction effect of tretment nd nd Eijk is the residul error. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Milk yield nd composition In this study, Cr supplementtion diet incresed milk yield, (Tble 2) which greed to the results of Besong et l. (1996), Hyirli et l. (2001), Smith et l. (2005) nd Yng et l. (1996). However, Bryn et l. (2004) nd Pechov et l. (2002, 2003) hd reported Cr supplementtion hs no effect on milk yield. At the most, studies which increse milk production hs been reported, increse t dry mtter intke is lso seen (Besong et l., 1996; Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith et l., 2005). In studies where increses in milk production hve been observed, increses in postprtum DMI hve lso been observed (Hyirli et l., 2001; Smith, 2004). It would seem logicl tht DMI would increse when milk production incresed, especilly considering body tissue mobiliztion, s indicted by reduction in blood NEFA, is reduced with Cr supplementtion. Reduced body tissue mobiliztion would provide less energy to sustin milk production (NRC, 2001). In our study, lthough possibility of mesuring the rte of dry mtter intke ws not possible, my be becuse Cr supplementtion incresed dry mtter intke. Consequently, it cused increse in milk production. As it is shown in Tble 2, milk composition hs not been ffected by Cr supplementtion. The composition of

3 10306 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Tble 1. Dry mtter composition of bsl diets fed to non lcttion or lcttion cows. Diet content Dry off Close up Lctting Corn silge Alflf hy Whet strw Concentrte Concentrte composition Corn grin Brely grin Cotton seed Whet brn Cotton seed mel 6-5 Rpeseed mel Soy been mel Fish mel Corn gluten mel Ft mel Vitmin nd minerl premix Ure FeSO CCO DCP NH 4Cl NCl NHCO Mg 2O Mycosorb Protoxin Clculted composition Protein NDF ADF C P Cr (mg/kg) milk with regrd to Cr supplementtion ws studied by reltively few uthors (Pechov et l., 2003). In most cses, they found no difference between the experimentl nd control group (Besong et l., 1996; Yng et l., 1996; Simek et l., 1999). Hyirli et l. (2001) reported incresed ft production nd lctose levels in milk fter Cr supplementtion, which corresponds to our finding. Serum biochemistry prmeters The effects of Cr-Met supplementtion on serum biochemistry prmeters in the entire of the experiment nd during different experimentl s re shown in Tble 3. As shown, glucose nd insulin concentrtion hd not been ffected by Cr-met supplementtion, wheres decresed serum cortisol

