Transparency. Best Available Practices BAP. Responsible Mining. Responsible Mining. Social. Transparenţă. Transparency. Life Cycle Management

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1 R o ş i a M o n t a n ă P r o j c t Lgislaţi Română Riscuri Proictul Roşia Montană chnologis BAT bl Practics BAP Bst Availabl Tchnologis BAT sponsibl Mining Bst Availabl Practics BAP Rsponsibl Mining Economi Dzvoltar Durabilă Transparncy Accss to Information Introduction Rfrncs Standardl Uniunii Transparnţă Lif Cycl Managmnt Thnologi Accs libr la informaţii Introdur Rfrinţ l Tchnologis BAT ilabl Practics BAP Rsponsibl Mining Availabl Tchnologis BAT Bst Availabl Practics BAP Rsponsibl Mining Transparncy ss to Information ction 9. non Tchnical Summary Economic Sustainabl dvlopmnt Lif Cycl Managmnt Tchnology Europn Bnficii Social Mdiu Cultură Romanian Lgislation Roşia Montană Projct Risks EU Standards Bnfits Social Environmntal ltur EIA STUDY REPORT May 2006 parncy Volum 19

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3 R p o r t o n t h E n v i r o n m n t a l I m p a c t A s s s s s m n t S t u d y Non Tchnical Summary This documnt is a SUMMARY of th rport on th EIA study. Th dtails bhind ach statmnt containd in this documnt may b found in th rlvant chaptr of th full rport on th EIA study.

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5 This Non-tchnical Summary prsnts a summary of th findings of th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt (EIA) study rport laboratd by or with contributions from th following tam: ORGANIZATION (in alphabtical ordr): Tam Ladr 1 wbsit ADDRESS EIA EXPERTS REGISTERED WITH THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AGRARO CONSULT Stfania Chiriac CEPSTRA GRUP Mihai Zaplaic ICPA- RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOIL SCIENCE AND AGROCHEMISTRY Radu Lacatusu CRAIM THE REGIONAL CENTER FOR MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION Alxandru Ozunu BUCHAREST BUCHAREST BUCHAREST CLUJ-NAPOCA ECOIND - NATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Margarta Nicolau EHC - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CENTRE CLUJ-NAPOCA Eugn Gurzau BUCHAREST CLUJ-NAPOCA 1 nams of tam mmbrs availabl on rqust Th EIA & Dsign Tam iii

6 GIE - GROUP OF INDEPENDENT EXPERTS Adina Rlicovschi BUCHAREST ICAS - FOREST RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Iovu Biris MINESA - MINING RESEARCH AND DESIGN INSTITUTE Toma Prida USPI UNITY OF SUPPORT FOR INTEGRATION Srgiu Mihut VISAND Violta Visan VMP INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT Marilna Patrascu (EIA Tam Ladr) BRASOV CLUJ-NAPOCA CLUJ-NAPOCA BUCHAREST BUCHAREST SUPPORT CONSULTANTS TO THE REGISTERED EIA EXPERTS ACOUSTIC ALLIANCE CONSULTING Bob Mantly AMEC EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL Frgus Anckorn (EIA Dputy Tam Ladr) ARHEOTERRA CONSULT Corina Bors CRUTA - ROMANIAN CENTER FOR REMOTE SENSING IN AGRICULTURE Radu Mudura US UK AND CANADA ALBA IULIA BUCHAREST Th EIA & Dsign Tam iv

7 CYPLUS Stphn Gos DALEM CONSULTING Danila Mihai ERM-ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Danil Krigr GECKO EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT Max Smith GIFFORD CONSULTING ENGINEERS Tim Strickland MNIR ROMANIAN NATIONAL HISTORY MUSEUM Paul Damian OPUS ATELIER DE ARHITECTURA Stfan Balici STANTEC Ian Callum UNIVERSITY OF WALES - THE INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND EARTH SCIENCES Paul Brwr and Mark Macklin UVVG ARAD - VASILE GOLDIS WESTERN UNIVERSITY Cornliu Maior GERMANY ALBA IULIA US NEATHERLANDS UK BUCHAREST BUCHAREST CANADA UK ARAD Th EIA & Dsign Tam v

8 UTAH UNIVERSITY OF TOULOUSE LE MIRAIL, TOULOUSE UNIT FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Batric Cauut ARAD WISUTEC Christian Kunz GERMANY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IS ALSO DUE TO CONTRIBUTIONS FROM (AMONG OTHERS) Acad. Mirca Gomoiu Adina Rblanu Angla Glovr Carry Connor Gabrila Boda Flavius Rovanaru Frdric Giovanti John Knight Mihala Salanta Prof. Gogu Mirca CONSTANTIA CLUJ-NAPOCA AUSTRALIA US CLUJ-NAPOCA CLUJ-NAPOCA FRANCE UK CLUJ-NAPOCA BUCHAREST This assssmnt has bn conductd on th projct dsignd by: GENERAL DESIGNER ADDRESS IPROMIN S.A. BUCHAREST DESIGNERS OF SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (in alphabtical ordr): wbsit ADDRESS ALS-CHEMEX AUSENCO CANADA AUSTRALIA Th EIA & Dsign Tam vi

9 GRD MINPROC LIMITED ICPM S.A. PETROSANI MINING RESEARCH & DESIGN INSTITUTE AUSTRALIA PETROSANI INDEPENDENT MINING CONSULTANTS, INC. (IMC) INSTAL DUPRO S.R.L INSTITUTUL DE STUDII SI PROIECTARI ENERGETICE S.A. US BUCHAREST BUCHAREST MONTGOMERY WATSON HARZA (MWH) NET FOR GIS S.R.L. PINCOCK, ALLEN, HOLT PROVIAFOREST S.R.L. RESOURCE SERVICE GROUP - GLOBAL SGS LAKEFIELD RESEARCH SNC LAVALIN UTCB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUCHAREST WASHINGTON GROUP US AND ROMANIA BUCHAREST US BUCHAREST AUSTRALIA CANADA CANADA BUCHAREST US AND ROMANIA Th EIA & Dsign Tam vii

10 C O N T E N T S Tabl of Contnts 1 Gnral Information Th background of Roia Montan and th RMP Using th Non Tchnical Summary (NTS) Th Projct Ownrship List of rlvant licncs / agrmnts to dat for th RMP Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Th RMP Mining Activitis Impacts of th RMP Th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Procss RMGC s Approach to th Dvlopmnt of th RMP Policy and Rgulatory Contxt Public Consultation and Disclosur Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Th Natural Environmnt Landscap Soils and Land Us Watr Air Biodivrsity Altrnativs for and within th Roia Montan Projct Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Construction Phas Oprational Phas Closur and Aftr-Car Phas Environmntal Issus Watr Rsourcs Air Quality Nois and Vibration Soil Rsourcs Vgtation and Wildlif Visual Apparanc Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Potntial social and conomic impacts Ovrviw of th Baslin socio-conomic Conditions Gnral Outlins Gographical Situation Charactristics of th population in th impact zon History Ethnic charactristics and Rligion Dmographics Education Local conomical conditions and labour markt Economic activitis Industry Agricultur Tourism Invstmnts Living conditions in th ara Hom ownrship Contnts viii

11 Dwllings living conditions Halth status Roads and transport Institutional background Local and Rgional Govrnmnt Rgional Dvlopmnt Agncy Civil socity Community Sustainabl Dvlopmnt Programm Anticipatd outcoms Cultural Hritag Monitoring Risk What is risk? Risk in th RMP An ovrviw of th risk calculation mthod usd Dscription of Difficultis Transboundary Impacts Watr quality Transportation Employmnt Tabl of Tabls Tabl 1.1 Th Componnts of th NTS... 3 Tabl 2.1 Expctd avrag production pr yar of gold and silvr... 5 Tabl 2.2 Estimatd or rsrvs of th Roia Montan Min... 5 Tabl 2.3 Land rquird 1 for th RMP... 6 Tabl 2.4 Land ara to b mind... 6 Tabl 2.5 Siz of th Proposd Pits for th RMP... 7 Tabl 2.6 Expctd mploymnt at th RMP... 7 Tabl 2.7 Rsttlmnt vs. Rlocation... 8 Tabl 8.1 Proposd or prparation and procssing stps Tabl 10.1 Main invstmnt disincntivs concrning Roia Montan Tabl 13.1 Risk vnts at th RMP and thir mitigation stratgis Tabl 13.2 Matrix of th risk of an vnt Tabl 13.3 Risk rating dfinition (pr vnt, scnario) Tabl of Figurs Figur 1.1 Structur of th Non Tchnical Summary... 3 Figur 1.2 RMGC Sharholdrs... 4 Figur 2.1 Th RMP Timlin... 5 Figur 3.1 Ovrviw of th EIA Procss Contnts ix

12 C O N T E N T S Figur 3.2 Roia Montan Gold Corporation s Environmntal & Social Managmnt Systm Figur 6.1 Location of Roia Montan Min Projct Figur 6.2 Viw ovr Roia Montan villag towards th Roiamin min Figur 6.3 Existing ARD in Roia Montan du to past mining practics Figur 6.4 Map of rivr systms of th RMP ara Figur 8.1 Th pits to b mind and in which yar Figur 8.2 Schmatic of proposd or prparation and procssing systms Figur 8.3 Schmatic stagd dvlopmnt and filling of th TMF ovr th yars Figur 9.1 RMP watr managmnt systm Figur 10.1 Community population dynamic: population vs. yar Figur 10.2 Education trnds in th Community: school attndanc vs yar Figur 10.3 Roia Montan mploymnt structur: numbr of mploys Figur 10.4 Roia Montan population and mploymnt dynamic Figur 10.5 Ischamic hart disas in Roia Montan and rgionally Figur 11.1 Photograph Showing Historic Monumnts (Buildings) in Roia Montan Figur 11.2 Photograph Showing Surfac Archaological Excavation of th Tarina Ara 61 Figur 11.3 Ctlina Monulsti Undrground Mining Ntwork (Prior to Rnovation) Figur 13.1 Risk lvls for various industris and activitis Figur 13.2 Annual probability of occurrnc vs. Consqunc Diagram for Dams and Socially Accptabl Risk Tabl of Boxs Box 3.1 Impact mitigation approachs in th RMP... 9 Box 3.2 Baslin information collction Box 4.1 Romanian lgislation rlvant for th EIA Box 4.2 Intrnational guidlins rlvant for th RMP EIA Box 5.1 Consultation activitis to dat Box 5.2 Ongoing and planning of futur consultation Box 5.3 Consultation concrning rsttlmnt and rlocation Box 6.1 Acid Rock Drainag Box 6.2 Location of points of cological intrst nar th RMP Box 7.1 Ky projct altrnativs considrd undr th EIA Box 7.2 Altrnativ options for locations of ky facilitis Box 7.3 Altrnativ mining tchnology options considrd for prvnting / rducing pollution...26 Box 7.4 Altrnativ to th RMP options Contnts x

13 Box 8.1 Why has a prmabl tailings mbankmnt bn chosn as th prfrrd option? Box 8.2 Cyanid Managmnt Box 8.3 Dam Safty Box 9.1 Summary of th principl masurs to minimis impacts from th TMF Box 9.2 Watr dischargs by th RMP to th nvironmnt Box 9.3 Summary of watr us by th RMP Box 9.4 Summary of RMP impacts on th watr nvironmnt Box 9.5 Potntial RMP impacts on air quality Box 11.1 Ky cultural hritag intrst sits Box 13.1 Th diffrnc btwn Risk and Hazard Box 13.2 Two vryday xampls of Risk and Hazard Box 13.3 Th HAZOP Mthod Box 13.4 Th HAZAN Mthod Box 15.1 Minimisation of risk from th Tailings Managmnt Facility (TMF) Contnts xi

14 C H a p t r 1 1 Gnral Information Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) involvs mining and procssing th gold and silvr or dposits situatd in th vally of Roia Montan, in th Apusni Mountains of Transylvania, Romania. Du to th natur of th activitis and th possibl impacts including social, nvironmntal and conomic, Romanian nvironmntal lgislation, that transposs th acquis communautair, rquirs that th RMP b subjct to th procss of Environmntal Impact Assssmnt (EIA). An Environmntal Impact Assssmnt (EIA) is a mthod by which a proposd dvlopmnt is assssd from a social, nvironmntal and conomic prspctiv This allows whovr is intrstd th opportunity to undrstand, commnt and tak part in th dcision-making procss on th proposd dvlopmnt Th RMP EIA has thrfor bn conductd in complianc with Romanian law and in accordanc with Europan Dirctivs and Intrnational Bst Practic, and it compriss: An analysis of th likly ffcts of a proposd projct on th nvironmnt and th population; Th stablishmnt of prvntativ masurs and/or impact mitigation; Th rcording of ths ffcts and masurs in a rport; Th undrtaking of a public consultation xrcis on th projct and rport; Th considration of th rport, and of commnts rcivd on it, whn making th final dcision; and Informing th public about that dcision. For a major tchnical projct such as th RMP, an EIA can b a vry larg undrtaking, and vry tchnically dmanding. In th cas of th RMP, th full EIA rport including th dscription of th xisting conditions and th managmnt plans, is in xcss of 3500 pags. Obviously this can b quit a challng to rad and digst. A Non Tchnical Summary (NTS) of th EIA has, thrfor, bn cratd in ordr to facilitat accss to th information providd in th full EIA as rquird by th rgulations in forc. This includs: 1. A dscription of th projct avoiding as far as possibl th us of spcialist tchnical trminology and dtaild scintific xplanations; 2. Th mthodologis usd in th EIA to assss th projct and, if any, significant uncrtainty on th projct, and its ffct on th nvironmnt; 3. What ar th prdictd impacts on th nvironmnt; 4. Th idntification and dscription of th physical ara whr th impacts ar flt; 5. What ar th masurs to rduc impacts on th nvironmnt and popl, 6. Th main conclusions rsulting from th EIA; 7. A forcast of th standard and quality of lif and th social conditions in th communitis affctd by th RMP; 8. Th lgal agrmnts within which th projct is dvlopd. Sction 1: Gnral Information Pag 1

