Supplemental Information. Alteration of Tumor Metabolism by CD4+ T Cells. Leads to TNF-a-Dependent Intensification

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1 Cell Metabolism, Volume 8 Supplemental Information Alteration of Tumor Metabolism by CD4+ T Cells Leads to TNF-a-Dependent Intensification of Oxidative Stress and Tumor Cell Death Tsadik Habtetsion, Zhi-Chun Ding, Wenhu Pi, Tao Li, Chunwan Lu, Tingting Chen, Caixia Xi, Helena Spartz, Kebin Liu, Zhonglin Hao, Nahid Mivechi, Yuqing Huo, Bruce R. Blazar, David H. Munn, and Gang Zhou

2 Tumor size (mm ) Tumor size (mm ) Tumor size (mm ) SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Supplemental Figures A CT6HA or CT6WT CTX HA-CD4 5 B HA-CD4 CT6HA CTX 5 IFN RKO 3 CT6WT (n=4) CT6HA (n=4) Days after treatment 3 Days after treatment C CT6HA HA-CD4 CTX agr mab or clodronate 5 D Tumor rechallenge 5 anti-gr mab (n=5) Clodronate liposomes (n=5) Days after treatment naive cured S. Figure S, related to Figure : The curative effect of CTX+CD4 AT is antigen-driven and dependent on host response to IFN, but does not require the involvement of host myeloid cells (A) Adoptive transfer of HA-specific CD4+ T cells following CTX has no therapeutic effect on wildtype CT6 tumors. The schema depicts the timeline of experimental procedures. Mice were inoculated with either CT6HA or CT6WT tumor cells. Mice with established tumors were treated with CTX followed by adoptive transfer of HA-specific CD4+ T cells. Tumor growth curves of each mouse are shown. (B) CTX+CD4 AT treatment fails to reject tumors in IFN RKO mice. CT6HA

3 tumor cells were subcutaneously injected to IFN RKO mice. Mice with established tumors received CTX+CD4 AT and tumor growth was monitored. (C) Depletion of macrophages or myeloid cells does not affect the curative effect of CTX+CD4 AT. The schema depicts the timeline of experimental procedures. Mice with established CT6HA tumors were treated with CTX +CD4 AT. Some mice received clodronate liposomes to deplete macrophages, other mice were injected with anti-gr mab to deplete myeloid cells. Tumor growth curves of each mouse are shown. (D) Mice cured by CTX+CD4 AT are resistant to CT6HA tumor rechallenge. Mice with established CT6HA tumors were treated with CTX+CD4 AT. A group of mice with complete tumor regression were selected for tumor rechallenge after becoming tumor-free for 3 weeks. x 6 CT6HA tumor cells were subcutaneously injected to these cured mice and a group of naive mice which used as controls. Tumor sizes in mice 3 weeks after tumor inoculation are shown.

4 Scaled intensity Scaled intensity Scaled intensity Glutaminolysis A Glycolysis Glucose G6P F6P FBP DHAP G3P Lactate Pyruvate PEP PG 3PG BPG Acetyl-CoA Citrate Glutamine Oxaloacetate Malate TCA cycle Isocitrate Glutamate A-Ketoglutarate Fumarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate NADH FADH ADP NAD+ FAD ATP Oxidative phosphorylation B Glycolysis Glucose 3 Day 5 Day G6P Day 5 Day F6P DHAP 3PG PEP Lactate Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day C Glutaminolysis and TCA cycle Citrate a-ketoglutarate Succinate Fumarate Malate Glutamine Glutamate Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day Day 5 Day D Oxidative phosphorylation NAD+ FAD Day 5 Day Day 5 Day ADP Day 5 Day No Tx CTX CTX+CD4 AT Figure S Figure S, related to Figure : The impact of CTX+CD4 AT treatment on tumor glycolysis, glutaminolysis, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (A) Simplified schematic presentation of the major metabolic pathways involved in bioenergetics. Tumor sample preparation and metabolic data acquisition are described in Figure. Line plot graphics are provided for detected metabolites involved in glycolysis (B), glutaminolysis and TCA cycle (C), and oxidative phosphorylation (D). 3