4 Khlili et l Tble 2. The effect of Cr-Met supplementtion on milk production nd composition. Lcttion s Wk 4 of Lctting Wk 8 of Lctting Wk 12 of Lctting Totl experimentl Experimentl tretment Milk (kg/d) Ft Protein Lctose TS SNF FCM %4 (kg/d) Chromium Control SEM Chromium Control SEM Chromium Control SEM Chromium Control b SEM b Mens in the sme column with no common superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). TS, totl solid; SNF, solid nonft; FCM, ft corrected milk. concentrtion in the entire of the experiment but it ws not significnt (P<0.05) t different experimentl s. Previous studies by Besong et l. (1996), Bryn et l. (2004), Burton et l. (1995) on cow, nd Gentry et l. (1999) nd Kitchlong et l. (1995) on sheep hve shown tht Cr supplementtion hs no effect on serum glucose nd insulin concentrtion. However, Chng nd Mowt (1992) nd Kegley et l. (1997b, 2000) on clves, nd Bunting et l. (1994) on cows reported tht Cr supplementtion cuses decrese in glucose concentrtion nd increse of serum insulin concentrtion. Chng nd Mowt (1992), nd Moonsie-Shgeer nd Mowt (1993) reported tht Cr-met supplementtion cuses decrese in serum cortisol concentrtion. However, Depew et l. (1998) nd Kegley et l. (1997b) did not observe ny effect of Cr supplementtion on serum cortisol supplementtion. In our study, glucose nd insulin concentrtion hd not been effected by Cr-met supplementtion, tht is, mybe becuse of inbility of chromium on insulin secretion of pncres glnd. How chromium ffects cortisol production is unknown, but it is cler tht glucocorticoids inhibit excretion of insulin (Munck et l., 1984). Becuse GTF (glucose tolernce fctor) Cr potenttes the ction of insulin it my inversely inhibit cortisol excretion (Chng nd Mowt., 1992). Reduced NEFA concentrtion ws observed in response to Cr supplementtion (Yng et l., 1996; DePew et l., 1998; Hyirli et l., 2001; Bryn et l., 2004). Reduced blood NEFA concentrtion in response to Cr supplementtion my be prtilly ttributed to reduced blood cortisol levels (Chng nd Mowt, 1992; Moonsie-Shgeer nd Mowt, 1993; Almeid nd Brjs, 2001) s cortisol cts ntgonisticlly to insulin, reducing glucose uptke by peripherl tissue (Burton, 1995). As it is shown in Tble 3, serum totl cholesterol nd triglyceride concentrtion were not ffected by Cr supplementtion. This cn be becuse of disbility of chromium on insulin concentrtion in our experiment. The role of insulin is confirmed by lipogenesis stimulus nd lipolysis inhibition (Kegley et l., 2000). Previous studies by Besong et l. (1996), Depew et l. (1998), Kegley et l., (1997b) nd Moonsie-shgeer nd Mowt (1993) hd shown Cr supplementtion hd no effect on concentrtion of serum totl cholesterol nd triglyceride. However, Bunting et l. (1994), Pge et l. (1993), Riles et l. (1981) nd Subiytno et l. (1996) hd reported Cr supplementtion cuses reduction in serum totl cholesterol nd triglyceride concentrtion. This study, using chromium supplementtion, resulted in some increse in totl protein of serum (Tble-3). These results re in ccordnce with studies reported by Bunting et l. (1994), Roginski nd Mertz (1969) nd Chng nd Mowt (1992). However, Kitchlong et l. (1995) nd Kegley et l. (1997) reported Cr supplementtion hd no effect on serum totl protein concentrtion. Increse in totl protein of serum could be due to the decrese of serum cortisol concentrtion or n increse of sensitivity tissue to insulin. The role of insulin is proved t increse of synthesis of proteins (Roginski nd Mertz, 1969). Moonsie-Shgeer nd Mowt (1993) reported incresed serum lbumin in response to feeding Cr-yest to steers clves. The increse in serum lbumin my be due to incresed in mino cid synthesis in the liver, suggesting tht Cr my improve mino cid synthesis,

5 10308 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Tble 3. The effect of Cr-Met supplementtion on serum biochemistry prmeters. Blood smpling 5 weeks prior to prturition Experimentl tretment Glucose Totl cholesterol Triglyceride Totl protein Insulin (µua/l) Cortisol (µ UA/L) Chromium Control SEM weeks prior to prturition Chromium Control SEM week fter prturition Chromium Control SEM week fter prturition Chromium Control SEM Totl experimentl Chromium Control 38.4 b b SEM b Mens in the sme column with no common superscripts re significntly different (p<0.05). possibly vi insulin. Schroeder et l. (1965) concluded tht Cr plus insulin enhnced incorportion of severl mino cids into protein in rts. Effect of Cr supplementtion on blood hemtology prmeters re shown in Tble 4. In our study, Cr supplementtion hd no effect on blood prmeters such s; totl red blood cells, hemtocrit nd hemoglobin. Also, Cr supplementtion hd no significnt effect on the neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, bsophiles, eosinophils percentges nd rtio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. In conclusion, results of this experiment showed tht milk production ws significntly ffected by chromium methionine supplementtion during the entire, but it hd no significnt effect on milk composition. Supplementl chromium hd no significnt effect on serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides nd insulin concentrtion nd blood hemtology prmeters. However, chromium supplementtion tended to increse serum totl protein concentrtion nd decrese cortisol concentrtion. The results of this experiment lso showed tht using chromium methionine supplementtion in multiprous diry cows diet my improve their milk yield in trnsition. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project supported by Islmic Azd University, Khorsgn brnch, Isfhn, Irn nd SANA DAM PARS Co. on behlf of ZINPRO Corportion.

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