Atlas A. Lecture Outline A-1. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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1 Atlas A Lecture Outline Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A-1

2 Atlas A (Orientation to Anatomy) Anatomical position Anatomical planes Directional terms Body regions Body cavities and membranes Organ systems Visual survey of the body Thyroid cartilage of larynx Thyroid gland Brachial nerve plexus Superior vena cava Coracobrachialis m. Humerus Lobes of lung Small intestine Cecum Appendix Tensor fasciae latae m. Pectineus m. Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. Adductor magnus m. Brachiocephalic v. Subclavian v. Subclavian a. Aortic arch Axillary v. Axillary a. Cephalic v. Brachial v. Brachial a. Heart Spleen Stomach Large intestine Penis (cut) Ductus deferens Epididymis T estis Scrotum Rectus femoris m. Figure A.14 A-2

3 Anatomical Position Person stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides Palms, face & eyes facing forward Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer Figure A.1 A-3

4 Forearm Positions When supinated palms face forward or upward radius & ulna are parallel When pronated palms face rearward or downward radius & ulna are crossed Figure A.2 A-4

5 Anatomical Planes and Sections Transverse plane McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer Figure A.3 Frontal plane Sagittal plane Section implies actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy Plane implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body Sagittal plane divides body into right and left regions median (midsagittal) plane divides body or organ into equal halves Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) & inferior (lower) portions A-5

6 Anatomical Sections (a) Sagittal section (b) Frontal section (c) Transverse section Sagittal Frontal Transverse Figure A.4 A-6

7 Directional Terms Ventral / Dorsal Superior / Inferior Medial / Lateral Anterior /Posterior Proximal / Distal Superficial / Deep Cephalic Rostral Caudal Intermediate directions - often given as combinations of these terms (ex. dorsolateral) Different meanings for humans and four-legged animals anterior = ventral surface of human front of chest & abdomen anterior (cranial) in a four-legged animal is head end posterior = dorsal surface of human last in locomotion back side posterior (caudal) in a four-legged animal is tail end A-7

8 Body Regions Axial region = head, neck, & trunk thoracic region = trunk above diaphragm abdominal region = trunk below diaphragm divided into quadrants divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs upper limb arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist (carpal region), hand (manual region), fingers (digits) lower limb thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits) A-8

9 Abdominal Quadrants and Regions Quadrants Regions Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Hypochondriac region Subcostal line Epigastric region Lumbar region Umbilical region Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant Intertubercular line Inguinal region Midclavicular line Hypogastric region (a) (c) Figure A.6 A-9

10 Anatomical Terminology (ventral) Cephalic r. (head) Facial r. (face) Upper limb: Acromial r. (shoulder) Axillary r. (armpit) Brachial r. (arm) Cubital r. (elbow) Antebrachial r. (forearm) Carpal r. (wrist) Palmar r. (palm) Lower limb: Coxal r. (hip) Patellar r. (knee) Cervical r. (neck) Thoracic r. (chest): Sternal r. Pectoral r. Umbilical r. Abdominal r. Inguinal r. (groin) Pubic r.: Mons pubis External genitalia: Penis Scrotum Testes Lower limb: Femoral r. (thigh) (a) Anterior (ventral) Crural r. (leg) Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Dorsum Plantar surface (sole) McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer Figure A.5 (b) Anterior (ventral) A-10

11 Anatomical Terminology (dorsal) Cranial r. Nuchal r. (back of neck) Interscapular r. Scapular r. Vertebral r. Lumbar r. Sacral r. Gluteal r. (buttock) Dorsum of hand Perineal r. Femoral r. Popliteal r. Crural r. (c) Posterior (dorsal) Tarsal r. Calcaneal r. (heel) McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer Figure A.5 (d) Posterior (dorsal) A-11

12 Body Cavities and Membranes Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Major body cavities cranial cavity vertebral canal meninges thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity Lined by serous membranes (a) Left lateral view Figure A.7 Filled with viscera A-12

13 Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Canal Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Vertebral canal cranial cavity contains brain lined with meninges vertebral canal contains the spinal cord lined with meninges Pelvic cavity (a) Left lateral view Figure A.7 A-13