15 1 1.1 Th background of Roia Montan and th RMP Roia Montan is a commun covring 4200 hctars with 16 villags, on of which is also calld Roia Montan. Th first writtn rcord of Roia Montan dats from 6 th of Fbruary 131 AD, and compriss a wax coatd tablt found in on of th Roman-ra min gallris. From its origins Roia Montan is linkd with th gold that lis in its rocks. Gold mining which has occurrd almost continuously ovr th last 2000 yars has influncd th social, conomic, cultural and nvironmntal conditions of Roia Montan. Evry govrning authority, from th Romans and Austro-Hungarians to th prsnt day Govrnmnt of Romania has sought to xploit th minral walth of Roia Montan. Numrous thnic groups hav in-migratd to tak part in xtracting th gold, subsquntly influncing Roia Montan with thir own culturs. Many of th impacts of this dvlopmnt and xploitation hav bn bnficial, such as th long history, th divrsity of th rligion and cultur, conomic wlfar provn by th walth of archaological patrimony. Som of th impacts howvr hav bn ngativ. Environmntally, past mining has causd srious problms including pollution of soils and strams, landscap scarring, and impact on land us and biodivrsity. Also, thr hav bn no significant attmpts at nvironmntal rhabilitation and no ffctiv nvironmntal controls to rduc th impacts. Economically Roia Montan ows its origins to mining and thrfor bcam almost xclusivly dpndnt on it for its incom. As mining has dclind in Romania and Roia Montan sinc 1989 with dwindling Stat-fundd support, so too has th quality of lif in th community dclind. Socially and culturally, Roia Montan is in dclin as popl lav to sk a bttr lif lswhr. Roia Montan rmains, dspit its touristic potntial, an isolatd location that dos not attract invstmnts capabl of rinvigorating th whol commun, with th xcption of th potntial for mining. Th RMP dsign includs opportunity to significantly improv th poor condition of th roads, watr supply, wast watr tratmnt, lctricity supply and wast managmnt systms. Also th RMP nabls significant mploymnt and incom opportunitis both to citizns and local govrnmnts. Many componnts of th RMP ar also dsignd to nabl th dvlopmnt of a local tourism industry. Th xisting nvironmntal pollution will also b addrssd by th RMP. Roia Montan Gold Corporation S. A. (th Dvlopr ) has documntd in th RMP managmnt plans that vry ffort will b mad in coopration with local authoritis and th popl of Roia Montan to dvlop a rang of non-mining activitis which can support th social, cultural, nvironmntal and conomic wlfar of th Community long aftr th min has closd. From a community viwpoint this would compris th gratst impact and bnfit of th RMP. Sction 1: Gnral Information Pag 2

16 C H a p t r Using th Non Tchnical Summary (NTS) Th Non Tchnical Summary (NTS) of th EIA of th RMP can b brokn down into thr broad parts s tabl1.1: Tabl 1.1 Componnt Th Componnts of th NTS 1. Th EIA study s gnral framwork 2. Dscription of th RMP 3. RMP s impacts on th nvironmnt and prvntion masurs and/or impacts mitigation Dscription EIA Introducs th RMP th rgulatory framwork govrning th EIA public consultation. Th gographical and natural stting in which th RMP is situatd. Altrnativs Tchnological procsss, installations, quipmnts, utilitis and practics at diffrnt stags of th projct: construction, opration, closur and post-closur. RMP s impact on th nvironmnt How impacts can b controlld and managd Th social and conomic aspcts of th RMP, th community s currnt condition and how th RMP is likly to affct it. Risks and transboundary impacts Figur 1.1 graphically illustrats and summariss th structur of th NTS. Figur 1.1 Structur of th Non Tchnical Summary Sctions 1 to 5 1 Dscribs th: Introduction, Roia Montan Projct (RMP), EIA procss, Rlvant policis and laws, Public consultation. Th Non Tchnical Summary of th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt of th Rosia Montana Projct (RMP) EIA procss & xtrnal aspcts of th RMP Th nginring & dsign of th RMP Intrnal aspcts & impacts of th RMP Sction 6 Dscribs th nvironmntal stting of th RMP: Landscap, Soils and Land us, Watr, Air, Biodivrsity. Sction 7 Dscribs th Projct altrnativs. 2 Sction 8 Dscribs th RMP: Construction, Oprations, Closur and aftr-car. Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Gold and silvr min Sctions 9 11 Dscrib th RMP in rlation to th: Environmntal, Social Economic, and Cultural aspcts of Roia Montan. Sctions Dscrib: Monitoring, Risks, Difficultis, and Transboundary impacts of th RMP. 3 Sction 1: Gnral Information Pag 3

17 1 1.3 Th Projct Ownrship Th RMP is ownd and managd by Roia Montan Gold Corporation S.A. (RMGC or th Dvlopr ). RMGC is a joint vntur btwn Gabril Rsourcs Ltd., a Canadian mining company, and National Company for Coppr, Gold and Iron Minvst S.A. (Minvst), a company ownd by th Govrnmnt of Romania and thr othr sharholdrs as shown in Figur 1.2. Figur 1.2 RMGC Sharholdrs S.C. Roia Montan Gold Corporation S.A. Romania CNCAF MINVEST DEVA S.A., Romania % Gabril Rsourcs Ltd., Canada 80% Minority Sharholdrs, Romania 0.69 % 1.4 List of rlvant licncs / agrmnts to dat for th RMP Prmits alrady rcivd for th RMP ar: 1. Exploitation Concssion Licns no. 47/1999, as approvd by th Govrnmnt Dcision no. 458/ rgarding th approval of th Concssion licns for xploitation of gold-silvr ors within th Roia Montan primtr, Alba County, concludd btwn th National Agncy for Minral Rsourcs, National Company of Coppr, Gold and Iron Minvst S.A. and RMGC, publishd in th Official Gaztt Part I no. 285/ and transfrrd from Minvst to RMGC pursuant to th National Agncy for Minral Rsourcs Ordr no. 310/ rgarding th transfr of th Exploitation concssion licns no. 47/1999, publishd in th Official Gaztt Part I no. 504/ ; 2. Roia Montan Local Council Dcision no. 45/ for approval of modifid PUG for Roia Montan commun, Alba County; 3. Roia Montan Local Council Dcision no. 46/ for approval of PUZ for industrial dvlopmnt zon Roia Montan Gold Corporation SA; 4. Environmntal agrmnt no. 181/ for PUZ for industrial dvlopmnt zon Roia Montan Gold Corporation SA; 5. Environmntal agrmnt no. 179/ for PUG for th Roia Montan commun. Sction 1: Gnral Information Pag 4

18 C h a p t r 2 2 Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Th RMP ssntially has two componnts: 1. Mtal production activitis and th tchnology usd, and; 2. Th social and nvironmntal managmnt of th RMP. 2.1 Th RMP Mining Activitis Th mtal production componnt compriss th dvlopmnt, opration, closur and postclosur activitis for th mining and procssing of gold and silvr or. Th timlin for ths activitis is prsntd in Figur 2.1. Figur 2.1 Th RMP Timlin Futur Gological Exploration Dsign and EIA Authorisation & Public Dbat Construction Opration Closur Post Closur Land Us Whn oprating, th RMP will procss approximatly 13 million tonns of gold and silvr or pr yar for about 16 yars. Th avrag grad (amount pr tonn) of th or is: Gold 1.46 grams pr tonn (or g/t); Silvr 6.95 grams pr tonn Estimations concrning yarly gold and silvr production on avrag ar prsntd in tabl 2.1 and stimations concrning minral rsrvs ar prsntd in tabl 2.2. Tabl 2.1 Expctd avrag production pr yar of gold and silvr Expctd avrag production of gold and silvr pr yar Mtal Grad Or mind pr yar Ouncs producd 1 Tonns producd 1 Gold 1.46 g/t million tonns Silvr 6.95 g/t 1.8 million 58 1 Figurs roundd off for simplicity. Ouncs in Troy Ouncs. Tabl 2.2 Estimatd or rsrvs of th Roia Montan Min Rsrv stimat Estimatd rsrvs Grad Rsrvs In ouncs Provn 2 Probabl 2 Total 1.46 g/t Au 5,900,000 4,200,000 10,100, million tonns 6.9 g/t Ag 32,800,000 14,000,000 47,600,000 2 Th trms provn and probabl indicat th lvl of information availabl to dfin th rsrvs and indicat a sufficint lvl of dfinition for th total rsrv figur. In accordanc with th EU cod for th rporting of minral rsults, minral rsourcs and minral rsrvs, Octobr Tabl 2.3 prsnts th siz of th local administrativ aras and th land rquird by th proposd RMP. Tabl 2.4 prsnts th amount of land ara rquird for th opn pits of th Sction 2: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Pag 5

19 2 RMP in comparison to that currntly bing mind at th sit of th proposd pits by th xisting Stat-ownd mining opration. Tabl 2.3 Land rquird 1 for th RMP Locality Ara of administrativ unit Land rquird 1 for th (ha) proposd RMP (ha) % of Locality Roia Montan Local Council Abrud Local Council Bucium Local Council Câmpni Local Council Total Tabl 2.4 Land ara to b mind Locality Land ara to b mind by th proposd RMP (ha) Of which is currntly impactd (ha) % land rquird alrady mind Roia Montan Local Council Abrud Local Council Bucium Local Council Câmpni Local Council Total Onc th mining oprations finish, th min will b closd. To clos a min mans to mak th ara (th sit) stabl and saf for both popl and animals, in balanc with th cology of th ara and asthtically improvd. In practic, closur activitis will bgin from th outst of th RMP so that it is constructd and opratd in a way that maks closur asir and mor ffctiv. Closing a min involvs claning it up, rhabilitating th land and rturning th sit to a productiv nd us. This rquirs that th sit is physically, chmically and biologically stabl. Aftr-car is ndd to nsur that closur works rmain ffctiv in th long trm. Th aftr car of th min may last dcads dpnding on th spcific circumstancs of th min at th tim of closur. Th RMP includs an nvironmntal monitoring programm to nsur no lgacis xist from th oprations. Funds to covr closur of th RMP will b covrd by a financial guarant to nsur mony is availabl for this work, irrspctiv of any chang in conomic conditions. Th proposd nw min will consist of four opn pits mind using convntional modrn quipmnt. Th or will b procssd on-sit to produc an impur gold and silvr mtal product. Th four pits corrspond to four main or dposits known as Ctat, Cîrnic, Orla and Jig. Th sizs of ths pits ar shown in Tabl This includs pits, wast dumps, tailings managmnt facility and all supporting infrastructur such as accss roads, watr catchmnt dams for nvironmntal protction, watr supply to th sit, and th nw road to Rosia Poini. This land tak rflcts th currnt prfrrd altrnativs for th layout of th projct. Th rsults of th public consultation may mov this layout around. All numbrs ovr 10 ar roundd to th narst whol numbr. Sction 2: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Pag 6

20 C h a p t r 2 Tabl 2.5 Siz of th Proposd Pits for th RMP Pit Dimnsions of pit at surfac (mtrs) Ara of land usd by pit (Hctars) Longst diamtr Shortst diamtr Ctat m 621 m 69 ha Cîrnic m 987 m 73 ha Orla m 418 m 45 ha Jig 647 m 291 m 18 ha All ha 2.2 Impacts of th RMP Thr will b social, nvironmntal and conomic impacts bcaus of th RMP. Som will b bnficial and som ngativ. Som impacts affct only th sit ara and som hav a widr influnc. All ths componnts ar summarisd in this NTS and thy ar xamind in dpth, togthr with all rquird mitigation masurs, in th main part of th EIA rport. Forign dirct invstmnt to dat for th RMP as of Dcmbr 31, 2005 was in xcss of US$ 150 million. This has all bn spnt in th pr-authorisation stag. Futur construction costs for th RMP ar stimatd at $US 638 million during th construction yars, with furthr capital invstmnts of $US 284 million during opration and closur. Oprational xpnss ar xpctd to xcd $US 2,000 million. Th RMP promiss th bnfits of mploymnt, both dirctly for RMGC and also indirctly as a rsult of th dmand for srvics and supplis. Tabl 2.6 summaris ths. Tabl 2.6 Expctd mploymnt at th RMP Job Cration Factor Job numbrs on avrag Currnt mploymnt 300 Expctd dirct during construction phas 1200 Expctd dirct during opration phas 563 Expctd indirct during opration phas Excding 5500 Th RMP will us tchnologis that involv hydrochloric acid and cyanid. Managmnt and us of ths and othr toxic chmicals rquir complianc with Romanian and Europan laws and us of modrn intrnational bst safty practics to avoid pollution. Th RMP rquirs land in ordr to b dvlopd. As notd abov, much of th land to b mind is an xisting sourc of pollution and bcaus of th proposd managmnt of watr and wasts, th RMP will hav a bnficial impact by controlling and trating dischargs for th first tim. Howvr, this nd for land also causs on of th most significant dirct impacts th nd for rsttlmnt or rlocation (s Tabl 2.7) of 974 housholds. This snsitiv issu is dalt with by a ddicatd tam and dpartmnt within RMGC, th Community Rlations Dpartmnt. Th plan to guid th rsttlmnt and rlocation of th housholds is basd upon th World Bank s involuntary rsttlmnt rcommndations 1 and in lin with Romanian laws and EU Dirctivs. Th guiding documnt for this procss is th Rsttlmnt and Rlocation Action Plan, th RRAP 2. 1 World Bank Oprational Policy OP Rsttlmnt and Rlocation Action Plan (RRAP) - s Sction 2: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Pag 7

21 2 Of th popl affctd by th rsttlmnt and rlocation procss 42% hav alrady chosn to tak th rlocation packag as guidd by th RRAP. Th rmaining 58% of th immdiat community ar awaiting th rsults of this EIA. Most of ths wish to mov. Som of thm do not. Th final layout of th RMP will tak into considration th wishs of thos who wish to mov and thos who wish to stay. Th Altrnativs Chaptr of th EIA outlins som of th possibl rconfigurations availabl for th final RMP layout. Tabl 2.7 Rsttlmnt vs. Rlocation Rsttlmnt Rlocation Projct-affctd housholds choosing a nw hous build for thm by th RMP in on of th rsttlmnt sits. Rsttlmnt sit 1: Piatra Alba in th Roia Montan vally. This will b built in th styl of a mountain villag with modrn facilitis and would b built in tim for popl to rsttl bfor th RMP is implmntd. Rsttlmnt sit 2: La Rca in Alba Iulia. This will b built as modrn houss in a rsidntial zon in th county town on Alba. Projct-affctd housholds mov to a nw hous of thir choic using a cash compnsation from th RMP. Sction 2: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) Pag 8

22 C h a p t r 3 3 Th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Procss Th EIA study rport has bn prpard by an indpndnt tam of Romanian and Intrnational consulting companis. To dat, th main focus of th EIA procss has bn to nsur that all potntial impacts of th RMP on th natural and human nvironmnts hav bn idntifid, fully assssd, rportd and whn ncssary, mitigatd or managd. As a rsult, th EIA includs both nvironmntal and social assssmnts. Th EIA also provids a mchanism for nsuring that stakholdrs concrns ar rprsntd in RMP dcision-making. Th EIA procss bgan in 2000 whn th RMP movd from a purly gological xploration phas into a fasibility study phas. Environmntal work commncd with prliminary assssmnt of th snsitivity of th sit and its stting and gathring of nvironmntal information on th ara. Th RMP dvlopmnt has advancd through scoping, prfasibility, final fasibility and basic nginring studis. During that tim, th prparatory EIA studis continud to guid formulation of th dsign and layout of th RMP, lading up to th commncmnt of a formal EIA study undr Romanian nvironmntal rgulations. Th EIA procss has usd a rang of approachs to idntify, assss, mitigat and manag th likly impacts associatd with th RMP. Ths hav rangd from stakholdr consultations and nvironmntal monitoring survys to sophisticatd modlling of prdictd mission lvls. Th approachs rgarding mitigation of th impacts of th RMP ar dscribd in th box blow. Box 3.1 Impact mitigation approachs in th RMP Impact Mitigation in th Roia Montan Projct has usd a hirarchy of approachs: Th primary objctiv was to avoid impacts if possibl by dsigning-out potntial ngativ impacts, for xampl through dcisions on favourabl locations and layout or through th us of tchnologis that would avoid harmful missions; If it was not possibl to avoid an impact, thn impacts wr minimisd at thir sourc, for xampl through rducing wast or minimising th land footprint rquird for RMP facilitis; Whr impacts could not b minimisd at sourc, thy wr managd on sit, for xampl through rosion control, protctiv fncing or watr managmnt; Whr non of th abov wr practical, impacts wr managd at th affctd rcptor, for xampl through th rsttlmnt and rlocation of Projct affctd communitis; Som impacts ar compltly unavoidabl and hav rquird rstoration mchanisms such as th closur and aftrcar of th min sit and th tailings managmnt facility; Som impacts ar positiv in natur (for xampl, mploymnt opportunity and watr quality improvmnt) and th EIA idntifid ways to maximis ths bnfits. Figur 3.1 prsnts a schmatic ovrviw of th EIA procss. Sction 3: Th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Procss Pag 9

