LIVE AND FORMULATED DIET EVALUATION THROUGH INITIAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUNDIÁ LARVAE, Rhamdia quelen

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1 Diet evlution of Rhmdi quelen 615 LIVE AND FORMULATED DIET EVALUATION THROUGH INITIAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUNDIÁ LARVAE, Rhmdi quelen Pulo Césr Flnghe Crneiro 1 *; Jorge Dniel Mikos 1 ; Mrinne Schorer 1 ; Pulo Roerto Cmpgnoli Oliveir Filho 1 ; Fino Bendhck 1 PUCPR - CCAA Zootecni, C.P São José dos Pinhis, PR - Brsil. CAUNESP - Vi Acesso Pulo Donto Cstelne, s/n Joticl, SP - Brsil. * Corresponding uthor <crneiro@rl1.pucpr.r> ABSTRACT: Live diet (LD) dependence nd the lck of suitle formulted diets (FD) re mjor constrints for the expnsion of lrviculture of mny fish species. The low digestiility nd nutritionl qulity of FD re fctors tht might explin their filure s stnd-lone strter food. To determine whether FD in comintion with LD (zooplnkton) my efficiently increse lrvl growth nd survivl of jundiá (Rhmdi quelen), when compred to fish fed y either types of diet lone, jundiá lrve (5.57 mm; 1.41 mg) were initilly stocked into 1 1-L quri (1 lrve per qurium). Replicte groups (n=4) were fed d liitum one of the three diets for (when fed FD) or 48 dys (when fed LD or the comined diets). Lrve fed FD lone presented significntly lower survivl nd growth rtes s compred to lrve fed LD or comintion of oth (co-fed). In ddition, co-fed lrve grew etter (17 mg) in reltion to those fed solely with LD (11 mg). Such etter performnce of comined feeding indictes tht most of the required nutrients re in lnce when oth diet sources re included. More cn e lerned out fish lrve nutrition y further testing the effect of feeding comined diets, which include zooplnkton, thn only testing new ingredients or protein sources commonly used in the elortion of juvenile or dult fish feeds. Key words: feed, zooplnkton, nutrition, silver ctfish ALIMENTO VIVO E FORMULADO, CRESCIMENTO INICIAL E SOBREVIVÊNCIA DE PÓS-LARVAS DE JUNDIÁ, Rhmdi quelen RESUMO: A lrvicultur d miori ds espécies de peixes enfrent o desfio d dependênci do limento vivo (AL) e d flt de diets formulds (DF) que tendm plenmente às necessiddes ds lrvs. A ix digestiilidde e qulidde nutricionl ds DFs são lguns dos ftores que explicm o insucesso qundo s lrvs receem pens FD. Pr vlir o efeito d cominção d DF com o AL no crescimento e n sorevivênci de lrvs de jundiá (Rhmdi quelen), comprndo com o uso seprdo d DF ou do AL, lrvs recém eclodids (5,57 mm; 1,41 mg) form estocds inicilmente em 1 quários de 1 L (1 lrvs por quário). Qutro réplics form limentds d liitum com um ds três diets por (pr DF) ou 48 dis (pr AL ou cominção DF + AL). As lrvs limentds com pens DF presentrm crescimento e sorevivênci reduzidos qundo comprds àquels limentds com AL ou cominção DF + AL. Adicionlmente, s lrvs do trtmento DF + AL presentrm mior crescimento em peso (17 mg) que quels limentds pens com AL (11 mg). O melhor desempenho ds lrvs limentds com DF + AL mostr que miori dos nutrientes exigidos pels lrvs é fornecid mis dequdmente qundo ms s diets são fornecids juntmente. Contudo, trlhos sore nutrição lrvl poderão contriuir ind mis sore elucidção deste tem qundo feits comprções com o uso comindo de DF + AL, do que pens testndo isoldmente novos ingredientes e fontes protéics normlmente utilizds n elorção de diets pr juvenis e dultos. Plvrs-chve: rção, zooplâncton, nutrição, gre cinz INTRODUCTION Nutritionlly dequte strter diets re essentil for the success of lrviculture of mny fish species, since the criticl period of quculture production hs een identified s the strt of the exogenous feeding (Conceição et l., 1998; Grcí-Orteg et l., 1). Once Scienti Agricol, v.6, n.4, p , Oct./Dec. 3 the yolk sc reserves re depleted, the cquisition of nutrients y fish depends on the ingestion of zooplnkton orgnisms found in their nturl hitt. Becuse in intensive quculture systems the cultivtion nd mintennce of live food orgnisms is costly, lor intensive, unpredictle nd in some cses could led to the production of live food with suoptiml nutritionl qulity,

