Influence of $-Adrenergic Agonist (Metaproterenol) and Lysine on Growth, Carcass Quality in Broiler Chickens

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (11): , 2006 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Influence of $-Adrenergic Agonist (Metproterenol) nd Lysine on Growth, Crcss Qulity in Broiler Chickens A.M. Thmsi, E. Kshefi, Gh. Moghdm, A. Tghizdeh nd H.A. Ghsemi Deprtment of Animl Science, College of Agriculture, University of Triz, Irn Astrct: An investigtion ws mde to find out the importnce of $ - dnergenic nd lysine on crcss chrcteristics nd lood metolite of 648 roiler chickens from dys of ge. Effect of metproterenol ( $2- drenergic gonist) nd lysine were ssessed y mixing them in feed t 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 nd metproterenol sulfte nd, nd 10% of NRC recommended lysine in 4 fctoril rrngement of tretments. Chickens were rered under norml condition to week of ges nd then rndomly llocted to tretments. Ech tretment contined pens with 18 irds/pen. Body weight gins (BWG), feed conversion rtio (FCR) dominl ft pt (AFP) rest weight (BW) were mesured. Result th th indicte tht during 4 nd 5 week of study using metproterenol (0.5 ppm ), compre to control group, improved BWG (5.1%), crcss efficiency (.4%) nd rest weight (2.2%), rest nd thigh muscle protein nd depressed dominl ft (P<0.05). Incresing lysine levels led to significnt increse in ody weight gin, crcss weight, crcss efficiency, rest muscle weight (P<0.5), ut it hs no effect on feed intke, feed conversion rtio, lood metolites. Dt from this experiment suggested tht oth dding 0.5 ppm $- drenergic gonist metproterenol sulphte significntly improved irds performnce nd their crcss qulity nd the most efficient lysine level for roiler chickens ws proved to e NRC recommended. Key words: Broiler, drenergic gonist, crcss composition, Metproterenol Introduction Feeding progrms hve primrily emphsized live performnce of met irds tking into ccount effect on live weight gin, feed converstion nd some time liveility (Noll, 2002). Crcss composition hs ecome incresingly more importnt in recent times s the consumer demnd for lener met incresed. Excess ft production, however, y modern roiler chickens presents two-fold prolem. The consumer hs helth concerns out the link etween crdiovsculr disese nd dietry ft (Roserugh, 2001) moreover roiler producer would like to produce more len met rther thn ft due to more energy is required to deposit kilogrm of ft tht sme weight of len. These fcts hve provoked shift of ttention to drenlin nd nondrenlin- nlog compound, which hve shown evidences of hving n importnt effect on incresing the production of len met nd reducing the mount of ft deposition (Crdoso nd Stock, 16). The positive effect of $ - drenergic gonist ($ - gonist) on ltering crcss composition in the desired direction while t the sme time incresing crcss weight without incresing feed intke re well documented in met producing nimls (NRC, 10; Wellenreter, 11; Smith, 18) while the exct mechnism of ction of these compound remined uncler. It is elieved tht these compounds interct with $- drenergic receptors in some orgns nd initite cscde of events tht cumintes in tissue responses nd prtitioning of energy wy from ft synthesis nd into protein ccretion nd so improve crcss qulity. Wldroup et l. (17) founded tht Lrge white toms incresed percentge rest met yield (BMY) s diets formulted to provide 85 to 120% of NRC (14) recommendtion for mino cids incresed in protein content. Lysine is second limiting mino cid in diets sed on corn nd soyen mel. Lysine recommended y NRC (14) for roiler is 11.0, 10.0 nd 8.5 g /kg. Lehmnn et l. (16) indicted response to lysine for mle turkey during wks of ge in excess of NRC (14) (0.8 % vs. 0.6%) for growth nd rest yield. Hn nd Bker (14) lso found higher lysine requirement for rest met yield in comprison to tht for ody weight. However, mino cid lnce my compromise rest met yield (Morris et l., 1). Therefore it ws though of interest to develop controlled tril to evlute the effect of $- drenergic gonist (Metproterenol) nd optimum level of crystlline lysine which cn e dded to prcticl roiler rtions. Mterils nd Methods Six hundred nd eighty two - dy old Ross roiler chicks were used from dys old to investigte of roiler performnce nd met qulity s influences y $- drenergic gonist, lysine nd their interctions. Diet were formulted sed on corn- whet- soyen mel nd supplemented y crystlline lysine nd $- drenergic gonist. Composition of diets is shown in Tle 1. Three replicte pens (eighteen irds per pen) of completely rndomized design were used in