23 3 Figur 3.1 Ovrviw of th EIA Procss EIA Scoping Idntify potntial Impacts & Evaluat altrnativs Projct Dfinition & Intraction with Dsign Procss Baslins studis Prdict magnitud of impacts Assss significanc of impacts Evaluat mitigation options Prpar EIA rport (and managmnt plans) Submit th EIA Rport EIA PCDP Procss Consultation with Stakholdrs Environmntal Endorsmnt Approval Managmnt plans implmntd Audit & corrctiv actions Sction 3: Th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Procss Pag 10

24 C h a p t r 3 In addition to th procsss outlind abov, and th procss of public consultation and disclosur, dscribd in Sction 5 of this documnt, two othr important procsss ar includd within th EIA. Ths ar: Ongoing EIA-Dsign intraction: Th EIA and dsign nginring tams hav workd togthr closly throughout th dvlopmnt of th RMP, particularly in ky aras such as dam dsign, watr managmnt, undrtaking nvironmntal risk assssmnts and dvloping landscaping and post-closur managmnt masurs. Baslin data collction: Through a combination of fild survys, dsk studis and public consultation, th collction of baslin information has bn a vital EIA activity for ovr six yars. Som of th main baslin information collction studis ar summarisd in th box blow: Box 3.2 Baslin information collction Baslin Information Collction Watr Baslin Rport Biological and Bactriological Rport Sdimnt and Watr Sampl Analysis Rport Mtorological Baslin Rport Hydrogological Baslin Rport Air Quality Baslin Rport Nois and Vibration Baslin Rport Soil Baslin Rport Ecological Baslin Rport Halth Assssmnt Baslin Rport Cultural/Archaological Hritag Baslin Rport 3.1 RMGC s Approach to th Dvlopmnt of th RMP On th basis of th EIA, a sris of Managmnt Plans has bn dvlopd and will b implmntd to nsur that th RMP achivs th ncssary nvironmntal and social prformanc. A sophisticatd Environmntal and Social Managmnt Systm guids th implmntation, monitoring and improvmnt of nvironmntal and social managmnt and impact mitigation plans through th lif of th RMP. This systm is outlind in Figur 3.2. Sction 3: Th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Procss Pag 11

25 3 Th Environmntal and Social Managmnt Systm includs a rang of 16 spcific managmnt plans that sts out RMGC s nvironmntal, socio-conomic, and public consultation and disclosur commitmnts rlatd to particular issus. Figur 3.2 Roia Montan Gold Corporation s Environmntal & Social Managmnt Systm Economic Prformanc Environmntal & Social Prformanc Environmntal & Social Policy Managmnt Rviw ESMS Planning Chcking & Corrctiv Action Environmntal & Social Impacts Implmntation & Opration Risks & Liabilitis Sction 3: Th Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Procss Pag 12

26 C h a p t r 4 4 Policy and Rgulatory Contxt Th RMP rcivd its Exploitation Concssion Licnc in 1998, with th objctiv of dvloping, constructing and oprating a gold and silvr min within th Roia Montan Mining Primtr. Romania has undrgon th procss of adopting th full body of EU law th so-calld acquis communautair as wll as rstructuring and rfining its own national laws and at this stag th vast majority of EU nvironmntal laws hav bn transposd into Romanian law. This mans that th EIA has bn undrtakn not only in complianc with Romanian law, but also within a rgulatory framwork consistnt with EU rquirmnts and standards. Th ky itms of Romanian lgislation rlatd to EIA policy, procdurs and rquirmnts ar summarisd in Box 4.1: Box 4.1 Romanian lgislation rlvant for th EIA Romanian lgislation rlvant for th EIA EIA procdurs ar st out in Govrnmntal Dcision 918/2002 and th following Ministrial Ordrs provid procdural framworks for EIAs: Ministrial Ordr 860/2002 for approval of th nvironmntal impact assssmnt and th issuanc of nvironmntal agrmnt procdurs; Ministrial Ordr 863/2002 for approval of th mthodological guidlins applicabl to th stags of th nvironmntal impact assssmnt framwork procdur; Ministrial Ordr 864/2002 for approval of impact assssmnt and public participation in th dcision-making procdurs for projcts with transboundary impact. Ths rgulations transpos EU EIA lgislation into Romanian law, and as such also rflct th UN-ECE Convntion on Environmntal Impact Assssmnt in a Transboundary Contxt (th Espoo Convntion), which was ratifid by Romania through Law no. 22/2001, and th Aarhus Convntion concrning accss to information, public participation in dcision making and accss to justic in nvironmntal issus ratifid through law 86/2000. Undr Annx 1.1 of Ministrial Ordr 860/2002, proposd mining activitis rquir an EIA. Morovr, givn th projct s siz, th nvironmntal agrmnt would hav to b issud through a Govrnmnt Dcision according to articl 19 or th Govrnmnt Emrgncy Ordinanc numbr 195/2005 concrning nvironmntal protction. In addition to mting currnt Romanian and EU lgal rquirmnts, RMGC has adoptd th mor stringnt rquirmnts rgardlss of whthr thy ar implmntd in Romanian law, EU lgislation, World Bank guidlins or industry bst practic and bst availabl tchniqus (BAT). Th EU Min Wast Dirctiv 1 that spcifically addrsss th managmnt of mining wasts was publishd in th Official Journal of th Europan Union on th 11 th April 2006 and 1 Th Min Wast Dirctiv (2006/21/EC). Sit at: documnt at: Sction 4: Policy and Rgulatory Contxt Pag 13

27 4 ntrd into forc as an EU Dirctiv in May Th Dirctiv is accompanid by a Bst rfrnc documnt (BREF-MTWR) that sts out Bst Availabl Tchniqus (BAT) for daling with mining wasts. Ths documnts hav alrady bn rfrncd by th Romanian authoritis in th EIA Guidlins issud for th RMP in May 2005 and hav bn fully adoptd for th RMP. As wll as Romanian and EU rgulatory rquirmnts, RMGC follows or xcds th rquirmnts of th World Bank guidlins 1. Th guidlins of th World Bank addrss a numbr of issus not fully addrssd by Romanian and EU law, and provid an important framwork for th RMP particularly in rlation to th rsttlmnt and rlocation of local rsidnts who own proprty likly to b affctd by th RMP. Additionally with rgard to financing th RMP, RMGC has followd th rquirmnts of th Equator Principls which hav bn adoptd by many of th world s lading financial institutions 2. Box 4.2 Intrnational guidlins rlvant for th RMP EIA Othr guidlins and agrmnts that hav bn takn into account by th EIA includ: UN-ECE Convntion on Environmntal Impact Assssmnt in a Transboundary Contxt (th Espoo Convntion ), 1991 UN-ECE Convntion on Accss to Information, Public Participation in Dcisionmaking and Accss to Justic in Environmntal Mattrs (th Aarhus Convntion ), 1998 Intrnational Council on Monumnts and Sits (ICOMOS) UNEP/ICME Intrnational Cyanid Managmnt Cod for th Manufactur, Transport and Us of Cyanid in th Production of Gold Intrnational Commission on Larg Dams (ICOLD) Th biodivrsity convntions outlind in chaptr 4.6 of th EIA study rport. 1 S PK:336930,00.html 2 Sction 4: Policy and Rgulatory Contxt Pag 14

28 C h a p t r 5 5 Public Consultation and Disclosur Public consultation is ssntial for dvloping an undrstanding of how a projct may affct th public concrnd (stakholdrs), and obtaining thir idas and suggstions on how impacts can b managd. Fdback from consultation procsss has a significant influnc on both projct dsign and its implmntation. Consultation also provids an opportunity for local popl dirctly affctd by th RMP to bcom bttr informd about currnt and plannd RMP activitis. A distinction is mad rgarding th public consultation and disclosur procss rquird for th EIA itslf, and th public consultation and disclosur ovr th liftim of th min following th EIA procss. Public consultation and disclosur during th EIA follows strict lgal rquirmnts as stipulatd by th Romanian authoritis and, whr rlvant, th EU Dirctivs and intrnational convntions, such as Espoo and Aarhus Convntions. Th public consultation and disclosur plan with rspct to th EIA is to ncourag and nabl intrstd and rlvant concrnd public (stakholdrs) to influnc th dcision making procss of th RMP dsign and its implmntation. This plan is calld th EPCDP Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Public Consultation and Disclosur Plan and is availabl as part of th EIA documntation. Evn though th EPCDP follows lgal rquirmnts, its most important rol is to nabl th concrnd public to fully undrstand th RMP and its consquncs on th nvironmnt and local conomic and social conditions. In support of th EIA s public participation program (EPCD), RMGC has initiatd an Opn Door program, including a grnlin (08008 ROIA = ), sit visits, tchnical workshops, information cntrs and xhibitions, multi-mdia campaigns, fact shts, laflts and brochurs, as wll as survys, intrviws and qustionnairs. Ths activitis ar dsignd to mak it as asy as possibl for popl to gt involvd in th RMP such that thy can undrstand it and contribut to th dcision making procss rgarding th RMP. Consultation dos not stop onc th EIA procss is compltd. Public consultation will continu throughout th dtaild dsign, construction, opration and closur phass of th RMP. Th consultation procss so far has includd ovr 5 yars of activitis as summarisd in Box 5.1. Box 5.1 Consultation activitis to dat Consultation Activitis to Dat hav Includd: Publication of a local Gaztt Holding workshops with local rsidnts & community ladrs Holding local community-lvl and individual consultations on rsttlmnt & rlocation issus Holding intrviws with businsss within th Projct Affctd Ara Consultations on cultural hritag with xprts, rgulators and rligious ladrs Public mtings, tchnical sminars & prsntations Projct prsntation and sit visits with participants including: th Ministr of Environmnt from Hungary, th Cultural Commission of th Parliamntary Assmbly of th Council of Europ, rprsntativs of UNESCO, and a Romanian Parliamntary Committ. Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 15

29 5 Consultation to dat has idntifid a numbr of ky issus, including both prcivd bnfits and concrns rlatd to th RMP. Ths issus rlat to th nvironmnt, mploymnt, proprty acquisition and compnsation, rsttlmnt and rlocation, public halth and safty, infrastructur, and th impact of construction and RMP associatd traffic on local rsidnts. Concrns rlating to ths and othr issus hav bn fd into th EIA and hav rsultd in modifications to th RMP dsign. Th RMP will continu consultation and dialogu with stakholdrs during th construction, opration and closur of th RMP. Ky lmnts of th ongoing public consultation and that will continu aftr th EIA procdur is complt ar outlind in Box 5.2. Box 5.2 Ongoing and planning of futur consultation Ongoing and Plannd Futur Consultation will Includ: Th public consultation priod to allow th public concrnd (stakholdrs) to rviw and provid commnt on th EIA study rport. Th Romanian govrnmnt will thn issu a summary of public input. RMGC will thn hav to submit an appndix to th EIA rport to rspond to th public commnts or proposals s th EIA Public Consultation and Disclosur Plan for dtails, Continud Consultation rgarding impact on local proprty ownrs and social impact mitigation, Continud Consultation rgarding th projct s opration if or whn th projct is approvd, Govrnmnt and public concrnd consultation on th post-closur land us, Ongoing consultation with local and cntral govrnmnt rgarding planning and zoning rquirmnts. Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 16

30 C h a p t r 5 Box 5.3 Consultation concrning rsttlmnt and rlocation An Exampl of RMP Consultation Rsttlmnt and Rlocation Public Consultation and Disclosur On of th ky facts of a wll-dvlopd projct is th involvmnt of Affctd-Prsons in th dvlopmnt of th projct. Howvr, it is rcognizd that not all mthods of consultation and disclosur ar ffctiv for all popl. In ordr not to miss any sctions of th community, a varity of consultation and disclosur tools was mployd. Th dvlopmnt of th Rsttlmnt and Rlocation Action Plan (RRAP) mad us of th following: Houshold intrviws; Houshold (socio-conomic and livlihood) and local businss survys; RMP fact shts; Tchnical information sssions and public mtings; Rgular mtings with th mayor, Local Councils of Roia Montan and Abrud, and local ladrs; Opration of a Community Information Cntr in Roia Montan; and, Opn houss in rsttlmnt modl houss. Rsttlmnt vrsus Rlocation As a rsult of arly public consultation, it was dtrmind that givn th choic, som rsidnts would prfr to stay nar Roia Montan in a rsttlmnt sit dvlopd by RMGC, whil othrs would prfr to mov from th ara altogthr. As a rsult, RMGC incorporatd both options into th RRAP. Th RRAP provids for qual compnsation for Projct-Affctd Popl whthr thy choos to rsttl or to rlocat. Affctd Popl can ithr us this compnsation to rsttl on a rsttlmnt sit at Piatra Alba (in Roia Montan commun) or in Alba Iulia, or rciv th compnsation in cash and rlocat to a location of thir choic. Th locations of th rsttlmnt sits wr also arrivd at through xtnsiv consultation, which dtrmind that som sttlrs wishd to build thir rplacmnt housing thmslvs. Rvising Company Policy as a Rsult of Public Consultation From th nd of 2002 through May 2004, RMGC had bn purchasing houss and rlocating rsidnts in accordanc th RRAP. Howvr, through a varity of consultations with th public, it was dtrmind that th company s stratgy rgarding compnsation of buildings was causing discontnt, in particular that compnsation was basd on th numbr of inhabitants in th hom and th Romanian minimum dwlling siz standard - for xampl, a houshold of 4 should liv in 115 m 2, thus compnsation would b calculatd for a surfac of 115 m 2. This rwardd popl with larg familis or small houss and causd rsntmnt among ownrs of largr houss. As a rsult of this discontnt, RMGC stoppd purchasing houss in May 2004 and rvaluatd th RRAP in consultation with community rprsntativs, with support from xtrnal consultation spcialists. This procss vntually ld to th whol compnsation and rsttlmnt packag bing rvisitd, including changs to th compnsation basis. Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 17