2 616 Crneiro et l. efforts re eing mde for their prtil or totl replcement y formulted diets (Chu & Zmonino-Infnte, 1). Severl formulted diets for fish lrve hve een tested with reltive success. However, the results on growth nd survivl chieved with these diets were inferior to the use of live food, possily ecuse of the composition, pltility, physicl chrcteristics (Person Le Ruyet et l., 1993) or to n inility of properly digesting the feed (Kolkovsky, 1). Higher growth rtes cn e otined y comined feeding of formulted diets nd live food supplementtion (e.g. Artemi nuplii) or cofeeding (Luchini & Sls, 1984; Cnvte & Fernndes- Diz, 1999). This ll hs een shown to enhnce lrvl performnce eyond tht chieved y feeding either types of diets lone (Holt, 1993; Chu & Zmonino-Infnte, 1), nd to permit wening in shorter time (Person Le Ruyet et l., 1993). The importnce of using comined live nd formulted diets lies minly in supplying more suitle nd well lnced diet to fish lrve in digestive form. A numer of other importnt spects relted to nutrition, species, fish iology, nd husndry conditions, which determine the success of using comined feeding, re not yet fully understood. For instnce, there pper to e specific periods during development when fish lrve will feed on, nd metolize formulted diets, nd tht cn e ccounted for ehviorl nd physiologicl cpcity (Chu & Zmonino-Infnte, 1; Petkm & Moodie, 1). Moreover, some fish species lrve pprently re etter dpted to the utiliztion of nutrients from formulted diets thn others. Jundiá (Rhmdi quelen) is n importnt freshwter ctfish commonly found in mny Brzilin rivers nd in other regions of Ltin Americ. Severl studies crried out on this species hve pointed out jundiá s promising new species for quculture in Brzil (Pii et l., 1999; Chippri-Gomes et l., ; Gomes et l., ; Ulin et l., 1; Crneiro et l., ). One good reson is tht jundiá lrve seem to ccept inert dry diet from the very eginning of exogenous feeding. Such ehvior is crucil during husndry procedures for fingerling production. Nevertheless, other importnt spects need to e considered during the first feeding of fish lrve (Kolkovski, 1). Therefore, the ojective of this study ws to determine whether formulted diet (FD) in comintion with live diet (LD) my efficiently increse lrvl growth nd survivl of jundiá, when compred to fish fed y either types of diets lone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fish lrve source nd tril design Jundiá lrve were otined from confined rood stock (ody weight 4 6 g) in São José dos Pinhis, SP, Brzil (5 o 34 S; 49 o 11 W; 93 m). Pituitry extrct ws used in n overll reeding procedure similr to tht commonly used for mny fish species (Crneiro et l., ). Htching occurred within 4 h of fertiliztion t o C, nd three dys lter lrve from conicl incutors were pooled, removed from incutors nd llocted to 1 plstic quri. One hundred lrve (1.41 ±.31 g nd 5.57 ±.65 cm men ± stndrd devition) were rered in ech 1-L plstic qurium under ertion. One dy ws llowed for recovery nd ded lrve were replced to mintin the density of 1 lrve per liter prior to the strt of the experiment. The experiment ws crried out for 48 dys in 13:11 h light:drk photoperiod regime. Tretments were formulted diet (FD) nd live diet (LD), lone or in comintion (Co-fed). FD lrve were fed in excess four-six times dy; zooplnkton ws provided to LD nd Cofed groups once dy with undnt nd in similr quntity per qurium throughout the experimentl period. To enle etter growth, rte numer of lrve ws reduced to ten per qurium from dy to dy 35, nd then reduced gin to five until the end of the experimentl period. Prcels receiving FD lone hd high mortlity nd tretment ws terminted on dy. Food sources FD consisted of powdered commercil feed used for fingerling production (crude protein 45%, lipid 1%, crude fier 6%, sh 14%, clcium.5%, phosphorus 1.