5 A 4THA model HA-CD4 CTX 4T-HA mm Day 7 analysis B Thy. C % of Max CD4 AT CTX+CD4 AT.5%.3% FSC 45% no stimul. PMA/ionomycin D SSC CD45. no Tx CD4 AT CTX CTX+CD4 AT DCFDA % ROS tumor cells ** * TNF DCFDA Figure S3. Figure S3, related to Figure 4: CTX+CD4 AT treatment leads to intensified ROS accumulation in 4THA tumors (A) The schema depicts the experimental procedures. x 5 4THA tumor cells were injected to female BALB/c mice in the second mammary fat pad. When tumor sizes reached ~mm, which usually took -5 days, mice were randomized into 4 groups to receive no treatment (no Tx) or one of the following treatments: CD4 AT, CTX and CTX+CD4 AT. 6 days after adoptive transfer of HA-specific CD4+ T cells, tumor tissues were resected and processed into single cell suspensions. The presence of the donor T cells (Thy.+) in tumor was evaluated by FACS. Numbers in dot plots indicate percentage of donor T cells. (C) Tumor-infiltrating donor T cells are capable of TNF production. T cells in tumor samples were stimulated with PMA and ionomycin for 4 hours before TNF ICS. % of TNF + donor CD4+ T cells is given in histogram. (D) ROS levels in tumor cells. Tumor-derived single cell suspension was stained for CD45.. ROS levels in CD45. - tumor cells were evaluated by CM-HDCFDA staining. * indicates p <.5, ** indicates p <.. 4

6 A % of Max 4T MC38 A No Tx TNF mel mel+tnf B % of Max CT6 No Tx mel+ifn mel+il mel+tnf DCFDA DCFDA DCFDA DCFDA C RNA fold-change (relative to no Tx) Cat Gpx Gsr Hmox Nrf Gclc Gclm ** no Tx TNF mel mel+tnf D Annexin V No Tx TNF mel mel+tnf E GSH (um) ** GSH/GSSG ratio ** ** DAPI F 8 G H Figure S4. % DAPI+ cells % DAPI+ cells % of Max Intracellular GSH GSH MFI 5 5 * * no Tx media TNF mel media mel TNF Figure S4, related to Figure 5: The impact of TNF on chemotherapy-experienced tumor cells (A) The combination of chemotherapy and TNF leads to increased ROS accumulation in multiple tumor cell lines. 4T mammary carcinoma, MC38 colon cancer and A lymphoma cells were subjected to the indicated culturing conditions. After overnight culture, cells were evaluated for ROS levels by CM-HDCFDA staining. (B) CT6 cells were treated with the combination of melphalan and TNF, or IFN, or IL overnight. Intracellular ROS levels were measured by CM- HDCFDA staining. (C) Mel+TNF treatment activates antioxidant responses. CT6 cells were subjected to the indicated treatment conditions. After overnight culture, cells were collected for 5

7 RNA extraction. mrna levels of a panel of antioxidant genes were evaluated by quantitative realtime PCR. The target gene transcripts are normalized to -actin, and fold-changes relative to the no treatment sample are shown in bar graphs. Results are shown as mean SEM of triplicate reactions. (D) The combination of chemotherapy and TNF intensifies tumor cell death. CT6 cells were subjected to the indicated conditions. After a -hour culture, cells were harvested and stained for Annexin V and DAPI. Representative dot plots are shown. Numbers indicate percent of cells in the corresponding quadrant. (E) Mel+TNF causes reductions in GSH content and GSH/GSSG ratio in 4T cells. 4T cells were subjected to the indicated culture conditions for 7 hours. Intracellular GSH and GSSG contents were measured using a GSH/GSSG-Glo TM Assay Kit (Promega) and the GSH/GSSG ratio was calculated. Results are summarized in bar graphs and shown as mean SEM of triplicate cultures. (F) Inhibiting the thioredoxin pathway does not worsen cell death induced by mel+tnf. CT6 cells were treated with indicated combination of mel, TNF, sulfasalazine (SSA), and auranofin (AUR). After overnight culture, cell viability was evaluated by DAPI. Results are summarized in bar graphs and shown as mean SEM of triplicate cultures. (G) Chemotherapy sensitizes tumor cells to TNF toxicity. CT6 cells were preincubated with media or mel for 4 hr, washed thoroughly, and cultured in media or TNF for 5 hr before evaluation of cell viability by DAPI. (H) TNF -driven GSH reduction occurs in tumor cells that have been previously exposed to chemotherapy. Cultured cells described in (G) were also assayed for GSH levels by FACS using an Intracellular GSH Assay Kit (Abcam). Gating on live cells (DAPI - ), histograms show overlay of GSH curves under different culturing conditions. The bar graph summarizes GSH MFI shown as mean SEM of triplicate cultures. * indicates p <.5, ** indicates p <., indicates p <., indicates not significant. 6