31 6 6 Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting As discussd prviously, th EIA includs xtnsiv baslin studis of th natural and human nvironmnt on and around th RMP sit carrid out by Romanian and intrnational xprt tams. Ths ar documntd in a sris of vry dtaild rports that form Appndics to th main EIA rport. Th following sction provids an ovrviw of th RMP stting, ncompassing th xisting natural and human nvironmnt. Th RMP is situatd nar th villag of Roia Montan in Alb County, approximatly 50km (80km by road) northwst of th county capital of Alb Iulia in wst-cntral Romania. Figur 6.1 Location of Roia Montan Min Projct Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 18

32 C h a p t r Th Natural Environmnt Th RMP sit is locatd within a rgion known as th Goldn Quadrilatral in th Mtalifri Mountains, which ar part of th largr rgional mountain ara calld th Apusni Mountains of Transylvania. Landscap Th RMP is locatd in an upland ara that includs portions of th Roia, Corna and Slit Vallys and is cntrd on th villag Roia Montan. Th topography of th RMP ara dominatd by th main south to north vally of th Abrud Rivr, into which th thr vallys connct from th ast. Th ridgs btwn ths vallys and th paks to th ast ffctivly form a natural bowl around Roia Montan, isolating it from th widr landscap to th ast, north and south. Th wstrn ridglin of th Abrud Vally provids furthr isolation of th RMP ara to th wst. In Roia Vally, th xisting landscap is dgradd by th historic and currnt mining activity and to a lssr xtnt so too is th Corna Vally. Both vallys hav bn significantly and prmanntly altrd by prvious mining oprations, and will b subjct to furthr altrations rsulting from th construction and opration of th proposd min and associatd facilitis. Figur 6.2 shows a viw of Roia Montan towards th xisting Roiamin min. Figur 6.2 Viw ovr Roia Montan villag towards th Roiamin min Soils and Land Us Th stp V-shapd vallys and th thin, acidic natur of th soils limit agricultural us. Bsids mining th only othr significant land us is subsistnc agricultur. Agricultural Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 19

33 6 land uss includ cattl grazing on th highr slops and cultivation of root crops such as potatos and orchards on th lowr slops such as th floor of Corna vally. Smi-natural forsts surrounding th sttlmnts ar usd for collction of firwood and forst fruit such as brris. Ths forst rmnants hav bn dgradd through ovr-us and poor or lack of managmnt. Th land ara whr th min is to b situatd compriss largly of land that is dirctly affctd by past, rcnt or currnt mining activitis. Th wast rock pils hav not bn rmdiatd and includ xtnsiv unstabl slops and ar on of th main sourcs of watr pollution. Apart from currnt mining opration thr is no productiv us of this mind land. Watr Th two principal surfac watrcourss in th RMP ara ar th Roia and Corna Strams. Both drain into th Abrud Rivr which subsquntly flows into th Aris Rivr nar Câmpni (s figur 6.4). Th watr quality of th strams in th RMP ara is poor as a rsult of pollutd watr ( Acid Rock Drainag S Box 6.1) discharging from th old undrground mins, drainag from min wast and tailings, and othr dischargs from farms, dwllings, and othr industrial oprations. Th surfac watrs affctd by historical mining including th Abrud Rivr ar so pollutd that thy ar of no us to communitis, nor ar thy capabl of supporting fish or divrs aquatic lif. Howvr, downstram of th proposd RMP sit, watr quality in th Aris Rivr is gnrally good, although impactd by mining-rlatd contamination. Som groundwatr xists in shallow suprficial unconsolidatd rock dposits across th RMP ara and this may fd springs and surfac watr flow. No vidnc has bn found of any significant dp groundwatr movmnt. Privat drinking watr sourcs ar ithr from tappd springs on th sids of th vallys, or from shallow hand-dug wlls. Ovrall, th groundwatr quality is blow svral Romanian and EU drinking watr quality standards and may b of concrn for public halth with rspct to havy mtal contnt. Th laks in th ara ar artificial and wr mainly built in th 18 th cntury as watr storag ponds for gold mining activitis. Thy do not play a significant rol in th local hydrology. Substantial concntrations of mrcury hav bn dtctd in som of th laks but it is not commonly dtctd in othr watrs associatd with th RMP ara. It is most likly that th mrcury stms from historic gold procssing activitis whr it would hav bn usd to xtract gold. Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 20

34 C h a p t r 6 Box 6.1 Acid Rock Drainag Acid Rock Drainag ( ARD ) Whn rock that contains sulphid minrals (usually pyrit or iron sulphid) coms in contact with air in th prsnc of watr and bactria, th sulphid matrials undrgo a chmical chang which can rsult in th cration of an fflunt, commonly known as acid rock drainag or ARD, which contains sulphuric acid and sulphat. This can impact strams by making thm mor acidic and in sufficint concntrations, can kill aquatic plants, fish, and othr aquatic lif. In addition to making strams acidic, th ARD can also dissolv minrals prsnt in th rock. Whn ths dissolvd minrals com in contact with watr, from rain for xampl, thy ar carrid into th surfac watr and groundwatr. Som mtals lik zinc, coppr, arsnic, cadmium, mrcury, slnium and lad, in sufficint concntrations, can pollut drinking watr, and sriously affct aquatic wildlif and habitat as wll as rndring th watr unfit for human and animal consumption without rlativly complx tratmnt. Historic mining in Roia Montan has rsultd in highly ARD-pollutd watr in both th Roia and Corna Strams, which also continuously contributs to th pollution of th Abrud Rivr. Th rsults of ARD ar visibly dmonstratd by th rd colour of Roia Stram. Th photo in figur 6.3 shows th xisting Acid Rock Drainag in Roia Montan. Th rd colour is largly from th high iron contnt. Environmntal monitoring of this sit has bn conductd by RMGC sinc This data has supplmntd that providd by th authoritis for th EIA study. This data has also bn usd as a basis for th dvlopmnt of th RMP s Environmntal and Social Managmnt Plans. Figur 6.3 Existing ARD in Roia Montan du to past mining practics Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 21

35 6 Figur 6.4 Map of rivr systms of th RMP ara Local Watrshds Air A comprhnsiv air-monitoring programm showd that thr ar no major industrial pollution sourcs on th RMP ara. Air quality in th ara is good and all paramtrs fall within lgislativ rquirmnts. Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 22

36 C h a p t r 6 Biodivrsity Th RMP ara contains no nationally or intrnationally dsignatd wildlif or biodivrsity aras. It compriss a wid rang of landscap, soil and vgtation typs. Th soils and vgtation ar a dirct rflction of th topography, gology and climat of th ara. As a rsult vgtation pattrns gnrally follow th linar arrangmnt of vallys and ridgs. Baslin studis show that both th landscap and natural habitats hav bn significantly influncd by human activitis. Thir dtrioration is du to a rang of factors including: Formr and currnt mining activitis and rlatd pollution, including ARD; Transformation of natural systms to madows; Establishmnt and dvlopmnt of human sttlmnts and plantd forsts; Dvlopmnt of smi-natural systms, such as man-mad laks. Th xisting oprational Roiamin mining sit and Tailings Managmnt Facility ( TMF ) in th Slit Vally ar highly-impactd aras with complt habitat loss. Human activitis ovr a long priod of tim hav rsultd in significant changs to th local flora. Consquntly, th numbr of habitats of cological intrst is low. Thr sits within or adjacnt to th RMP industrial zon contain nvironmntal faturs that can b considrd significant as outlind blow. Box 6.2 Location of points of cological intrst nar th RMP Narst Locations of Ecological Intrst Tul Mar Rock Outcrops Locatd northast of Roia Montan, on th high points of land immdiatly outsid th RMP industrial zon. This ara is compriss of a mixtur of habitats, including opn cliff habitats that ar not found lswhr within th RMP Ara. Th rock outcrops provid habitat for svral spcis of hrbs, grasss and lichns, small mammals and birds such as buzzards. Although man-mad, Tul Mar Lak provids habitat for a numbr of aquatic spcis, including crayfish, frogs and toads, as wll as srving as a sourc of watr for local wildlif. From a biodivrsity and landscap prspctiv, this ara rprsnts th most significant cological fatur in th RMP Ara. Virtop Vally Forst Locatd adjacnt to th northwst sction of th Roia Vally and wll outsid th RMP ara. This complx of divrs vgtation communitis includs som of th bst xampls of mixd dciduous forst in th gnral RMP Ara as wll as a Norway spruc plantation. Th forst provids habitat for rsidnt woodpckrs such as whit-backd woodpckr, middl-spottd woodpckr, black woodpckr, gry-hadd woodpckr and grn woodpckr, as wll as amphibian spcis such as fir salamandrs. Slit Vally Bch Forst Th uppr catchmnt of this vally contains th largst contiguous blocks of Bch forst. Whilst adjacnt to th RMP ara, it lis outsid th industrial zon of th RMP. Ths blocks contain most of th flora and fauna spcis associatd with th Bch forst community, and rprsnts th bst xampls of this climax forst typ in th RMP Ara. Sction 6: Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) stting Pag 23

37 7 7 Altrnativs for and within th Roia Montan Projct Undr Romanian and EU rquirmnts for an EIA, th considration of altrnativ options for dvlopmnt for an ntir projct as wll as spcific aspcts of a projct is a rquirmnt of th EIA procss. Ths options must b viabl and subjct to a sufficint lvl of nvironmntal analysis to assist in dciding upon th appropriatnss of th proposd projct dsign. Typically, dvlopmnt options includ th location of th projct and th tchnology or procsss that may b usd. Uniquly, th location of a mining projct is dictatd by gology and th prsnc of a minral rsourc to b xploitd. Thrfor altrnativ options ar also limitd by gology. Gological invstigations ar followd by studis to outlin th min projct dsign and min plan. Ths studis structur th minral rsourcs into an conomically viabl mining opration. Th fasibility study includs an initial ovrviw of potntial nvironmntal and social issus to assist in dciding whthr or not to procd with th projct. Th fasibility study also includs th idntification, valuation and slction of a numbr of altrnativ projct dsigns. It also provids a basis for th dvlopmnt of th EIA and th dtaild nginring dsign. Th EIA considrs projct altrnativs from a broadr prspctiv than th strictly tchnical focus usd in th prparation of an nginring fasibility study. Th EIA includs assssmnts of altrnativs to th RMP, including a no projct altrnativ and othr conomic initiativs. Analysis showd that th rang and scal of socio-conomic, cultural, and nvironmntal bnfits brought by th RMP ar not abl to b dlivrd by ralistic altrnativ dvlopmnt possibilitis. Howvr, th socio-conomic and vn nvironmntal bnfits of th RMP hav to b compard against th risks and disadvantags. This includs th us of cyanid, th scal of th infrastructur chang, and th rsttlmnt or rlocation of rsidnts of Roia Montan and Corna. Th valuation of altrnativs was also usd to dtrmin th bst mining tchnology, duration and staging of th projct, mining and procssing tchnologis, nvironmntal managmnt practics, options for siting wast managmnt facilitis, transportation routs, and in gnral, masurs to prvnt or minimiz potntial nvironmntal and social impacts during construction, opration, closur and post-closur. Sction 7: Altrnativs for and within th Roia Montan Projct Pag 24

38 C h a p t r 7 Box 7.1 Ky projct altrnativs considrd undr th EIA Or xtraction using opn pits A comparativ valuation was conductd btwn or xploitation via undrground and opn pits. Th us of cyanid as a procssing chmical Cyanid is on of th fw substancs which will dissolv gold. Th gold is prdominantly containd within th or as microscopic particls and to minimis gold bing lost in th wast, it must b dissolvd out of th or. A rang of altrnativs to cyanid was considrd. Th cyanid dstruction tchnology for th tailings slurry bfor discharging into th Tailings Managmnt Facility (TMF) in ordr to mt th EU Min Wast Dirctiv. Th location of th Tailings Managmnt Facility (TMF) A numbr of altrnativ locations wr considrd bfor th slction of th currnt proposd sit in th Corna Vally. Undr th EIA options for location of ky facilitis, such as th TMF wr considrd, discussd in Box 7.2. Box 7.2 Altrnativ options for locations of ky facilitis Most favourabl option for th Tailings Managmnt Facility (TMF) is in Corna vally, although nin locations in diffrnt vallys in th ara wr also xamind; All viabl options for disposal and storag of wast rock wr xamind and th slctd option rprsnts an optimal combination of mthods; Various routs wr xamind to provid accss to and around th RMP sit and th slctd options combin considration of practical constraints and nvironmntal impact. Th RMP uss chmicals such as cyanid and hydrochloric acid, toxic ragnts that rquir carful managmnt. Th RMP, thrfor, nds to mploys tchnologis and managmnt practics that hav bn slctd on th basis of Bst Availabl Tchniqus (BAT) as rcognisd undr EU and intrnational guidanc. Th us of BAT is a rquirmnt undr Romanian and EU rgulations. Box 7.3 discusss th altrnativ mining tchnology options considrd. Sction 7: Altrnativs for and within th Roia Montan Projct Pag 25

39 7 Box 7.3 Altrnativ mining tchnology options considrd for prvnting / rducing pollution Tchnological options: Th option to adopt undrground mining mthods rathr than th proposd opn pit schm is xamind and rjctd as non-viabl du to safty, conomic and nvironmntal rasons; Altrnativs to us of cyanid in gold xtraction othr mthods ar potntially mor hazardous (.g. mrcury) or unprovn/unconomic; Options for rduction of cyanid lvls in th wasts dischargd to th TMF only th slctd option is BAT, and rprsnts th most commonly usd tchnology in th modrn mining sctor; Tratmnt of watr for discharg to natur will b mad according to BAT and th most advancd tchniqus that nsur th purification of watr to th quality standards stipulatd by NTPA001/2005. It is also rquird that th no projct option is analysd, i.., a forcast of th nvironmntal and socio-conomic stat should th RMP not procd. Th no projct option is discussd in Box 7.4. Box 7.4 Altrnativ to th RMP options Th No-Projct Option: Th no projct option was considrd, and th bnfits of th RMP wr compard with potntial bnfits of othr dvlopmnt paths. In th cas that th RMP dos not go ahad, th xisting pollution problms and socio-conomic dclin will continu, if significant altrnativ invstmnts do not occur, including for closing down th xisting min, th rhabilitation of th impactd ara, and th stablishmnt of an altrnativ mans of livlihood for th population. Th possibility for introduction of altrnativ industris that might hav a similar bnficial socio-conomic impact as th proposd RMP was xamind. Thr ar significant disincntivs working against attracting altrnativ industris, unlss thr was significant additional inward invstmnt to improv th dvlopmnt potntial and invstmnt climat of th ara. Th RMP dos not prclud th stablishmnt of othr industris and is instad forcast to rmov som of th xisting impdimnts to this. A full analysis of ths altrnativ options is providd in th EIA and it is concludd that th slctd options for th RMP ar th most appropriat having rgard to conomic, tchnical and nvironmntal constraints and opportunitis and also rprsnt BAT, whr that is rlvant. Th no projct options fail to capitaliz on th natural rsourc assts availabl to th Community, such as th or dposit and rmdiation of th significant nvironmntal and socio-conomic problms would rquir inward invstmnt ovr and abov anything that could b rasonably xpctd from non-mining dvlopmnts, if thy could b attractd to th ara. Sction 7: Altrnativs for and within th Roia Montan Projct Pag 26