%, nd moisture 13%). Zooplnkton ws cptured on dily sis (6 µm mesh net) from fertilized erthen pond nd grded y nylon mesh sieves (1 to 1 µm) efore feeding, ccording to the lrve size. Smplings, growth nd mortlity Lrve were rndomly smpled from ech experimentl qurium (n = 4) on dy, 35, nd 48, nd preserved in 1% formlin solution. Totl length nd weight were mesured with the id of stereomicroscope nd electronic scle, respectively. The condition fctor (K) ws clculted s follow: W K = L 3 x1 where W nd L re weight (mg) nd totl length (mm), respectively. Growth ws reported s specific growth rte (SGR - % chnge in ody weight per dy) nd clculted from verge ody weights s follows: SGR(% -1 1[ln( W ) ln( W1 )] dy ) = period( dys) where W 1 nd W re the initil nd finl weights (mg), respectively. Ded fish were removed dily nd cumul- Scienti Agricol, v.6, n.4, p , Oct./Dec. 3

3 Diet evlution of Rhmdi quelen 617 tive mortlity rte ws recorded s the percentges of the totl numer of lrve stocked in ech period etween smplings. Wter qulity Aquri were siphoned dily for wste removl; 1% of wter volume ws replced. Wter temperture, ph nd dissolved oxygen (DO) were mesured dily with digitl meters. Wter tempertures rnged from 5 to 8 o C, nd ph from 7.4 nd 8.3. DO levels were mintined 5.4 mg L -1 throughout the experimentl period. Ammoni concentrtions (mg L -1 ) were mesured weekly using Lmmote kit nd the levels were kept under 1 mg L -1 during the tril period. Sttisticl nlysis The tril ws set up in completely rndomized design (n = 4). Effects of different tretments on totl length, men weight, condition fctor nd specific growth rte were tested y one-wy nlysis of vrince. When differences were detected (P =.5), Tukey test (P =.5) ws used to compre tretment mens t dy. As there were only two tretments from dy on, men vlues from smples tken on dys 35 nd 48 were compred y the Student T test (P =.5). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cnnilism ws oserved during ll experimentl period, minly on the first dys, in ll tretments. Five dys fter strting the feeding tril, fish lrve fed only formulted diet (FD) were visully smller thn those fed live diet (LD) or comintion (Co-fed). Moreover, FDfed lrve were less ctive nd remined dispersed on the ottom of the quri. Lrve fed solely zooplnkton were swimming minly ner the lterl wlls of the quri, t hlf depth. Co-fed lrve hd n intermedite ehvior, swimming either ner the ottom or the wlls. During the first dys, live food seemed to e more ttrctle to the co-fed lrve thn the formulted diet. Co-fed lrve presented more interest for FD t the end of the first week. Nevertheless, co-fed jundiá lrve seemed to wen from LD to FD grdully nd spontneously during the first dys of life. The effects of the dietry tretments on growth re reported in terms of totl length, ody weight nd specific growth rte (SGR). FD-fed lrve hd poor growth nd very high mortlity t dy. As consequence, FD tretment ws terminted t dy. The LD nd co-fed tretments were crried out until the end of the experimentl period (dy 48). Totl length, ody weight, condition fctor (K), nd (SGR) were significntly reduced (P.5) for FD-fed lrve (Figures 1,, 3, nd 4). Co-fed lrve presented higher totl length (P.5) thn LD-fed lrve only t the end of the experimentl period (Figure 1). In ddition, Co-fed lrve Totl length (mm) Figure 1 - Men totl length of jundiá (Rhmdi quelen) lrve fed formulted diet (FD), live diet (LD), nd comintion of FD nd LD (Co-fed) for 48 dys under lortory conditions. Different letters indicte differences (P.5) mong tretments t the sme smpling time. Verticl rs represent the stndrd error of the men. Body weight (mg) Condition fctor (mg mm -3 ) Initil vlue Inicil Vlue Initil vlue Experimentl period (dys) c Figure - Men ody weight of jundiá (Rhmdi quelen) lrve fed formulted diet (FD), live diet (LD), nd comintion of FD nd LD (Co-fed) for 48 dys under lortory conditions. Different letters indicte differences (P.5) mong tretments t the sme smpling time. Verticl rs represent the stndrd error of the men Experimentl period (dys) Figure 3 - Men condition fctor (K) of jundiá (Rhmdi quelen) lrve fed formulted diet (FD), live diet (LD), nd comintion of FD nd LD (Co-fed) for 48 dys under lortory conditions. Different letters indicte differences (P.5) mong tretments t the sme smpling time. Verticl rs represent the stndrd error of the men Experimentl period (dys) Scienti Agricol, v.6, n.4, p , Oct./Dec. 3

4 618 Crneiro et l. SGR (% dy -1 ) Figure 4 - Specific growth rte (SGR %/dy) of jundiá (Rhmdi quelen) lrve fed formulted diet (FD), live diet (LD), nd comintion of FD nd LD (Co-fed) for 48 dys under lortory conditions. Different letters indicte differences (P.5) mong tretments t the sme smpling time. Verticl rs represent the stndrd error of the men. Mortlity rte (%) Experimentl period (dys) Experimentl period (dys) Figure 5 - Mortlity rte (%) of jundiá (Rhmdi quelen) lrve fed formulted diet (FD), live diet (LD), nd comintion of FD nd LD (Co-fed) for 48 dys under lortory conditions. hd higher ody weight (P.5) thn the lrve fed only live food from dy forth. Noteworthily, LD-fed lrve presented higher growth nd survivl rtes thn FD-fed lrve (Figures nd 5). Condition fctor nd SGR hd similr ptterns for LD-fed nd co-fed lrve during the whole experimentl period, ut presented higher vlues (P.5) thn FD-fed lrve t dy (Figures 3 nd 4). Approximtely 8% of the LD nd co-fed lrve survived until the 4 nd dy of the tril, wheres only 3% of FD-fed lrve survived during the first dys (Figure 5). The higher mortlity nd lower growth of FD fed lrve, s compred to the LD nd co-fed tretments, llow to infer tht FD-fed lrve were mlnourished, lthough they were fed in excess. FD-fed lrve serched for food throughout the experimentl period, ut with lower ctivity when compred to the lrve from the other tretments. At dy 4 ll quri were infected with the ectoprsite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis during routine siphoning, cusing high fish mortlity in ll tretments. However, co-fed lrve seemed to endure longer nd presented higher survivl rte (Figure 5). Co-fed lrve seemed to e etter nourished nd well fit to overcome injuries, such s prsitic infesttion. The production of fish lrve nd fingerlings of most fish species relies lrgely on feeding strtegies sed on live food. Becuse live food orgnisms lso hve to e cultured, these strtegies pose extr strin minly on htchery mngement, leding to increse fingerling production costs. Development of suitle formulted nd/ or mix feeding lrvl diets hve llevited these prolems, incresing the reliility nd improving the cost-enefit of the fingerling production in fish htcheries. Severl studies hve een dedicted to develope fesile co-feeding strtegies for fish lrve. Fermin & Bolivr (1991) nd Petkm & Moddie (1) oserved tht co-feeding prctices resulted in etter growth of wlking ctfish, Clris mcrocephlus, lrve. Jundiá lrve were oserved eting formulted diet t n erly stge of exogenous feeding. Wlking ctfish lrve fed live diet (Artemi) for the first 1 dys, followed y formulted diet for the next 11 dys, grew significntly etter in length nd ody weight thn lrve which received diet composed only of either Artemi or formulted diet. Moreover, Rosenlund et l. (1997) nd Cnvte & Fernndez-Diz (1999) oserved tht the ppliction of co-feeding strtegy in some commercilly importnt mrine quculturl species, such s sole (Sole seneglensis), sess (Dicentrrchus lrx), gilthed serem (Sprus urt) nd others, improved growth nd survivl rtes. Even though formulted diet my e consumed inefficiently y jundiá t the strt of exogenous feeding, it cn e suitle nd even more dequte thn