14 Thoracic Cavity Mediastinum - region between lungs heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, & thymus Pericardium around heart visceral pericardium parietal pericardium pericardial cavity pericardial fluid Diaphragm Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity Pleura around lungs visceral pleura parietal pleura pericardial cavity pericardial fluid (b) Anterior view Figure A.7 Pelvic cavity A-14

15 Pericardial Membranes Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium Heart Diaphragm (a) Pericardium Figure A.8a A-15

16 Pleural Membranes Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Lung Diaphragm (b) Pleurae Figure A.8b A-16

17 Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity (b) Anterior view Pelvic cavity Pelvic brim separates abdominal & pelvic cavities Figure A.7 abdominal cavity contains most digestive organs, kidneys & ureters pelvic cavity contains rectum, urinary bladder, urethra & reproductive organs Peritoneum - Serous Membranes of Abdominopelvic cavity visceral peritoneum - peritoneal cavity parietal peritoneum - peritoneal fluid A-17

18 Retroperitoneal Organs Posterior 2nd lumbar vertebra Back muscles Kidney Liver Renal vein and artery Inferior vena cava Aorta Intestine Anterior Spinal cord Fat Dorsal mesentery Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum (serosa) Peritoneal cavity Omentum or other ventral mesentery Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, most of Pancreas, Abdominal portions of Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava Figure A.9 A-18

19 Intraperitoneal Organs organs encircled by peritoneum and connected to posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets dorsal mesentery suspends intestines from posterior abdominal wall mesocolon dorsal mesentery of large intestine ventral mesentery suspends viscera from anterior abdominal wall greater omentum inferolateral border of stomach overlies intestines - fatty apron lesser omentum superomedial border of stomach to liver serosa outer layer of an organ formed when the visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around the organ A-19

20 Membranes of Abdominal Cavity Diaphragm Liver Serosae Stomach Greater omentum Large intestine Lesser omentum Pancreas Duodenum Dorsal mesentery Small intestine Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Urinary bladder Visceral peritoneum Rectum Figure A.10 A-20

21 Potential Spaces Found between two membranes normally pressed firmly together not physically attached, may separate, and fill with fluid in unusual situations Examples pleural cavity air or fluid can accumulate between parietal and visceral pleura forming a space uterus in a nonpregnant uterus, mucous membranes of walls are in contact A-21

22 11 Organ Systems Protection, Support, and Movement Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Internal Communications & Integration Nervous System Endocrine System Fluid Transport Circulatory System Lymphatic System Defense Immune (Lymphatic System) Input and Output Respiratory System Urinary System Digestive System Reproduction Reproductive System A-22

23 Organ Systems (1) Principal organs: Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid base balance Principal organs: Skeletal muscles Principal functions: Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Lymphatic system Figure A.11 A-23

24 Organ Systems (2) Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance, speech Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia Principal functions: Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Hormone production ; internal chemical communication and coordination Respiratory system Urinary system Nervous system Endocrine system Figure A.11 A-24

25 Organ Systems (3) Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood. Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones( Circulatory system Digestive system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Figure A.11 A-25

26 Superficial Anatomy (female) Platysma Trapezius m. Clavicle Deltoid m. Pectoralis major m. Cephalic v. Breast Biceps brachii m. External abdominal oblique m. Sheath of rectus abdominis m. Umbilicus Inguinal ligament Tensor fasciae latae m. Sartorius m. Femoral vein Great saphenous vein Anterior superior spine of ilium Mons pubis Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. Vastus lateralis m. Rectus femoris m. Figure A.12 A-26

27 Visceral Anatomy (male) 1 Internal jugular v. External jugular v. Omohyoid m. Clavicle Internal intercostal mm. External intercostal mm. Costal cartilages Liver Gallbladder External abdominal oblique m. Internal abdominal oblique m. Transverse abdominal m. Greater omentum Common carotid a. Sternum Subscapularis m. Coracobrachialis m. Lung Pericardium Pleura Diaphragm Stomach Large intestine Urinary bladder Penis Scrotum Femoral n. Femoral a. Femoral v. Figure A.13 A-27