40 c h a p t r 8 8 Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Th Roia Montan Projct (RMP) compriss th dvlopmnt, opration, closur and postclosur phass. Th mining xploitation will consist of four opn pits with procssing of th xcavatd or bing conductd on-sit. Th four pits corrspond to four main dposits known as Ctat, Cîrnic, Orla and Jig. Onc th EIA has bn compltd and th RMP has bn approvd, th RMP compriss thr distinct phass as follows: 1. Construction; 2. Opration; 3. Closur and aftr-car. 8.1 Construction Phas It is anticipatd that a spcialist nginring, procurmnt and construction managmnt contractor (rfrrd to as an EPCM Contractor ) would b appointd by RMGC on th basis of a comptitiv tndr to dvlop and construct th RMP. Any EPCM Contractor would b rquird to follow th lgal obligations of th RMP and any othr rlvant commitmnts mad by RMGC undr th trms of its nvironmntal and othr prmits. Th proposd construction priod of th RMP is approximatly two to thr yars. Activitis will commnc with th stablishmnt of sit offics, sit construction facilitis, and th mobilization of principal contractors. Th main activitis during this priod ar: Construction of th rsttlmnt infrastructur such as housing, churchs, commrcial prmiss, municipal and county administrativ offics, using Romanian contractors and supplirs as much as possibl; Rsttlmnt of projct affctd local rsidnts; Prparation of min oprational aras such as rmoval and storag of surfac soils; Dvlopmnt of quarris for construction matrials such as for roads, concrt production tc; Working with Minvst on rdvlopmnt and prmannt or tmporary closur of Minvst oprations, and rdvloping th xisting xploitations on th currnt min sit; Connction to th national high voltag lctrical powr ntwork; Construction of a watr supply piplin from th Aris Rivr; Construction of th accss road to th procss facilitis from th Abrud Vally; Construction of th procss facilitis, including th cyanid dstruction installation; Construction of a nw accss road to Roia Poini; Construction in Corna Vally of th tailings managmnt facility (TMF), including th startr rock dam gradually bing built up ovr th min lif to bcom th final Corna TMF dam. Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 27

41 8 Construction of a scondary containmnt dam in th Corna Vally to captur all spag; Construction of Ctat dam in th Roia Vally in ordr to collct acid watr; Construction of th acid rock drainag tratmnt plant; Construction of infrastructur; Construction of othr watr control containmnt structurs and clan watr drainag channls; Construction of a potabl watr tratmnt plant; Construction of a domstic swag tratmnt plant; and, Tsting at pilot scal of proposd altrnativs for nvironmntal tchnologis.g. scondary tratmnt systm of wast watr with low cyanid concntration and th advancd tratmnt for rmoval of calcium and sulphats from min watrs. This phas will involv significant activity and th cration of a rang of prmannt structurs and facilitis. At th nd of construction, th RMP will b commissiond and b handd ovr to th RMP managmnt tam as an oprational businss. 8.2 Oprational Phas Th proposd mining activitis at Roia Montan ar plannd for a 16-yar priod. Oprations will consist of convntional opn-pit mining tchniqus including: drilling, blasting, loading of or by hydraulic shovls, and transport of or by haul trucks. Four opn pits, namd: Ctat, Cîrnic, Orla, and Jig pits, will b mind. Th four pits form a singl min opration, which will fd or to an on-sit procssing plant. Mining will start at Cîrnic closly followd by Ctat. Mining at Orla will start in yar 7 and at Jig in yar 9. Th Cîrnic pit will finish by yar 9, whilst th Ctat pit will continu through th ntir min lif. Th numbr of yars of actual mining is 14. During th first six yars of opration, a low-grad or stockpil will b dvlopd. Th highr-grad or will slctivly procssd first. Th low-grad or stockpil will b procssd aftr th mining has finishd in yar 14 and will tak narly thr yars to procss, finishing in yar 16, or approximatly yar Figur 8.1 shows th pits and th yar in which thy will b mind. Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 28

42 c h a p t r 8 Figur 8.1 Th pits to b mind and in which yar Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 29

43 8 Th proposd or prparation and procssing systms incorporat th following ky lmnts: Tabl 8.1 Proposd or prparation and procssing stps Ordr Stp Dscription 1 Crushing and Stockpiling Or is crushd using a gyratory crushr and thn stockpild 2 Wt grinding Stockpild or is furthr ground by wt grinding 3 Laching and Adsorption 4 Elctrowinning Cyanid is addd to th solution of watr and or within a closd systm bfor passing through a sris of tanks, which agitat th solution. Th gold and silvr is attachd to carbon in ths tanks and sparatd from th rst of th solution Gold and silvr ar xtractd by passing an lctrical currnt through th solution, which sparats th gold from th carbon 5 Smlting Th gold and silvr is thn hatd and formd into ingots Aftr gold and silvr is xtractd and th cyanid solution is rcovrd to b rusd in th procss, a cyanid dtoxification plant will procss th rsidual 6 Cyanid cyanid in th wast slurry (tailings). Dtoxification is rquird undr dtoxification Romanian and EU law and th lvl of rsidual cyanid will b lowr than th 10mg/l WAD cyanid rquird by th EU th min wast dirctiv (2006/21/EC) 7 Tailings disposal Th tailings ar transportd by piplin and dpositd in th TMF 8 Watr rcirculation and rus Th solids in th slurry will sttl and th clarifid watr will b r-circulatd from th TMF pond to th procssing plant and b r-usd to avoid th nd to discharg fflunt to th nvironmnt and to minimis us of frsh watr rsourcs Figur 8.2 Schmatic of proposd or prparation and procssing systms Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 30

44 c h a p t r 8 Visually th most significant RMP faturs will b: In Roia Vally: th opn pits, wast rock stockpils and th Ctat Watr Catchmnt Pond; In Corna Vally: th Tailings Managmnt Facility. Th Ctat Watr Catchmnt Pond on th Roia Stram will nsur that contaminatd runoff from historic mins no longr ntrs watrcourss and runoff from th nw min is also intrcptd. Watr will b pumpd from this pond to an on-sit watr tratmnt facility. Th tratd and clan watr will thn b rlasd to maintain stram-flow in th Roia and Corna Strams. This managmnt schm will rsult in a significant improvmnt in watr quality in th local strams compard with th currnt situation. Th TMF includs a dam that will b constructd out of slctd quarry aggrgats and wast rock and hightnd progrssivly through th lif of th min to accommodat th dposition of tailings arriving from th cyanid dtoxification plant. Th TMF will also includ a scondary containmnt dam furthr downstram to contain watr that is dsignd to sp from th TMF through th Corna TMF dam to assist in tailings stabilisation and control watr prssurs. This watr will thn b pumpd back to th rclaim pond bhind th Corna dam. Box 8.1 discusss th prmabl tailings mbankmnt dsign; and Figur 8.2 shows th build up of th TMF ovr th yars. Boxs 8.2 and 8.3 discuss cyanid managmnt and dam safty rspctivly. Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 31

45 8 Box 8.1 Why has a prmabl tailings mbankmnt bn chosn as th prfrrd option? Why a prmabl tailings mbankmnt? Th two main typs of mbankmnt dams ar arthfill dams and rockfill dams. Earthfill dams ar mad up mostly from compactd arth, whil rockfill dams ar mad up mainly from dumpd and compactd ston. Th main tailings mbankmnt for th RMP will b a rockfill dam and will us matrial xcavatd from both th opn pits and th aggrgat quarris for its construction. A cross-sction (or slic) through an mbankmnt dam shows that it is shapd lik a bank, or hill. Most mbankmnt dams hav a cntral sction or cor, which is frquntly mad from an imprmabl matrial to stop watr passing through th dam. This is th cas for th startr dam of th TMF, which nds to stor watr for RMP start-up. Howvr, th final Corna dam at Roia Montan will allow som watr to pass through it bfor bing capturd by a scond dam calld th scondary containmnt dam. This allows th tailings to drain and consolidat, improving stability and nabling th cration of a wll-draind vgtatd surfac following closur. Unlik th main tailings mbankmnt, th scondary containmnt dam will b imprmabl and constructd of non-acid-gnrating matrial. Watr stord bhind th scondary containmnt dam will b pumpd back into th tailings basin to b rcycld for us in th procssing plant. It is important to not that th vally floor of th Corna Vally is mad up of vry low prmability soil and bdrock. Watr tnds to follow th path of last rsistanc, and thrfor, watr stord bhind th dam will prfrntially flow through th main dam instad of sping through th vally floor into th groundwatr. Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 32

46 c h a p t r 8 Figur 8.3 Schmatic stagd dvlopmnt and filling of th TMF ovr th yars Roia Montanã Vally Final xtnt of th flat ara cratd by th dposition of tailings that will build up bhind th rock mbankmnt at th bottom of th Corna vally Industrial Zon Limit Corna Vally Rock Embankmnt Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 33

47 8 Box 8.2 Cyanid Managmnt Cyanid Managmnt Th old minrs took most of th coars gold and th majority of th gold rmaining in th Roia Montan min sit is containd within th or as microscopic particls that ar not larg nough to b rcovrd using only physical mans. Th gold thrfor to b dissolvd out of th or aftr it is crushd and ground. Cyanid is on of th fw substancs which will dissolv gold. A rang of altrnativs to cyanid was considrd but non has th sam mix of provn rmoval fficincy, provn safty and costffctivnss. Cyanid is a toxic substanc which mans that it must b carfully managd. A RMP spcific Cyanid Managmnt Plan (th "CMP") for Roia Montan has bn prpard in accordanc with th Intrnational Cyanid Managmnt Cod 1 (th "Cod") for th gold mining industry and Cfic EU guidlins 2. Th Cod was dvlopd undr th auspics of th Unitd Nations Environmntal Program ( UNEP ), to assist th mining industry in improving cyanid managmnt, thrby minimizing risks to workrs, communitis and th nvironmnt from th us of cyanid in gold mining, and rducing community concrns about its us. A company crtifid to EU standards will transport cyanid to th RMP sit in solid form and insid spcially rinforcd and sald containrs. Ths spcial containrs ar dsignd for transfrring cyanid and will transport it dirctly from th cyanid manufacturing plant to th Roia Montan procss plant. A stat-of-th-industry cyanid dtoxification facility will b incorporatd into th procss plant for th RMP. This tchnology will rduc cyanid lvls in th wast stram to lvls which ar wll blow th maximum lvl that Romanian, EU and North Amrican guidlins dsignat as saf, bfor th tailings ar rlasd from th procss plant to th dam in Corna vally (th TMF). This provn cyanid dtoxification tchnology has bn succssfully usd in mor than 80 gold mins worldwid and continus to rplac oldr tchnologis. Th tchnology of trating th tailings slurry in ordr to dstroy cyanid that would b implmntd by th RMP would prsnt th introduction of Bst Availabl Tchniqus (BAT) in this domain for th Romanian mining industry. Also important to rmmbr is that cyanid, unlik havy mtals, dos not bioaccumulat and that it naturally dgrads undr atmosphric conditions. Dspit this, provision has bn mad for additional activ cyanid dtoxification should that b rquird for any rason or circumstanc, for xampl, to allow discharg to th nvironmnt in accordanc with quality standards if such discharg bcam ncssary or dsirabl. Th RMP monitoring plan includs th continuous monitoring of cyanids throughout th procss as wll as in th surrounding nvironmnt Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 34

48 c h a p t r 8 Box 8.3 Dam Safty Dam Safty Th TMF is rigorously dsignd to strictly comply with Romanian and intrnational standards to provid saf and nvironmntally accptabl containmnt of dtoxifid tailings. From a statistical prspctiv, th two main dangrs with dams ar: 1. ovrtopping, whr dam hight and storag capacity ar not sufficint to hold back watr, and 2. dam failur, whr a portion of th dam collapss. Th TMF has bn dsignd with a numbr of nginrd prcautions to addrss both of ths concrns Box 15.1 provids a listing of ths. Addrssd hr, howvr, is th normal concrn of ovrtopping. In ordr to nsur sufficint capacity to avoid ovrtopping, th lvation of ach stag of th facility through th lif of th RMP is dtrmind as th sum of th dsign volum rquird to: Stor procss watr and tailings for th maximum normal opration volum of tailings and th avrag dcant pond volum (i.. th volum assssd from th prdictd monthly watr balanc); Stor run-off rsulting from two Probabl Maximum Prcipitation ( PMP ) storms*, basd on stimats for this vnt spcifid for th Roia Montan ara (th PMP storm gnrats a Probabl Maximum Flood ( PMF ) volum, which is dpndnt on th rciving catchmnt ara); and, Provid a tailings bach and additional frboard for wav protction to th tailings volum at ach stag during oprations; a consrvativ frboard critrion is basd on th PMF storag plus 1 mtr of wav run-up. * Romanian guidlins dictat that th TMF must stor a storm vnt ovr a 24-hour priod having a magnitud that is xpctd to occur only onc vry 10,000 yars. This corrsponds to 211 mm of rainfall at Roia Montan. Th PMP is ovr twic this magnitud, whthr it corrsponds to an vnt of 450 mm for summr or 440 mm for wintr (combind with snowmlt). To b consrvativ, th mor stringnt PMP vnt has bn slctd as th dsign critrion for th TMF. Furthrmor, in ordr to nsur that th TMF can stor a full PMF volum at all tims, it is actually dsignd to safly hold th flood watrs from two conscutiv PMP vnts. Th Roia Montan TMF is thrfor dsignd to hold a total flood volum ovr four tims gratr than th Romanian guidlins. An mrgncy spillway for th dam will b constructd in th unlikly vnt that pumps fail du to malfunction or powr intrruption at th sam tim as th scond PMP vnt. Th dsign of th TMF thrfor vry significantly xcds rquird standards for safty. This has bn don to nsur that th risks involvd in using Corna vally for Tailings storag ar wll blow what is considrd saf in vryday lif. Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 35