2 Thmsi et l.: Importnce of $ - dnergenic nd lysine Tle 1: Composition of the sl diets Experimentl diets (Lysine %) % Item NRC NRC NRC Corn Whet Soyen mel Ft mel (8000 Kcl/kg) Fish mel Diclcium phosphte Oyster shell Slt Vitmin premix Minerl premix DL- Methionine Lysine Metproterenol sulfte Clculted composition ME, Kcl/kg CP (%) C (%) Aville phosphorous Lysine Methionine Supplied per kilogrm of diet: 600 IU Vit A, 800 IU Vit D, 8 mg Vit E, 2 mg Vit B 6, 8 mg Vit B 12, 10 mg Nicotine mid, 0. mg Folic cid, 20 mg D- Biotin nd 160 mg Cholin Chloride. 2 Supplied per kilogrm of diet: 2 mg Mn, 16 mg Fe, 24 mg Zn, 2 mg Cu, 800 µg I, 200 µg Co nd 60 µg Se. The source of $-drenergic gonists ws metproterenol sulfte which ws dded to ech diet t levels of, 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 nd. fctoril rrngement of tretment with 4 levels of $- drenergic gonist metproterenol sulfte (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, ), levels of lysine (,, 10% NRC recommended). At one dy of ge, chicks were rndomly llocted to pens nd fed recommended diets (NRC, 14) without ny supplementtion. The fortified y $ - drenergic gonist nd lysine diets were given from dy 21 to 42 dys of ges. All diets were provided in msh form. Chickens were weighted weekly. Chicks were exposed to continuous fluorescent light with wter nd food ville d liitum. Susequent nlysis showed tht the strt weights were not significntly different. Feed consumption ws mesured dily, the refusl feed were discrded nd feed efficiencies were clculted. On dy 42, one ird per pen ws rndomly selected nd lood smple ws collected from wing vein. Smples were immeditely centrifuged (000 g, 10 min) nd plsm portion were collected into tues nd o stored t -20 C until further nlysis. Also one ird per pen ws killed nd fter creful dissection, the weights of the following tissue were mesured: rest, muscle (pectorlis mjor), leg muscle (gstrocnemius nd peroneous longus), dominl ft, liver, nd hert. Smples of these tissues were tken nd stored t 20 o C until require for nlysis. Dt for ll responses vrile were nlysed s completely rndomized design sed on 4 fctoril rrngement using the generl liner models procedure (Sttisticl Anlysis Systems Institute, 1). Food intke nd food conversion rtio (FCR) were nlysed using pen s the experimentl unit. Differences etween tretments were compred y the Duncn s multiple rnge test following ANOVA, nd vlues were considered sttisticlly differences t p<0.05. Results re reported s lest squre mens with stndrd error. Results Comprison of ody weight gin (BWG) nd feed conversion rtio (FCR) from feeding of metproterenol sulfte t levels of 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 nd nd lysine t levels of, nd 10% recommended y NRC to roiler chickens during the finl weeks of study (21-42 dys of ges) re presented in Tle 2. The results show tht ddition of metproterenol sulfte to diets hd significntly (P<0.05) effects on the weight gin during 21-5 dys of ges, lthough the difference etween 0.25 nd 0.5 ppm sttisticl ws not significnt. At the finl week of experiment the results show no ovious dvntge of supplement $-drenergic gonists. Min effect of lysine on BWG ws significnt (P<0.05) during 21-5 dys of ges, ut t the end week of study the BWG ws ffected y lysine supplementtion. The est result ws otined y ddition of 15% more lysine thn recommended y NRC (14). The interction etween metproterenol sulfte nd lysine on BWG ws not significnt during the study. The influence of diets contining metproterenol sulfte nd lysine on FCR were not sttisticlly significnt (P>0.05) during the study. However, diets contining metproterenol sulfte suggested () improvement of the FCR of roiler compre to control diets with 0.08 proportionl improvements. For ll performnce prmeter, there ws no dose-dependent response effect nd diets contining more thn 0.50 ppm metproterenol sulfte nd lysine hd no dditionl enefit. The influence of dietry tretments on weight of crcss muscle nd orgns re summrized in Tle. $- drenergic gonist, significntly (p<0.01) influenced the crcss weight, crcss efficiency (p<0.05), muscle rest (p<0.01), nd dominl ft pd (p<0.05). There ws no effect of metproterenol sulfte on the leg muscle, liver nd hert weight. Lysine supplementtion improved crcss weight (p<0.05), crcss efficiency (p<0.01), muscle rest (p<0.01). The results of the influence of metproterenol sulfte nd lysine on composition of rest nd leg muscle re presented in Tle 4. Diets contining metproterenol sulfte hd significntly effect on rest nd leg muscle composition. There ws no effect of lysine on the rest nd leg muscles composition. The metproterenol sulfte lysine interction ws not sttisticlly significnt (p>0.05) for ny mesured 108