8 Figu A TsnfR P E E E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E B -5 AGGGACTTGTCTGGAAGACACAGATGAGAGTCAGTGGGAGTGACCTTGGGTCAGGACCCAGGCAGGGTAGAAAAGAACATTTGATTTCCCTCCCGGTTTG Screening primer F C Ctl Cas9-4 GGCTGACTGGGTAAACGTCCAAGAAAGTGCGATTAGAGGGAACTCAGAGGGAGGGAGAGCGCGAAGCAAAGGAGTTCTCGGCGGGCGAGCATCAGATATT sgrna# -3 GCCCTCCCCCTAATAACTCCCGCCTGCCGTCCCGTGAGATAGGTGGGCTGGCTTCCTTCCGTGAAATTGACAACAGGCTTAGAGGGGTTAGTCCACCGGT - CTAAGCTCACCCACTTCAAAAGCAAAGGAGTCCGAACTGGAATTCTGTGGACTCTCAAGCTCTTAAGTGGTGTTAAGTGGGTTTGGGGCGCCAAGCTACG GGACCCGGGCTACAAAGCGTTAAAGAACCTTGGCCCTCTCCTCACTCCTCCTAGTTCCCTCCCTCCTCCTCCCTCGCCTCTCCCCAGGCTCTTCCGGTCC + CGCTCTTGCAACACCACCCCCGCCACTCTCCCTTCCCCTCCTACCTTCTCTCTCCCCTCAGCTTAAATTTTCTCCGAGTTTTCCGAACTCTGGCTCATGA + TCGGGCCTACTGGGTGCGAGGTCCTGGAGGACCGTACCCTGATCTCTATCTGCCTCTGACTTTCAGCTTCTCGAACTCGAGGCCCAGGCTGCCATCGCCC + GGGCCACCTGGTCCGATCATCTTACTTCATTCACGAGCGTTGTCAATTGCTGCCCTGTCCCCAGCCCCAATGGGGGAGTGAGAGGCCACTGCCGGCCGGA +3 CATGGGTCTCCCCACCGTGCCTGGCCTGCTGCTGTCACTGGTGAGATGGGAGACTGGAGGGGAGGGTGGGTTGCTAGCGAGGCGCCGGGCAGGAGTGGGC sgrna# +4 TTGTACTAGGGGTAGAGATGGGGGCAGGGGCTTCTGTGCTTTAGTTTGACGCCAGGTTTGCTGTGCCTCACCTGGGGCTGCCCTGAGATGTGGAAGGGAG +5 AAATCTGAGAGGGAGAGAATCTGGCAAGCCAAGCTGGCAAGCCTGGGCCCCTGACAGTCAAGGTCCTGGCCCGTGTTGGGCTGTGGTCAGGCCAGCTGCT +6 CGGCCAGTGGAGTTAGACGGAGAAGCCTTCTTTCTCTGGC Screening primer R D WT 5 -TTCTCGGCGGGCGAGCATCAGATATTGCCCTCCCCCTAAT(69bp)CTAGGGGTAGAGATGGGGGCAGGGGCTTCTGTGCTTTAGTTTGACGCCAGGT-3 Clone : 5 -CGGCGGGCGAGCATCAGATATTGC (deletion) ggggcaggggcttctgtgctttagtttgacgccaggt-3 E CT6HA. TNFR CT6HA Clone 6: 5 -CGGCGGGCGAGCATCAGATATTGCCCTCCCCCTAA--(del)--TAGGGGTAGAGATGGGGGCAGGGGCTTCTGTGCTTTAGTTTGACGCCAGGT-3 Clone 9: 5 -CGGCGGGCGAGCATCAGATATTGCCCTCCCCCTAA--(del)--TAGGGGGCTAGATGGGGACACCAGGTTCGGTGCTTCTCTCCGGGGCCTGGC-3 Clone: 5 -CGGCGGGCGAGCATCAGATATTGC (deletion) GGGGCAGGGGCTTCTGTGCTTTAGTTTGACGCCAGGT-3 CDa (TNFR) F % ROS G % GSH reduction H GSH/GSSG ratio 4 3 ** CT6HA CT6HA. TNFR Figure S5, related to Figure 5: Generation of CT6HA. TNFR cells by CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing (A) Schematic illustration of guide RNAs targeting the promoter and exon region of the TnfR gene locus. The yellow box denotes the promoter region and the blue boxed indicate exons. (B) TnfR gene fragment showing the sequences of the targeted region. The -nt sgrna target sequences are showed in blue. PAM sequences are shown in red. Primer sequences used to identify gene editing (screening primers) are underlined and exon sequence is showed in box. (C) A representative DNA gel of PCR products using the screening primers. Tumor cells were 7