49 8 8.3 Closur and Aftr-Car Phas Th Min Rhabilitation and Closur Managmnt Plan ("Min Closur Plan") bing dvlopd for th RMP outlins a plan for dcommissioning th facility, rhabilitating th sit and implmnting a long-trm programm of aftr-car to nsur that Min Closur Plan objctivs ar mt. As part of th EIA and prmitting procss, a min closur procss, schdul and financial guarant structur will b dfind and agrd to. Th prparation of a dcommissioning and rhabilitation stratgy bfor th dvlopmnt of th RMP is an intgral part of th procss. According to th Min Wast Dirctiv 2006/21/EC of th Europan Union, closur and rhabilitation mans "th tratmnt of th land affctd..in such a way as to rstor th land to a satisfactory stat with particular rgard to..appropriat bnficial uss." For th various parts of th sit affctd by th mining oprations, th Min Closur Plan dfins bnficial uss. Ths uss dtrmin how th sits ar rhabilitatd, which targts will hav to b achivd and which tchnologis will b usd. Although in th currnt vrsion of th Min Closur Plan, th principal closur stratgy and tchnologis ar dfind, th Min Closur Plan is a living documnt and will volv via rvisions and updats, dpnding on such as th following: futur tchnological advancs changing public intrsts with rspct to th futur usag scnarios of th rhabilitatd sits improvd knowldg of nvironmntal impacts by mining wasts, fflunts tc. This approach to min planning rcognizs that mining, whil prmanntly changing som surfac topography rprsnts a tmporary us of th land and that appropriat closur of th opration is in accordanc with th sustainabl us of minral rsourcs. Th principal objctiv of th Min Closur Plan and dsign procss is to nsur that th potntial nvironmntal, safty and halth impacts associatd with a dcommissiond min togthr with thir associatd financial and lgal liabilitis ar idntifid at an arly stag and thus minimisd as a consqunc of actions takn during planning, dsign and oprational phass of th RMP. Objctivs for rhabilitation nd to addrss suggstions and opinions of th Community, rgulatory rquirmnts, sit-spcific aspcts, RMGC policis and industry bst practic, and includ: Protction of public halth and wlfar; Achivmnt of agrd goals for post closur land us; Gotchnical stabilization of min-rlatd structurs (pit slops, rock stockpils tc); Rclamation of landscap to minimis sdimntation, rosion, and potntial nvironmntal harm; Watr quality protction. Basd on ths goals, th objctivs of th RMP Min Rhabilitation and Closur Plan ar to: Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 36

50 c h a p t r 8 Assist managmnt in nsuring th protction of public halth and safty during and following closur of th min and associatd facilitis; To allow progrssiv closur activitis to commnc bfor production cass; Rduc or liminat long-trm nvironmntal impacts; Rstor disturbd land to a productiv condition as soon as practical; Minimis, to th xtnt possibl, strilisation of any rmaining minral rsourcs; To assist RMGC in spcific budgt and schdul planning activitis. Th min closur procss starts during th oprations phas by optimizing th tchnologis with rspct to latr closur activitis such as th sgrgation of potntially polluting from non-polluting wasts, and by starting and complting th rhabilitation of mining wasts (Cîrnic wast rock dump) as soon as possibl. Towards th nd of th oprations phas, th production and wast dposition tchnologis will incrasingly b adaptd to th rquirmnts of closur and rhabilitation. For xampl, th tailings dposition rgim will b changd so that th rsulting inclination of th tailings surfac (and of th covr placd on th tailings) assists th runoff of undisturbd surfac watr and minimizs th infiltration into th tailings body, potntially polluting wasts will b ncapsulatd by non-polluting wasts, opn pits which ar alrady compltly mind out will b backfilld with wast rock matrial from othr pits. In yar 14, at th nd of th mining oprations whn only th low grad or stockpil is still to b procssd, th activ closur phas bgins. Th fully or partially backfilld opn pits and th wast rock haps will b landscapd, covrd with frtil and chmically inrt soil and vgtatd with grass and trs. In yar 16, following th rprocssing of th low grad or, th consolidation of th covr on th tailings impoundmnt will bgin. Th covr is dsignd to isolat potntially polluting tailings matrial within a stabl and consolidatd tailings dposit. Ctat, th last opn pit to b compltd, will b floodd. In ordr to minimiz th oxidation of minrals in th pit walls which may lad to th gnration of acid watr in th pit lak, th flooding procss will b acclratd by pumping tailings pond watr into th pits. Bfor this is don, th watr will b tratd as ncssary to nsur that its quality is in complianc with th Romanian standard for rlas to th nvironmnt. Smi-passiv watr tratmnt installations which will b constructd and tstd during th oprations phas will continu to trat min fflunts in th Roia and Corna vally. If thir tratmnt fficincy is insufficint, activ tratmnt systms will continu to oprat so that fflunt standards can always b achivd. Th xisting monitoring systm will b adaptd to th rquirmnts of th closur and postclosur phas, in particular to dmonstrat th succss of th rhabilitation masurs or, if rquird, to implmnt mitigation masurs. Sction 8: Roia Montan Projct (RMP) dscription Pag 37

51 9 9 Environmntal Issus This sction xplains th ky nvironmntal issus rlatd to th RMP in trms of impacts and th mitigation masurs proposd to minimis thm (and for bnficial impacts, masurs to maximis th impact). This covrs th following: Watr rsourcs (surfac watr and groundwatr); Air quality; Nois and vibration; Soil rsourcs; Wildlif; and, Visual landscap. 9.1 Watr Rsourcs Watr is on of th most important nvironmntal rsourcs rlatd to th RMP. Not only is watr ssntial for or procssing, but also ffctiv watr managmnt is critical to th protction and improvmnt of local rivr systms and thir usrs (including wildlif), and for th saf opration of th TMF. Th xisting situation is charactrisd by unmanagd highly pollutd fflunt from historic and currnt mining activitis ntring natural watrcourss significantly rducing th valu and usability of ths strams from both a human and natural prspctiv. In th sction 6 RMP Stting: watr, thr is a discussion on Acid Rock Drainag and th stat of th watr nvironmnt in Roia Montan. Th RMP provids th opportunity for significant long-trm bnfits to th watr nvironmnt by th implmntation of th first comprhnsiv watr managmnt systm in th Roia and Corna vallys. Th guiding principl involvd in th watr managmnt stratgy is to kp clan watr clan and intrcpt any contaminatd watr for tratmnt. Th construction phas will involv a varity of arth-moving, xcavation and construction activitis. Construction activitis typically lad to th disturbanc of soil and rock, lading to th possibility of muddy watr and sdimnts bing dischargd into local strams. A rang of managmnt tools, such as run-off intrcption and sttling and grassing of nginrd slops will nsur that watr dischargd from th sit mts th rquird quality standards. Th construction of th Corna Dam in th Corna Vally, and th Ctat Watr Catchmnt Dam in th Roia Vally, will act as th major drainag control faturs and prvnt watr that coms into contact with disturbd aras from ntring strams. On of th most profound and prmannt impacts of th RMP that will occur during construction rlats to th altration of th watr flow systms within th Roia and Corna vallys. Clan run-off and uncontaminatd strams flowing from furthr up th vallys will b divrtd around th RMP ara by nginrd channls. Othr channls will captur contaminatd or potntially contaminatd watr for tratmnt bfor discharging th clan fflunt downstram. As such th RMP will thrfor impos a significant positiv impact on watr quality by collcting and trating contaminatd watr flowing from xisting and abandond min workings. Flows in th Roia and Corna strams will also b supportd to promot conditions lading to cological rcovry. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 38

52 C h a p t r 9 During th oprational phas of th RMP, watr will b a ky componnt of th or tratmnt and tailings disposal procss. Crushd or will b mixd with watr to form a slurry from which gold and silvr will b chmically xtractd. Th tailings slurry will thn b disposd of within th TMF. Th liquid natur of th tailings slurry will allow it to b movd fficintly by piplin. Bfor bing dpositd in th TMF, th tailings slurry will b dtoxifid by th dstruction of cyanid to rduc any cyanid concntrations to blow th lvls st down in th Min Wast Dirctiv 2006/21/EC that ntrd into forc in th EU in May Th standards stipulatd in this Dirctiv ar dsignd to maintain a tailings pond that poss a minimal hazard for humans and wildlif. For xampl, watrfowl and wading birds will b abl to us th facility safly bcaus th EU limit on fr cyanid concntration in th TMF is fiv tims lowr than th lvl provn to b th limit of safty for birds. Box 9.1 sts out th TMF mitigation stratgy. Box 9.1 Summary of th principl masurs to minimis impacts from th TMF Principl masurs to minimis impacts from th TMF A cyanid dtoxification plant will ffctivly rduc cyanid concntrations in th TMF to lvls at which thy comply with th EU min wast dirctiv 2006/21/EC; Hydrogological conditions prvnt th flow of groundwatr from undr th TMF to adjacnt catchmnts; Exploitation of an in-situ low prmability layr that forms a prmannt natural linr to th basin with additional nginring to crat low prmability conditions whr th natural linr is absnt,.g., in bdrock aras and in aras of soils; Tailings watr that sps (by dsign) through th TMF dam is dirctd bhind th Scondary Containmnt Dam to b pumpd back to th TMF; A systm of monitoring wlls locatd across th vally downstram of th Scondary Containmnt Dam can b convrtd into pumping and rcovry wlls should TMF constitunts bypass th Scondary Containmnt Systm; Final tratmnt will b providd which is capabl of rducing rsidual cyanid still furthr to concntrations compliant with Romanian standards. This will nabl saf discharg to th nvironmnt whn rquird for th following 2 circumstancs: 1) aftr two xtrm rainfalls (ach on qual to th maximum that can b prdictd on a scintific basis maximum probabl prcipitation) and if th natural dilution dos not nsur a watr quality that mts th discharg standards, and 2) during th flooding of Ctat quarry at th nd of min lif if th watr in th pond at that tim has not rachd th quality limits rquird by NTPA001/2005 through natural dgradation of cyanid. In addition, smi-passiv tratmnt lagoons will b dvlopd for min closur and post-closur to rplac th activ tratmnt systms for rmoval of dissolvd salts and cyanid dgradation products such as ammonia. Procss watr will b rcovrd from th tailings stram for r-us within th or procssing systm, avoiding th nd to discharg procss watr into th nvironmnt. At th sam tim this minimiss th dmand for mak-up watr from natural rsourcs. Th wastwatr from RMP kitchns and toilts will b collctd and tratd and th clan fflunt dischargd into th TMF. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 39

53 9 Box 9.2 summaris watr dischargs by th RMP to th nvironmnt. Box 9.2 Watr dischargs by th RMP to th nvironmnt Watr dischargs managmnt: Any watr rlasd from th RMP will comply with th Romanian industrial fflunt standards NTPA001/2005. This standard is gnrally mor comprhnsiv than quivalnt EU rquirmnts. It compriss a larg numbr of indicators and, unlik th quality standards in most EU mmbr stats, is not diffrnt dpnding on th typ on industrial activity or th gographical ara. Th RMP dsign includs provision for primary and scondary wastwatr tratmnt to mt th standard for all th rquird paramtrs as spcifid by NTPA001/2005. Watr affctd by acid rock drainag will b intrcptd by th Ctat Watr Catchmnt Dam and Pond. This watr will thn b tratd in th wastwatr plant to mt th Romanian standards NTPA001/2005 for discharg to th nvironmnt. Tratd watr can also b rcycld to th procssing plant or dischargd to ithr th Corna or Roia Vallys to maintain nvironmntal basflows or to rduc th ovrall storag of watr at th sit. Spag watr from th TMF will b collctd in th Scondary Containmnt Systm and pumpd back to th TMF rclaim pond. During th normal oprational phas of th RMP mining opration thr will b no discharg from th TMF to th nvironmnt, all availabl watr will b r-cycld to th procssing systm so as to minimis watr rquird from th Aris Rivr. Controlld discharg would tak plac, howvr, aftr two maximum probabl rainfalls. In this cas, if th natural dilution dos not nsur th discharg quality conditions a scondary tratmnt of th industrial watrs will b usd to nsur that NTPA001/2005 limits ar rspctd for all paramtrs. During th closur and post-closur priod th smi-passiv tratmnt lagoons shall b functional in Corna and Roia Montan vallys (th smi-passiv tratmnt systm shall b dvlopd and tstd during opration. If this smi-passiv tratmnt systm dos not mt th quality imposd by NTPA001/2005, dpnding on th natur of th rsidual pollutants, th watrs shall b rdirctd for advancd tratmnt ithr to th ARD tratmnt plant or to th scondary tratmnt plant for th watrs with low cyanid contnt; th activ tratmnt installations shall rmain functional ovr th closur priod until no longr rquird. Storm watr will b routd around wast facilitis and disturbanc aras to th maximum xtnt possibl. Storm watr runoff that cannot b divrtd around facilitis will b collctd and managd within ithr th TMF or th Ctat Watr Catchmnt Dam and Pond. At closur, a lak will b dvlopd in th Ctat pit to manag rmaining ARD. Th Ctat Watr Catchmnt Pond forms a part of th closur watr managmnt systm. Rmaining, tratd watr in th TMF rclaim pond will b pumpd to th pit lak. Rmoval of th TMF rclaim pond will spd up th procss of drying and stabilising th tailings prior to rstoration of th TMF sit. Ovr th closur priod, acid gnrating potntial for th RMP sit will b rducd substantially by surfac covr rstoration, rvgtation and installation of additional prmannt divrsion channls. Howvr, som acid rock spag is still xpctd. Thrfor, continud wastwatr tratmnt is plannd for th Ctat pit lak at closur, and a smi-passiv tratmnt lagoon systm in th Corna Vally will b maintaind for tratmnt Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 40

54 C h a p t r 9 of rsidual TMF spag. Thr is also stipulatd an in situ tratmnt of th watr from th Ctat quarry pond, with limston from th ARD watr tratmnt maintaind on th original spot or rpositiond nar th quarry. In this way, th positiv impact on watr quality from th oprational RMP will b sustaind aftr closur. Most of th watr for th RMP will b supplid from prcipitation falling within th RMP limits and rcycling of procss watrs. Frsh watr that is ndd by th RMP will b supplid from th Ari Rivr for ragnt mixing and othr non-procss rquirmnts such as potabl watr, fir fighting watr, tc. Th dmand for watr for th RMP from th Ari will not significantly affct xisting usrs, nor th aquatic cology. Th watr nd in th oprational stag of th min shall b covrd from diffrnt sourcs, as follows: 80% of procss watr dmand will b rclaimd from th TMF; 14% will com from th frsh watr supply for uss that spcifically rquir frsh watr,; 5% from th Wastwatr Tratmnt Plant fflunt, 1% from runoff capturd by th plant sit pond. Boxs 9.3 summariss watr us undr th RMP. Box 9.3 Summary of watr us by th RMP Summary of watr us by th RMP Avrag frsh watr rquirmnts will includ approximatly 207 m 3 /hr for procssing and 31 m 3 /hr for non-procssing dmands, totalling 238 m 3 /hr. Th frsh watr pumping station has bn dsignd to allow for a maximum abstraction rat of 350 m 3 /hr to allow for a contingncy. Th flow in th Ari Rivr is abl to supply th rquird 350 m 3 /hr for th RMP 96% of th tim, whilst still providing for an nvironmntal flow of thr tims th minimum rquirmnt, and allowing xisting usrs to abstract at thir maximum allowd rat. Th rmaining 4% of th tim rprsnts priods of xtrm low flow. If all licnsd usrs utilisd thir full allotmnt, thr may b a fw days whn withdrawals from th Ari Rivr may hav to b rducd. Th procssing plant has a storag tank that would provid up to thr days of watr supply without th nd for any withdrawals from th Ari Rivr. Cssation of currnt mining activitis will partially offst th RMP watr rquirmnts rducing th impacts on stram flows in th Ari Rivr. Figur 9.1 provids an illustration of th ovrall RMP watr managmnt systm. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 41