live diet in lter htchery stge. Formultion of compound, dequte diets for fish lrve t the erly life stge is not esy to e chieved ecuse the estimtion of nutritionl requirements of fish lrve cnnot e crried out y trditionl nutritionl pproches. Moreover, live diets ingested y lrve contin exogenous sustnces such s gut neuropeptides, enzymes nd nutritionl growth fctors tht contriute to the digestion of prey, frequently omitted in formulted diets (Rosenlund et l., 1997). To dte, when used lone from the onset of the exogenous feeding, commercilly, formulted diets do not support the growth of lrve of most fish species. Zooplnkton, group of orgnisms ordinrily present in quculture ponds, is n essentil diet for fish lrve, supplying mny nutrients (in the digestive form) required y the lrve. In the current study, jundiá lrve fed solely formulted diet presented poor growth nd survivl rtes. As the fish lrve grow, energy requirement to cpture such prey increses nd this could explin why jundiá lrve fed only live diet did not grow Scienti Agricol, v.6, n.4, p , Oct./Dec. 3

5 Diet evlution of Rhmdi quelen 619 s efficiently s those fed comintion of live nd formulted diets, especilly during the second hlf of the lrvl stge. Sucess on cultivtion of jundiá lrve, like mny other fish species, is mrkedly improved when live diet is provided (Rottmnn et l., 1991). Feeding only formulted diet my result in physiologicl nd/or morphologicl immturity of the digestive system of fish lrve, nd in the sence of proteolytic enzymes, supplied y live food in the digestive trct, or oth (Ronnestd et l., 1999; Kolkovski, 1). A deficiency in digestive enzymes in young lrve explins the lck of success in formulted diet feeding (Drowski & Glogovski, 1977; Luff & Hofer, 1984). A potentil role of the enzymes of prey orgnisms in lrvl digestion hs often een rgued, ut without conclusive results. Zooplnkton my e consumed y the lrve ssist the digestion process y donting their digestive enzymes, either y utolysis or s zymogens, which ctivte the lrvl endogenous digestive enzymes (Kolkovski, 1). There is no consensus on this suject, nd proteses derived from live diet hve een shown to mke only smll contriution to enzymtic ctivity in some fish species (Chu & Zmonino- Infnte, 1). Feeding prey orgnisms for short time efore formulted diet is offered my increse digestive ctivity nd increse the ility of lrve to digest formulted diets. Additionlly, the superior growth of lrve fed live diet my result from incresed food intke, nutrient digestiility, nd ssimiltion of live diet, insted of higher nutritionl vlue (Chu & Zmonino-Infnte, 1). Comining formulted nd live diet t n erly developmentl stge seems to improve growth nd survivl of jundiá lrve s compred to the single use of either formulted or live diets. This prctice seems to improve nd stilize the nutritionl condition of the lrve nd pre-condition them to ccept the formulted diet when live diet is withdrwn, resulting in shorter wening period. Consequently, the production of improved diets could lso llow nd sustin the low production cost of high qulity fingerlings under lortory conditions. REFERENCES CAHU, C.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J. Sustitution of live food y formulted diets in mrine fish lrve. Aquculture, v., p , 1. CANAVATE, J.P.; FERNANDEZ-DIAZ, C. Influence of co-feeding lrve with live nd inert diets on wening the sole, Sole seneglensis, onto commercil dry feeds. Aquculture, v.174, p.55-63, CARNEIRO, P.C.F.; BENDHACK, F.; MIKOS, J.D.; SCHORER, M.; OLIVEIRA FILHO, P.R.C. Jundiá: um grnde peixe pr Região Sul. Pnorm d Aqüicultur, v.1, p.41-46,. CHIPPARI-GOMES, A.R.; GOMES, L.C.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. Lethl tempertures for Rhmdi quelen lrve (Pimelodide). Ciênci Rurl, v.3, p ,. CONCEIÇÃO, L.E.C.; OZÓRIO, R.O.A.; SUURD, E.A.; VERRETH, J.A.J. 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