9 transfected with sgrnas and Cas9. 3 days later, /3 of transfected CT6HA cells were harvested for DNA extraction and PCR analysis, other cells were used for limiting dilution to generate single cell clones. PCR reactions using the screening primers generated a ~kb fragment in untransfected control CT6HA cells (Ctl). A ~33bp PCR product appeared in sgrna/cas 9- transfected CT6HA cells (Cas 9), indicating Cas 9-mediated gene editing. (D) Confirmation of targeted gene editing by sequencing. 4 (#, 6, 9 and ) out of single cell clones were identified with deletion. DNA sequencing results are shown. (E) Confirmation of loss of TNFR expression in CT6HA. TNFR cells. One of the clones (#6) appeared to have the desired deletion in TNFR genome. This clone was designated as CT6HA. TNFR. CT6HA. TNFR cells and the parental CT6HA cells were stained with CDa mab to assess the surface expression of TNFR. (F) CT6HA. TNFR cells have reduced ROS induction after mel+tnf treatment. CT6HA. TNFR and CT6HA cells were treated with mel+tnf overnight before evaluating ROS levels by CM-HDCFDA. (G) Treatment-induced GSH reduction is lessened in CT6HA. TNFR cells. CT6HA. TNFR and CT6HA cells were either untreated or treated with mel+tnf for 7 hours before being harvested for GSH and GSSG measurements using the GSH/GSSG-Glo Assay Kit (Promega). % GSH reduction, calculated using the formula (GSH in untreated cells GSH in treated cells) / GSH in untreated cells. Changes in GSH/GSSG ratio are shown in (H). Data shown in bar graphs represent mean SEM of triplicate cultures. ** indicates p <., indicates p <.. 8