55 9 Figur 9.1 RMP watr managmnt systm Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 42

56 C h a p t r 9 Box 9.4 blow provids a summary of th impacts on watr rsourcs from th RMP. Box 9.4 Summary of RMP impacts on th watr nvironmnt Summary of RMP impacts on th watr nvironmnt Th currnt dgradd and poor watr quality in th RMP ara will b improvd by th RMP, rsulting in long-trm bnfits. Potntial ngativ impacts ar forcast to b insignificant. Th impacts ar summarisd blow: Improvmnt in surfac watr quality in Roia and Corna Strams and th Abrud and Ari Rivrs by collction and tratmnt of xisting acidic runoff from historic and xisting min workings and uncontrolld wast rock pils in th ara; Collction and containmnt of impactd sdimnts within th RMP ara in contrast to th uncontrolld rlas of ths sdimnts in th currnt conditions; Elimination of uncontrolld disposal of rubbish and houshold wast into strams across th RMP sit; Long-trm watr quality improvmnts du to th limination or tratmnt of min wasts and acid rock drainag sourcs in th RMP ara as part of a comprhnsiv Closur Plan; Changs in th hydrological and hydrogological conditions at th sit as a rsult of th RMP dvlopmnt will b mitigatd by th divrsion of clan watr around RMP disturbanc aras and discharg of tratd watr back into th Roia or Corna Vallys; Impact on watr supply systms and on quantitis of watr in th strams and rivrs in th ara, including Ari Rivr will b mitigatd by utilising rcycld watr to th maximum xtnt possibl. Frsh watr from th Ari Rivr will b rlid on only for non-procss rquirmnts. Th frsh watr pumping systm will always nsur that bas flow and xisting usr rquirmnts in th Ari Rivr will b mt. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 43

57 9 9.2 Air Quality Air quality within th RMP ara is gnrally good, rflcting th rural natur of th ara and th small scal of xisting industry. Existing pollution sourcs includ missions from domstic hating and vhicls. Mining and minral procssing oprations typically do not gnrat significant lvls of gasous air pollution, but dust is frquntly an issu that rquirs activ managmnt bcaus of th larg-scal moving of arth. Th potntial RMP impacts on air quality summarisd in Box 9.5. Box 9.5 Potntial RMP impacts on air quality Potntial RMP impacts on air quality Mining Activitis and Wast Rock Disposal Opn pit mining oprations giv ris to potntial dust missions. Th principal sourcs of dust missions includ claring and topsoil stripping oprations in dry conditions, havy vhicls travlling on unsald roads; wind rosion of non-vgtatd and loos surfacs; drilling and blasting oprations; and loading, unloading and stockpiling oprations. Impacts during closur will occur during backfilling and sit lvlling oprations and from wind rosion of th xposd soil bfor vgtation bcoms stablishd. Procss Plant Emissions Th initial stags of or prparation involv crushing of th dry or. Modrn crushing plants ar fittd with dust abatmnt quipmnt (filtrs and sprays). Th final stags of or prparation and th or procssing itslf is ssntially a wt procss with no significant potntial for dust gnration. Procssing byond th primary crushing stag will rsult in limitd missions of gass, mists and fums, all of which ar subjct to strict mission controls and rlas in complianc with air quality standards to protct workrs and th community. Vry rigorous controls apply to th supply, storag and us of cyanid and ths ar includd within a sparat Cyanid Managmnt Plan prpard in accordanc with a UN cod. Tailings Impoundmnt Disposal of tailings to an impoundmnt that is opn to th lmnts crats potntial for wind rosion of th matrial as it dris. Th tailings dposits will contain procss ragnt rsidus and rsidual mtal-containing minrals. Gnration of gas from rsidual cyanid in th tailings watr has bn modlld, and in lin with oprational xprinc and monitoring worldwid, poss no hazard to workrs or communitis. During dcommissioning, missions will occur as a rsult of backfilling and grading and from wind rosion of th xposd soil. Dust control for all such non-vgtatd surfacs is dscribd blow. Mobil Plant Exhaust Emissions Off-road moving quipmnt will gnrat ngin xhaust gass, but modlling indicats that this will not crat a pollution problm. All ngins and motors will comply with th rlvant mission standards. A varity of mitigation masurs will b mployd to control dust and xhaust-mission basd impact including: Staggring traffic/mobil quipmnt oprations to minimis th potntial for compounding th impacts from such sourcs; Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 44

58 C h a p t r 9 Spcification of ngins to mt rgulatd mission standards for all mobil and stationary quipmnt; Implmnting a maintnanc programm on all stationary and mobil quipmnt to nsur continud opration within manufacturr s spcifications; Monitor acidic contnt of particulats dpositd in th protctd zon, implmnting additional corrctiv/prvntativ action as warrantd; Rgular watring of th construction roads and of th TMF during potntial mission conditions; Apply chmical stabilisrs on havily travlld roadways if conditions justify this; Rduc mobil sourc spds during high potntial mission conditions; Minimis dust from blasting oprations through us of modrn dust-minimising blasting tchnologis; and; Continuously monitor air quality and stakholdr concrns and implmnt corrctiv/prvntativ masurs as warrantd. Air modlling suggsts that ovrall, th air impacts associatd with RMP construction, opration, and closur ar managabl and xcdancs of lgislatd limits ar not anticipatd. No air quality impacts across any of Romania s national boundaris ar forcast. 9.3 Nois and Vibration Rock blasting within th mining pits, as wll as opration of havy machinry and quipmnt will rprsnt th main sourcs nois and vibrations that rsult from th RMP. Blasting will b carrid out using modrn tchniqus to avoid blast-inducd vibration damag vn to vulnrabl buildings. Although many popl will b rlocatd or rsttld from th ara, rsidnts at th southrn nd of th Corna Vally and in th Protctd Zon may xprinc nois disturbanc from th RMP at crtain tims. In ordr to minimis nois and vibration, th RMP will implmnt th following mitigation masurs: Consultation with local rsidnts with rgard to nois/vibration aspcts of th RMP, advising th community of activitis that may occur closr to dwllings and rciving any complaints so that rmdial actions may b takn; Establishmnt and nforcmnt of standard oprating procdurs for vhicl/quipmnt maintnanc and opration, including ngin silncr; Schduling/staggring major dlivris to occur during daylight hours; Enforcmnt of accss and min road spd limits; Us of mploy bus or ridshar programms; Implmntation of controlld blasting procdurs that incorporat milliscond dlay tchniqus and minimising th us of high xplosivs in combination with ammonium nitrat ful oil ( ANFO ) blasting agnts; Rstricting quarry blasting to daylight hours; and, Monitoring nois and vibration and implmnting corrctiv or prvntativ action whr rquird. Additionally, RMGC will nsur th protction of thir workforc from haring damag by implmnting standard oprating procdurs that rquir workrs to us prsonal protctiv quipmnt and nsur propr training. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 45

59 9 9.4 Soil Rsourcs Th most significant impact on soil rsourcs will b th amount of land rquird to b clard for construction. Othr potntial impacts such as compaction, rosion, and pollution rsulting from RMP activitis ar anticipatd to b rlativly minor. In ordr to nsur that impacts on soil rsourcs ar minimisd, soils will b strippd and stockpild for us in rhabilitation of oprational aras at closur. Appropriat soil rosion masurs such as silt fncing will nsur that this rsourc is prsrvd. Th sit includs aras that hav littl or no xisting soil covr ithr du to past mining or natural conditions. This mans that thr will b insufficint natural soil matrial to us in rhabilitation. Th closur plan thrfor includs us of soil-forming matrials (such as crushd, clan rock) that with appropriat prparation and addition of nutrints and organic mattr, will form an ffctiv growth mdium. This approach is wll documntd, and will b furthr tstd prior to closur with stablishmnt of trial plots dsignd to idntify th most ffctiv matrials, mthods, additivs, plants and aftrcar. Additionally, a varity of pollution prvntion masurs will b implmntd including: Installing concrt foundations and brms for chmical/ful unloading, fulling, and vhicl maintnanc aras; Constructing spill containmnt structurs; Th procss plant sit will b dsignd to drain to a lind stormwatr runoff and spill contingncy pond; Usd absorbnt and othr routin spill clanup wast will b managd as a hazardous wast; Fild fulling and maintnanc oprations will mploy portabl drip trays or protctiv dvics and automatic shutoff valvs; and, Oprations staff will b traind in propr fild fulling and maintnanc procdurs. 9.5 Vgtation and Wildlif No ndangrd or protctd plants or wildlif spcis 1 wr found in th RMP Ara. Th dvlopmnt of th RMP will, howvr, rquir land tak ovr a rlativly larg ara and will affct local biodivrsity. Habitat loss, modification, and fragmntation as a rsult of land tak for RMP dvlopmnt will locally impact bird brding and bird, mammal, rptil, and amphibian habitats. Also, although fw mammals wr notd during survys of th RMP ara, thr is th potntial for incrasd vhicular mortalitis from th incras in RMPrlatd traffic. Against this risk, it should howvr b notd that th RMP provids an opportunity to incras biodivrsity in th ara as a whol. Firstly, as a rsult of th significant improvmnt of watr quality du to th implmntation of th RMP watr managmnt systm, thr will b a significant improvmnt in aquatic habitat conditions. Th local strams will s a rturn of watr lif that is currntly not sustainabl in th xisting pollutd nvironmnt. Scondly, th biodivrsity managmnt plan allows for th nhancmnt of xisting aras of biodivrsity intrst and for th cration of a biodivrsity curtain around th 1 S biodivrsity chaptr of th EIA study rport for lists and rfrncs. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 46

60 C h a p t r 9 min sit. It also allows for th r-stablishmnt of biodivrsity in th min sit and on th wast dumps onc th RMP s mining opration is complt. Spcifically, in ordr to minimis ngativ impacts on vgtation and wildlif, and to nabl th positiv impacts to b ralisd, th following mitigation masurs nd to b implmntd: Establish Environmntal Protction Zons ( EPZs ); Establish a ntwork of vgtatd corridors, whr appropriat, within and btwn EPZs that allow for spcis migration; Minimis tr cutting and minimis disturbanc during th brding bird sason (April July); Install microhabitat facilitis for birds, small mammals, rptils and amphibians: i..: bird boxs, roosting boxs, dcaying logs, pond covrag and basking aras; Collct occurrnc rcords of rar spcis, although non ar found to dat; Install stram rhabilitation/improvmnt facilitis, i..: riffls, runs and pools; Plant nativ spcis along dgradd stram banks and othr watrcourss to provid brding habitat and migration corridors for wildlif, and provid shad and nutrints to nhanc stram quality; Enforc spd limits; and, Undrtak progrssiv rhabilitation of th min. Th closur plan idntifis opportunitis for improving biodivrsity through stablishmnt of uniqu habitats, including laks and cliff facs and ncouragmnt of nativ spcis through appropriat planting/sding and soil prparation and aftrcar. During th lif of th min a program of r-forstation will tak plac around th fragmntd forst rmnants to incras th xtnt of forstd aras. Corridors will also b plantd joining ths forstd aras to promot biodivrsity by crating links btwn th forstd aras for animals to mov along. 9.6 Visual Apparanc Th visual apparanc of Roia Montan will chang significantly as a rsult of th RMP, although this will only b apparnt from a limitd numbr of vantag points. Th landscap of th Roia and Corna Vallys will b altrd as a rsult of changs to xisting land us, which is prdominantly pastur land, rsidntial aras, and a patchy ntwork of forsts. Th currnt land us pattrn is havily dictatd by th topography and gology of th ara of Roia Montan. Th largst changs to th landscap will b th cration of th TMF in th Corna vally and th xcavation of four larg opn pits. Th othr RMP faturs will rsult in a tmporary chang in visual apparanc throughout th lif of th min, but will b rhabilitatd to blnd with th natural landscap at th nd of th min s lif. Th TMF will also b vgtatd to blnd in with th landscap but will nonthlss rsult in a significant chang to th topography of th Corna Vally. Thr of th opn pits will b backfilld with wast rock and Ctat pit will b floodd to crat a lak. Th pit rmnants will thrfor rmain a locally prominnt fatur, a symbol of th vally s mining hritag and a valuabl cological rsourc with uniqu habitats and micro-climat. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 47

61 9 Alba County Council Dcision No. 20, issud on Octobr 27, 1995, stablishd and nominatd as protctd aras, crtain complx landscap, gological, splological, palaontological and botanical rsrvs, as wll as flora and fauna spcis protctd in th County. Th only gological rsrvs, which li in th RMP Ara, ar two rock outcrops, as follows: Piatra Dspicata - a block of andsit rock on th intrfluv btwn th Roia and Corna Vally, and Piatra Corbului - an outcrop of altrd dacit on a hillock btwn Ghrghlu and Curmatura Hill. Ths rock outcrops ar not prominnt in th ovrall landscap and thir stting on th dgradd slops of Ctat and Cîrnic, which is charactrisd by xcavations and wast rock, minimizs thir asthtic quality. Sit dvlopmnt will rsult in th approvd rlocation of Piatra Dspicata and in-plac consrvation of Piatra Corbului. Sction 9: Environmntal Issus Pag 48

62 C h a p t r Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Invariably an invstmnt of th scal and typ of th RMP will caus social and conomic impacts. Most will b bnficial, such as incrasd mploymnt and incom in th Community. Som will b dtrimntal, such as popl having to mov or impacts on xisting lifstyls. Idntification of ths impacts and th dsign of appropriat impact managmnt stratgis ar xtrmly important to rduc or mitigat ngativ impacts and maximis th positiv bnfits. Undr Impacts of th RMP in Sction 2 Th Roia Montan Projct thr is a discussion rgarding th scal of th invstmnt in Roia Montan, as wll as mploymnt and job cration factors. Thr is also a discussion on th diffrnc btwn rsttlmnt and rlocation. This sction discusss th social and conomic circumstancs in Roia Montan. This includs currnt conditions, as wll as possibl impacts and ffcts bcaus of th RMP. It nds with a discussion on what stratgis and masurs RMGC intnds to tak to mitigat th ngativ impacts whilst maximising th positiv ons. Roia Montan has pr-modrn industrial activitis in a rural stting, and as a rsult livlihoods ar drivd from jobs in th mining sctor or pnsions, and from som small scal agricultural activitis. Occupations in th mining sctor ar ssntial in global trms. Subsistnc-orintd agricultural activitis ar critical as a safty nt spcially for th poorst in th community, prdominantly fmal pnsionrs. Povrty and highr halth risks significantly lowr th standard of living in th Community. Invstmnt opportunitis and incntivs outsid of mining including in tourism and agricultur ar limitd bcaus of th gographical and topographical isolation of Roia Montan, dmographics, xisting industrial charactr including pollution and poor utilitis, housing and transport infrastructur Potntial social and conomic impacts Th Community includs th popl dirctly affctd by th RMP, as wll as th popl who will b indirctly influncd by it ithr socially, conomically or both. Thrby th Community includs Roia Montan villag and commun and th towns of Abrud and Câmpni bcaus of thir clos socio-conomic links. Socio-conomic impacts rsulting from th RMP can b dividd into two typs: Dirct impacts. Impacts rlatd with land acquisition (physical and conomic displacmnt). Ths ar addrssd in th Rsttlmnt and Rlocation Action Plan; Indirct impacts. Othr impacts not rlatd with land acquisition and ar addrssd in th Community Sustainabl Dvlopmnt Programm. Idntifying, prdicting and dsigning mitigation and impact managmnt stratgis includd compiling information on and undrstanding th following: Th local contxt of Roia Montan and surrounding aras; Dmographics; Th prsnt mining oprations and plans concrning thm; Prsnt conomic activitis and invstmnt inflows; Th social and political / administrativ organization; Th status of civil socity; Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 49