3 Thmsi et l.: Importnce of $ - dnergenic nd lysine Tle 2: Effect of diets contining metproterenol sulfte nd lysine on ody weight gin nd feed conversion rtion of roiler ( , 2 dys of ges). Body weight gin (g) Feed Conversion rtio (g:g) dys dys dys dys dys dys dys dys Metproterenol sulfte SEM Lysine % SEM Significnt Metproterenol sulfte ** ** ns ns ns ns ns ns Lysine ** ** ns ** ns ns ns ns M L ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Men vlue of three pens (eighteen irds per pen) per tretment group. Men on the sme column with different superscript re significntly (p<0.05) different. **p<0.01, ns: non significnt. prmeters. Moisture content of rest muscle were not ffected y metproterenol sulfte (p>0.05). Discussion The scertin tht specific $-gonists would ct in niml to stimulte the production of len tissue while t the sme time limiting the deposition of internl nd sucutneous ft hs led to the development of potentil new clss of feed dditive (Dlrymple nd Ingle, 187). In other hnd, there re some evidences tht demnd for some essentil mino cid in roiler diets is higher thn levels recommended y NRC (Noll, 2002; Rezei et l., 2004). The present study demonstrte tht inclusion of $- drenergic gonist (metproterenol) nd lysine, higher thn the recommended level, in the diets of roiler hs considerly incresed ody weight gin nd improved FCR. Feed conversion rtio ws fvorly ffected y metproterenol due to the higher growth rte. The finding tht $-drenergic gonist induces chnging the metolic pthwy y inctivtion of protein ccelertion (Leeson, 2000; Hmno et l., 2002) Decresed weight gin nd lesser numericl response in feed conversion rtion t 10 ppm metproterenol sulfte, suggests tht this level is excessive for optiml performnce. In other hnd, feed conversion rtio is economiclly is the most importnt mesure for productivity, result presented here evident tht feed supplement with metproterenol sulfte resulted to lrge growth response nd moderte improvement in feed conversion rtio in roiler chickens in greement with results otin y Moody et l. (2000). The results re not indictive of ny improvement of feed conversion rtio within the rnge of lysine tested consent with results otined y Kerr et l. (1) nd Rezei et l. (2004). Birds given diets contining metproterenol sulfte, hd trend to lower liver, hert weight nd dominl ft pd (p<0.05) which re in greement with Jones et l. (185) nd Tkhshi et l. (18). The reduction of crcss ft my e inctivte of inhiition of lipid synthesis (Duquett nd Muir, 182). Improvement in ody weight gin nd susequently rest weight indicted tht proly these compound promotes muscle hypertrophy s reported y Hnrhn et l. (187). In fct the effects of metproterenol on crcss composition re sustntil with the dominl ft (Tle ), however the sme results ws not oserved y inclusion different levels of lysine in diets. With regrd rest nd leg muscle composition effects, there ws consistent reduction in ft content oth muscles, with corresponding increses in rest nd leg protein (Tle 4). Metproterenol dministrtion promotes muscle hypertrophy nd rest muscle eing incresed. These results were consistence with responses to other $-drenergic gonist in roiler reported y Hmno et l. (18), ut there is some in vitro evidence tht dipose tissue from poultry is less sensitive to $-gonists thn ruminnts (Muir et l., 185; Thornton et l., 187). This could e consequence of differences in control of ft metolism etween mmmls nd irds. Muir et l. (185) in in vitro study show lipolysis in diposcytes origintting from poultry is hrdly stimulted y $-gonists tretment. In summry, the result of the present study indicted tht lrge effect of metproterenol sulfte on BWG nd crcss composition nd significntly improvement in rest muscle weight mke the use of $-gonists n exciting prospect in modifying the composition of roiler met towrd lower ft product. On the sis of results of ody weight gin rest w eight otined from this 1084