28 Visceral Anatomy (male) 2 Thyroid cartilage of larynx Thyroid gland Brachial nerve plexus Superior vena cava Coracobrachialis m. Humerus Lobes of lung Brachiocephalic v. Subclavian v. Subclavian a. Aortic arch Axillary v. Axillary a. Cephalic v. Brachial v. Brachial a. Heart Spleen Stomach Large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Tensor fasciae latae m. Pectineus m. Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. Adductor magnus m. Rectus femoris m. Penis (cut) Ductus deferens Epididymis T estis Scrotum Figure A.14 A-28

29 Retroperitoneal Anatomy (female) Superior vena cava Trachea Bronchus Esophagus Pleural cavity Lung (sectioned) Thoracic aorta Hepatic vv. Inferior vena cava Splenic a. Duodenum Superior mesenteric v. Abdominal aorta Common iliac a. Ureter Ovary Uterine tube Uterus Urinary bladder Pectineus m. Gracilis m. Adductor longus m. Spleen Adrenal gland Pancreas Kidney Superior mesenteric a. Inferior mesenteric a. Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut) Sartorius m. (cut) Rectus femoris m. (cut) Adductor brevis m. Vastus intermedius m. Adductor longus m. (cut) Vastus lateralis m. Vastus medialis m. Figure A.15 A-29

30 Dorsal Body Wall (female) Right common carotid a. Right subclavian a. Brachiocephalic trunk External intercostal m. Ribs Internal intercostal m. Left common carotid a. Left subclavian a. Thoracic aorta Esophagus Diaphragm Abdominal aorta Quadratus lumborum m. Psoas major m. Iliacus m. Gluteus medius m. Rectum Vagina Urethra Femur Gracilis m. Adductor longus m. Intervertebral disc Lumbar vertebra Iliac crest Ilium Sacrum Anterior superior spine of ilium Brim of pelvis Adductor magnus m. Adductor brevis m. Figure A.16 A-30

31 Median Section of the Head Scalp Cranium Cerebrum Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Brainstem Palate Oral cavity Tongue Cerebellum Foramen magnum of skull Epiglottis Pharynx Spinal cord Vertebral column Vocal cord Larynx Trachea Intervertebral discs Esophagus McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/don Kincaid, dissections Figure A.17 A-31

32 Dissection of Thoracic Cavity Internal jugular v. Subclavian v. Nerves Lungs Ribs Heart Diaphragm Figure A.18 McGraw-Hill Companies A-32

33 Transverse Section of Thorax Anterior Pectoralis major m. Ventricles of heart Fat of breast Sternum Ribs Pericardial cavity Atria of heart Left lung Pleural cavity Right lung Esophagus Aorta Vertebra Spinal cord Posterior McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/don Kincaid, dissections Figure A.19 A-33

34 Dissection of Abdomen Lung Diaphragm Transverse colon Gallbladder Small intestine Mesenteric arteries and veins Mesentery Descending colon Cecum Figure A.20 Sigmoid colon McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/don Kincaid, dissections A-34

35 Transverse Section of Abdomen Duodenum Stomach Large intestine Pancreas Kidney Anterior Subcutaneous fat Rectus abdominis m. Superior mesenteric artery and vein Inferior vena cava Liver Peritoneal cavity Perirenal fat of kidney Erector spinae m. Peritoneum Aorta Vertebra Posterior Spinal cord McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/don Kincaid, dissections Figure A.21 A-35

36 Median Section of Male Pelvic Region Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Sigmoid colon Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Penis: Root Bulb Rectum Shaft: Corpus cavernosum Anal canal Anus Corpus spongiosum Epididymis Figure A.22 Glans (a) Male The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer Scrotum Testis A-36

37 Median Section of Female Pelvic Region Vertebra Red bone marrow Mesentery Small intestine Intervertebral disc Sacrum Sigmoid colon Uterus Cervix Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Urethra Vagina Labium minus Prepuce Labium majus Rectum Anal canal Anus Figure A.22 (b) Female McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/don Kincaid, dissections A-37