10 Sg# Sg# A Cyba E E E3 E4 E5 E6 B AACGTTCCAACCAGGGTGTAGCACTGGACAGCTATGGTGGAGTTCAGCTTGCTGCGGCTACCTCCCTGAGTGTCCTCTCTGTCCCTGAACCCCTTGCTGC Screening primer F C Ctl Cas9 ACAGTGCTCTGCTCCAGTAGGCAGAGAATTGGAGATGGTCCCAAGCCCGGGGCAAGCTCAAGCTGGCTCACACCTGCAGCAGATGGCACATCCTAACCAC sgrna# Exon CTCTCTCCATCCTTAGTTCTCATCACTGGGGGCATCGTGGCTACTGCTGGACGTTTCACACAGTGGTATTTCGGCGCCTACTCTATGTATCCTTCTACTG GGGACCAGGAAGGTGGGGTGATGGGAGTGCTCTCAGCATGAGCACATCAGTTCACGGAGTGCTACACATAGACTGACCACAGCCTCCAGAGACAGGACCA GCTCCGTCTGCAGCTTTAGAGGCCAAGGCCCAGGGCTGGATGCCCCCTTGCCAAAGGCCACAGACGGGGTTCAGGCAAATGTGGAGCTGAGGCCGAAGGT CCCAAGGCTTGGACTGGCGTCCATTGCCCCTCTGTCCCACCCTGCTGCACAGTAGACTCCTAGGCCAGGGCCTGAGAACAGAAGAGGCAGAGGGCAGCAG Exon3 CCTAGGCCTAGCATGGCTTTCCTTAACCTCACCGCAGCGCTGCAGGTGTGCTCATCTGTCTGCTGGAGTATCCCCGGGGAAAGAGGAAAAAGGGGTCCAC sgrna# CATGGAGCGATGGTAAGTCATTCCTACCCGAGAGGCCTGGGGACCTGCCCCATGCAGCCCACTCGTCCAGAGCTCCCAGCCCAAGGCCTGCCCAGCTGCC AGGCTCATGTGCCCAGGAGGAAAAGGACCCATAACCCTGGAAGGGGACAGATAAGGAGTGACAAGGGCTTCTAGGTGTGGTCGGTGCTGACCCTCTGACG TTTTGTCTTCCCGCTGTCTAGTGGACAGAAGTACCTGACCTCTGTGGTGAAGCTTTTCGGGCCCCTCACCAGGAATTACTACGTCCGGGCTGCCCTCCAC TTCCTGTGAGTCCCTCTGTC Screening primer R D WT: 5 -TCCTAACCACCTCTCTCCATCCTTAGTTC (4bp) AGAGGAAAAAGGGGTCCACCATGGAGCGATGGTAAGTCATTCCTACCCGA-3 E Clone : 5 -ACCACCTCTCTCCATCCT deletion TGGAGCGATGGTAAGTCATTCCTACCCGA-3 Clone 6: 5 -ACCACCTCTTTCCCC deletion AGGGGGTGATGGTAAGTCATTCCTACCCGA-3 p phox Clone 7: 5 -ACCACCTCTCTCCATCCTTAG deletion TGGAGCGATGGTAAGTCATTCCTACCCGA-3 Clone 33: 5 -ACCACCTCTCTCCATCCT deletion AAGTCATTCCTACCCGA-3 Actin Figure S6, related to Figure 6: Generation of CT6HA. Cyba cells by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing (A) Schematic illustration of guide RNAs targeting the exon and exon 3 regions of the Cyba gene locus. (B) Cyba gene fragment showing the sequences of the targeted region. The -nt Figure S6. sgrna target sequences are showed in blue. PAM sequences are shown in red. Primer sequences used to identify gene editing (screening primers) are underlined and exon sequences are showed in box. (C) A representative DNA gel of PCR products using the screening primers. Tumor cells were transfected with sgrnas and Cas9. 3 days later, /3 of transfected CT6HA cells were harvested for DNA extraction and PCR analysis, other cells were used for limiting dilution to generate single cell clones. PCR reactions using the screening primers generated a ~8bp fragment in untransfected control CT6HA cells (Ctl). A ~36bp PCR product appeared in sgrna/cas 9-transfected CT6HA cells (Cas 9), indicating Cas 9-mediated gene editing. (D) Confirmation of targeted gene editing by sequencing. 4 (#, 6, 7 and 33) out of 8 single cell clones were identified with deletion. DNA sequencing results are shown. (E) Confirmation of loss 9

11 of p phox expression in CT6HA. Cyba cells. One of the clones (#7) appeared to have the desired deletion in Cyba genome. This clone was designated as CT6HA. Cyba. CT6HA. Cyba cells and the parental CT6HA cells were subjected to Western blot to assess the expression of p phox.

12 RNA fold-change (relative to no Tx) RNA fold-change (relative to no Tx) Hour: Hour: Nox Nox 3. Nrf Nqo Hmox 4 Cat TNF mel mel+tnf Figure S7, related to Figure 6: Kinetics of antioxidant gene expression in tumor cells after treatment CT6 cells were subjected to the indicated treatment conditions. hours and 9 hours after treatment, cells were collected for RNA extraction. mrna levels of a panel of antioxidant genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. The target gene transcripts are normalized to - actin, and fold-changes relative to the no treatment sample are shown in bar graphs.