4 Thmsi et l.: Importnce of $ - dnergenic nd lysine 1,2 Tle : Effect of diets contining metproterenol sulfte nd lysine on crcss muscle nd orgns. Crcss Crcss Brest Leg Liver Hert Adominl weight Efficiency muscle muscle (g) (g) ft pd (g) (%) (g) (g) (g) Metproterenol sulfte SEM % SEM Significnt Metproterenol sulfte ** * ns ns ns ns * Lysine * ** ns ** ns ns ns M L ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Men vlue of three irds per tretment group. Men on the sme column with different superscript re significntly (p<0.05) different. *<p<0.5; **p<0.01; ns: non significnt. Tle 4: Effect of diets contining metproterenol sulfte nd lysine on rest nd leg muscle composition 1,2 Muscle protein (%) Muscle ft (%) Moisture (%) Brest Leg Brest Leg Brest Leg Metproterenol sulfte SEM % SEM Significnt Metproterenol sulfte ** * ns ns ns ns Lysine * ** ns ** ns ns M L ns ns ns ns ns ns Men vlue of three irds per tretment group. Men on the sme column with different superscript re significntly (p<0.05) different. *<p<0.5; **p<0.01; ns: non significnt. study, it my e speculted tht the lysine my effect on ody weight ecuse of high portion of crcss, mde of rest nd lso due to high level of lysine presented in this orgn. Therefore, the present study suggested tht mximum BWG ws chieved t of lysine recommended y NRC (14) lthough the greter requirement over this level ws thought to e due to other environmentl fctors. References Crdoso, L.A. nd M.J. Stock, 16. Effect of clenuterol on growth nd ody composition during food restriction in rts. J. Anim. Sci., 74: Dlrymple, R.H. nd D.L. Ingle, 187. Effects of the etgonist CIM on growth, food efficiency nd crcss composition in poultry in the USA. Duquett, P.F. nd L. Muir, 182. Effect of the etdrenergic gonists isoproterenol, celnuterol, L- 640, 0 nd BRL 515 on lipolysis nd lipogeesis in rt dipose tissue in vitro. J. Anim. Sci., 46: Hmno, Y., K. Kume, S. Ymzki, S. Koyshi nd Tershim, 18. Comined effects of clenuterol nd vrious concentrtions of protein on performnce of roiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., : Hmno, Y., Influence of lipolic cid on lipid metolism nd $ - drenergic response to intrvenous or orl dministrtion of clenutrol in roiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 42: Hn, Y. nd D.H. Bker, 14. Digestile lysine requirement of mle nd femle roiler chicks during the period three to six weeks posthtching. Poult. Sci., 7: Hnrhn, J.P., 187. Bet- Agonists nd their effects on niml growth nd crcss qulity. Elsevier Applied Science. NY. Jones, R.W., R.A. Ester, F.K. Mckeith nd P.J. Becht The effect of $-drenergic gonist on the growth nd crcss chrcteristics of finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci., 61:

5 Thmsi et l.: Importnce of $ - dnergenic nd lysine Kerr, B.J., M.T. Kidd, K.M. Hlpin, G.W. McWrd nd C.L. Rezei, M., H. Nssiri Moghddm, J. Pour Rez nd H. Qurles, 1. Lysine level increses live performnce nd rest yield in mle roiler. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 8: 81. Leeson, S., Nutrition nd qulity of the roiler crcss. J. Agri. Food Sci., 4: Lehmnn, D., M. Pck nd H. Jeroch, 16. Responses Kermnshhi, The effects of dietry protein nd lysine levels on roiler performnce crcss chrcteristics nd N excretion. Int. J. Poult. Sci., : Roserugh, R.B., Dietry drenergic ctive compounds nd the response of roiler to of growing nd finishing turkey toms to dietry isoproterenol nd cyclic denosine lysine. Poult. Sci., 75: monophosphte in vitro. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 71: Moody, D.E., D.L. Hncock nd D.B. Anderson, Smith, D.J., 18. The phrmcokinetic, metolism Phenethnolmine reprtitioning gents in: D, nd tissue residues of $ - drenergic gonists in Mello, J.P.F. (Ed). Frm niml metolism nd livestock. J. Anim. Sci., 76: nutrition. CABI Pulishing, New York, pp: Sttisticl Anlysis Systems Institute, 1.SAS/STAT Morris, T.R., R.M. Gous nd C. Fisher, 1. An nlysis User s Guide: Sttistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Cry. of the hypothesis tht mino cid requirement for NC. chicks should e stted s proportion of dietry Thornton, R.K., F.T. Bumnn, D.H. Fishell, V.K. nd B.A. protein. World s Poult. Sci. J., 55: Crooker, 187. Effects of cimtrol on growth of Muir, L.A., S. Wein, P.F. Duquette nd G. Olsen, 185. Effect of the $-drenergic gonists L-640,0 on hypophysectomized rts. Fed. Proc., 46: Tkhshi, K., K. Akit nd M. Horiguchi. 1. Effect of lipid metolism, growth nd crcss et-drenergic goist (clecnutrol) on chrcteristics of femle roiler chickens. J. Anim. performnce, crcss composition, heptic Sci., 61, Suppl, Noll, S.L., Feeding for live performnce nd rest met yield. Multi- Stte Poultry Meeting. NRC, 10. Metolic modifiers effects on the nutrient requirement of food-producing nimls. Ntionl cdemy of Science. Wshington, DC. NRC, 14. Nutrient requirements of domestic nimls. microsoml mixed function oxidse nd ntiody production in femle roiler treted with or without corticosterone. Br. Poult. Sci. 4: Wldroup, P.W., M.H. Adms nd A.L. Wldroup, 17. Evlution of ntionl reserch council mino cid recommendtions for lrge white turkeys. Poult. Sci., 76: Nutrient requirements of poultry. Ntionl cdemy Wellenreter, R.H., 11. $ - drenergic gonists for of Science. Wshington, DC. poultry. Cr. Rev. Poult. Biol., :