13 Table S, related to STAR Methods (RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR): Primer sequences and sources GENE PRIMER SEQUENCES SOURCE IDENTIFIER NAME Ifnɣ F TCAAGTGGCATAGATGTGGAAGAA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A IFNɣ R TGGCTCTGCAGGATTTTCATG Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Tsp F CCAAAGCCTGCAAGAAAGAC Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Tsp R CCTGCTTGTTGCAAACTTGA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Il-6 F GAGGATACCACTCCCAACAGACC Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Il-6 R AAGTGCATCATCGTTGTTCATACA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Ccl3 F GTGGAATCTTCCGGCTGTAG Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Ccl3 R ACCATGACACTCTGCAACCA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Ccl5 F CCCACTTCTTCTCTGGGTTG Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Ccl5 R GTGCCCACGTCAAGGAGTAT Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Tnfα F CATCTTCTCAAAATTCGAGTGACAA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Tnfα R TGGGAGTAGACAAGGTACAACCC Overbergh et al., 3 N/A IL-β F CAACCAACAAGTGATATTCTCCAT Overbergh et al., 3 N/A IL-β R GATCCACACTCTCCAGCTGCA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Ifnβ F CCATCCAAGAGATGCTCCAG Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Ifnβ R GTGGAGAGCAGTTGAGGACA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Gmcsf F GCCATCAAAGAAGCCCTGAA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Gmcsf R GCGGGTCTGCACACATGTTA Overbergh et al., 3 N/A Nrf F CGAGATATACGCAGGAGAGGTAAGA Jian et al., 8 N/A Nrf R GCTCGACAATGTTCTCCAGCTT Jian et al., 8 N/A Gpx F GAAGAACTTGGGCCATTTGG Jian et al., 8 N/A Gpx R TCTCGCCTGGCTCCTGTTT Jian et al., 8 N/A Sod F GTGATTGGGATTGCGCAGTA Jian et al., 8 N/A Sod R TGGTTTGAGGGTAGCAGATGAGT Jian et al., 8 N/A Cat F TGAGAAGCCTAAGAACGCAATTC Jian et al., 8 N/A Cat R TGAGAAGCCTAAGAACGCAATTC Jian et al., 8 N/A Ho F CACGCCAGCCACACAGCACTA Laura et al., 3 N/A Ho R GGCTGTCGATGTTCGGGAAGG Laura et al., 3 N/A Gclc F GCACGGCATCCTCCAGTTCCT Laura et al., 3 N/A Gclc R TCGGATGGTTGGGGTTTGTCC Laura et al., 3 N/A Gclm F GGCTTCGCCTCCGATTGAAGA Laura et al., 3 N/A Gclm R TCACACAGCAGGAGGCCAGGT Laura et al., 3 N/A Nox F ATGCCCAGGATCG GGT Ki Soon Kim et al., N/A Nox R GATGGAAGCAAAGGGAGTGA Ki Soon Kim et al., N/A Nox F CCCTTTGGTACAGCCAGTGAAGAT Ki Soon Kim et al., N/A Nox R CAATCCCGGCTCCCACTAACATCA Ki Soon Kim et al., NA

14 Table S, related to STAR Methods (Generation of CT6HA. TNFR and CT6HA. Cyba cell lines by CRSIPR/Cas 9): In vitro sgrna synthsis oligos and screening primer sequences OLIGO NAME SEQUENCES (5 3 ) SOURCE IDENTIFIER TNFR- sgrna# Forward Reverse TNFR- sgrna# Forward Reverse TNFR Screening Forward Reverse Cyba sgrna# Forward Reverse Cyba sgrna# Forward Reverse Cyba Screening Forward Reverse ACGGCAGGCGGGAGTTATTA TAATAACTCCCGCCTGCCGT CAGGAGTGGGCTTGTACTAG CTAGTACAAGCCCACTCCTG TTTGGGCTGACTGGGTAAAC TCTCCGTCTAACTCCACTGG GCCCCCAGTGATGAGAACTA TAGTTCTCATCACTGGGGGC GACTTACCATCGCTCCATGG CCATGGAGCGATGGTAAGTC CCAGTAGGCAGAGAATTGGA AGCTTCACCACAGAGGTCAG This paper This paper This paper This paper This paper This paper N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3