63 10 Availabl bst practic documntation in rlation to social impact assssmnts and rsttlmnt planning, particularly that issud by th World Bank Group. Complxity rgarding th RMP, assssmnt of th socio-conomic impacts (both ngativ and positiv) and mitigation stratgis hav bn amplifid by th lack of a prcdnt in Romania for a major xtractiv projct implmntd in conformanc with Romanian rgulations and transposd EU lgislation and standards and a major xtractiv projct implmntd in conformanc with Intrnational Financ Institutions and th Equator Principls rquirmnts Ovrviw of th Baslin socio-conomic Conditions Gnral Outlins Listd blow ar th main social and conomic charactristics of Roia Montan: Th Comuna (rural commun) of Roia Montan, with about 3,865 1 popl; Th population is aging and dcrasing at Roia Montan and rgional lvl; Out-migration of job skrs and young, capabl popl ar in part rsponsibl for th aging population; Larg-scal mining rdundancis hav had a significant ngativ impact on Roia Montan; Halth risk is high and attndanc at schools is in dclin in Roia Montan, and rlatd infrastructur is sub-standard; Th mining sctor rmains th main sourc of mploymnt; Th two xisting stat-opratd mining oprations in Roia Montan ar plannd to clos in 2007; Mor than 50% of th popl in Roia Montan rciv govrnmnt support; Th proportion of incom arnrs in th population blow th povrty lin in Roia Montan is high; Invstmnt inflows ar low, xcpt in mining; Th condition of built infrastructur roads, watr supply, wast, nrgy - and housing in Roia Montan is vry poor; Th nvironmntal condition is vry poor with significant pollution and ongoing nvironmntal risks and impacts. Gographical Situation Th abov is also rlvant for othr administrativ ntitis, all within Judt Alba (Alba County) as follows: Vry similar at both a social and conomical lvl: th town of Abrud 6,213 inhabitants; Economically connctd with Roia Montan: th town of Câmpni, with som 8,096 inhabitants; Lss dirctly connctd but still influncd: th surrounding communitis such as Bucium and Bistra and th county town of Alba Iulia Charactristics of th population in th impact zon History Th history of Roia Montan is closly rlatd to gold, with documntd history of mining of almost 2000 yars dating back to th Roman conqust of Dacia. Th progrssion of mining tchnology from that ag to th prsnt rprsnts a valuabl chronology of industrial mining hritag, in particular th rol it has playd in th formation of Roia Montan s cultural hritag. 1 Population numbrs in this sction ar from th 2002 National cnsus Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 50

64 C h a p t r 1 0 Ethnic charactristics and Rligion According to th Alba County statistical dpartmnt 1 about 90% of th population rgard thmslvs as thnic Romanian, 1.5% as thnic Hungarians and 7.5% Roma. Th main rligion is Romanian Orthodox Christian. Othr dnominations includ: Grk Catholics, Roman Catholics, Protstants, Unitarian Christians, Baptists, and Pntcostals. Dmographics Th population is aging and dcrasing in th Community. Massiv mining rdundancis ar in part rsponsibl, plus low birth rat and out-migration. This trnd is obsrvabl in Roia Montan, Abrud and Câmpni, indicativ of a rgional trnd, s figur Figur 10.1 Community population dynamic: population vs. yar Com m unity Population Dynam ic Rosia M ontana population Abrud population Campni population Sourc: Alba County Statistic Dpartmnt, 2005 Education Th majority of popl in Roia Montan hav an ducation of at last high school lvl. Howvr, school attndanc shows a markd dclin in th Community, s figur National cnsus Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 51

65 10 Figur 10.2 Education trnds in th Community: school attndanc vs yar Abrud - Education Abrud kindrgartn Abrud school Abrud art and vocational school Abrud high school Rosia Montana - Education RM kindrgartn RM school Rf: Both charts - Alba Iulia statistical dpartmnt, Local conomical conditions and labour markt Mining is th prdominant sourc of mploymnt in Roia Montan and Abrud, in contrast to Câmpni, which is dominatd by procssing industris. S Figur Th prcntag of th population mployd in Roia Montan has incrasd (dcrasing unmploymnt). This is spcifically rlatd to th activitis and prsnc of RMGC in conjunction with th gnral population dclin. S Figur 10.4 Figur 10.3 Roia Montan mploymnt structur: numbr of mploys Rosia Montana - Employmnt Structur Mining Construction Commrc Education Mdical assistanc Sourc Alba Iulia Statistical Dpartmnt, 2005 Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 52

66 C h a p t r 1 0 Figur 10.4 Roia Montan population and mploymnt dynamic ROSIA MONTANA POPULATION & EMPLOYMENT DINAMIC Total Population Total Employmnt From which in Mining Sourc Alba Iulia Statistical Dpartmnt, 2005 Th two stat ownd mining companis Roiamin in Roia Montan and Cuprumin in Abrud rmain th main sourcs of incom for thos localitis, with 1002 and 1286 mploys rspctivly in (Alba Iulia Statistical Dpartmnt, 2005). Roiamin howvr will clos ahad of th EU Accssion, plannd for January 2007 and Cupramin will lay off mor workrs during 2006 (sourcs:romania Libra, Transilvania, Banat, 13 March 2006). Closur of RoiaMin will significantly incras unmploymnt in Roia Montan to approximatly 60%. RMGC currntly mploys an avrag of up to 450 popl pr yar including casual, tmporary, part and full tim mploys. Should RMGC cas oprations, for xampl not rciving prmit to commnc mining works, thn unmploymnt will xcd 90%. Som 60% of th population in Roia Montan, so-calld inactiv 2 population, do not tak part in th formal or activ conomy (Alba County statistical dpartmnt 2006). This rducs tax rvnu to local authoritis and rstricts popl invsting in improvmnts to thir conomic capacity and/or quality of lif, such as halth car, ducation, and hom improvmnts Economic activitis Industry Mining is th prdominant industry in Roia Montan and Abrud, as Figur 10.3 shows, and accountd in 2004 for som 90% of incom to popl in Roia Montan (Alba Iulia Statistical Dpartmnt 2005). Historically, a rsult of th incom providd by gold mining in Roia Montan, mant that many products wr bought mostly from surrounding aras and local trads hav not formd a dominant part of th villag s incom. This contrasts with th situation in Câmpni and othr aras in th Apusni Mountains which rly on spcialization in a varity of trads. Th Romanian stat has dclard th mining ara of Apusni, Alba county a dprssd ara 3. According to Ordinanc No. 24/ a dprssd ara is dfind as a rgion with a strictly dlimitd trritory that mts at last on of th following conditions: It is a mono-industrial ara; 1 Not that ths ar sharply in dclin. 2 Popl or group of popl who ar not contributing dirctly to th rgistrd conomy. Thy ar not rgistrd as unmployd, do not hav official mploymnt, do not pay tax, do not rciv unmploymnt bnfits, may rciv pnsions or sicknss-bnfits, and may b involvd in unrgistrd conomic activity 3 Govrnmntal Dcr nr. 813/ (publishd in th Official Bulltin 497/ ), art. 1 and 2. S also with rfrnc to s positiv ffcts conomy. Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 53

67 10 An ara whr 25% of th total workforc has bn mad rdundant; Unmploymnt xcds th national avrag by mor than by 30%; And/or is an isolatd undr-dvlopd ara. Agricultur Crop production in Roia Montan is mainly subsistnc with littl produc sold. Th main crops ar fruit trs, animal forag and nut trs. Land suitabl for small scal agricultur is low, som 7% in Roia Montan, 6% in Abrud and 7% in Câmpni. Soil quality is at bst modrat, suitabl for cattl grazing but vry poor concrning potato and vgtabls production. Accss for farm machinry is svrly limitd du to th trrain and most work is don by hand with transport by hors drawn cart. Tourism Apart from a numbr of small convninc shops (9) and bars (5) thr is no tourist-rlatd infrastructur availabl in Roia Montan, such as cafs, rstaurants, suprmarkts, hotls, pnsions, car rntal facilitis, ptrol stations, ntrtainmnt providrs, or activitis and srvics. Thr is a mining musum and an initiativ concrning walking tours. Th conomic impact on tourism on th conomy Roia Montan cannot b adquatly stimatd du th lack of tourist rcords or proxy indicators bcaus of th absnc of tourism infrastructur in Roia Montan. Invstmnts Invstmnts in th ara ar concntratd in Câmpni, whras in Roia Montan thr is a lack of invstmnt inflows xcpt in mining. Tabl 10.1 dscribs th principl rasons why invstmnt in Roia Montan is low: Tabl 10.1 Catgory Dmographic Financial Skills Isolation Infrastructur Environmnt Dvlopmnt costs Othr cntrs Main invstmnt disincntivs concrning Roia Montan Dscription Aging population dominatd by ldrly womn Significant povrty & lack financial capacity to dvlop businsss Population skills st dominatd by mining and subsistnc agricultur Roia Montan is rlativly rmot, situatd in a small vally at th nd of a road Utility & transport infrastructur ar poorly dvlopd and/or in poor condition; th condition of buildings is gnrally poor Roia Montan s nvironmnt suffrs from considrabl historical mining impacts Costs, including nvironmntal, infrastructur, buildings, tc, ar high, in particular to dal with xisting pollution lgacis Othr cntrs, both urban and rural ar bttr positiond rgarding th abov issus and (would) attract invstmnts ovr Roia Montan, such as Câmpni Applicabl dvlopmnt funding which Roia Montan may bnfit from coms from th Romanian govrnmnt, th EU and th World Bank. Howvr, thir dvlopmnt prioritis do not favour nor particularly support socio-conomic dvlopmnt in Roia Montan. Th principal rasons ar as follows: World Bank and EU funding ar dsignd to clos unprofitabl mins, rduc govrnmnt dirct involvmnt in mining activitis, and provid only a limitd duration of social support. Additionally thir policy is to sk privat invstors for potntially profitabl oprations; Romanian govrnmnt dvlopmnt prioritis do not includ Roia Montan; Govrnmnt, EU and th World Bank would prfr privat sctor invstmnt to addrss dvlopmnt in Roia Montan basd on th prsnc of an conomically viabl minral rsourc in Roia Montan, in complianc with all rlvant lgislation. Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 54

68 C h a p t r 1 0 Th initial invstmnt cost of upgrading infrastructur to a quality suitabl for tourism, such as musums, attractions, roads, utilitis and wast managmnt, accommodation, food and bvrag outlts, tc, is unlikly to b rturnd by incom gnratd from tourism. Additionally tourism numbrs ar unlikly to covr upkp and maintnanc costs on an annual basis Living conditions in th ara Environmntally th ara is of low consrvation valu watr rsourcs (strams, tc) ar pollutd, habitats fragmntd, landscap scarrd, and on-going anthropognic impacts occur. Environmntal managmnt systms (wast, wastwatr, watr) ar still vry wak, poorly dvlopd and somtims vn non-xistnt 1. All ths affct th living conditions of th population in th Roia Montan ara. Hom ownrship Sinc 2000 th numbr of homs ownd in Roia Montan and Abrud has dcrasd, whilst in Câmpni it has incrasd (Alba Iulia statistical dpartmnt, 2005). Possibly du to th outmigration of (young) popl pursuing mploymnt opportunitis and improvd living conditions in othr aras, such as Câmpni. This xplanation is supportd by th dmographic profil in Roia Montan which shows ldrly womn to b th dominant population group. Dwllings living conditions Currnt living conditions in th Community ar far blow EU standards. Basic srvics such as potabl watr supply, wast watr collction & tratmnt, rliabl nrgy supply, wast collction and tratmnt ar all poorly dvlopd, if at all, spcially in Roia Montan & Abrud, though lss in Câmpni. Vry fw housholds hav an insid bathroom and toilt. Elctricity is prsnt in almost all housholds but inhabitants cannot afford to us it for hating. Evn in Abrud and Câmpni, th vast majority of th population uss wood for hating. Many housholds in Roia Montan ar connctd to th national tlphon ntwork which is in th procss of bing upgradd to a fibr optic systm. Th whol ara rcivs cllular phon signals and mobil phons ar widly usd Intrnt is not wll stablishd, though an Intrnt Information Cntr has bn rcntly stablishd by RMGC (Dcmbr 2005) allowing fr accss to intrnt for th Community. Halth status According to a socio-conomic survy in , 62% of housholds intrviwd in Roia Montan had on or mor mmbrs who sought mdical attntion for srious illnsss in Causs of halth problms includ occupational hazards (particularly mining), as wll as a high fat dit, and strss and alcoholism. Also, xisting mining and or procssing facilitis ar in poor condition and pos safty hazards to workrs and risks to th nvironmnt. A halth baslin study conductd in Dc 2005 and Jan concludd that th halth status of th population living in Roia Montan is wors compard to that of popl living 1 RMGC Socio-conomic survy, Strajan Planning Offic,(2002): Physical & cadastral survy Cnsus of affctd houshold 3 Environmntal Halth Cntr, Cluj Napoca, Romania. Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 55

69 10 othr aras both in th vicinity and rgionally. For som disass risks ar highr for popl in Barium and Cortèg. S Figur Figur 10.5 Ischamic hart disas in Roia Montan and rgionally Ischamic Cardiopati hart ischmica-numar disas in Roia d Montan cazuri and la 100 rgionally 000 (numbr of cass pr 100,000 inhabitants) d locuitori ROMÂNIA ALBA Rosia Montana Roads and transport Th dnsity of roads varis according to topography and rsulting land capability and sttlmnt pattrns and th quality also varis considrably from dirt tracks, gravl as wll as asphalt. Accss to th Community is via small National (DN) roads from cntrs such as Cluj-Napoca, Dva and Alba Iulia. Ths roads ar narrow, gnrally in poor condition and winding. Thr is no railway ntwork in th ara. Th narst rail stations ar at Dva ( minuts driv) and Alba Iulia (75 90 minuts driv). Thr is no dirct public transport to Roia Montan. Buss connct Abrud and Câmpni with othr important towns. Howvr, frquncy is low. Th narst airport is in Cluj Napoca, at last two hours driv away. From Roia Montan villag to th main (DN) road (about 6.4 Km), to Câmpni (16 Km) or to Abrud (12 Km) thr is no public transport Institutional background Local and Rgional Govrnmnt Th main rsponsibilitis of th Local Council (comuna in rural aras and orasul in urban ons) as a part of Local Public Administration includ 1 : Socio-conomic dvlopmnt, urban and trritorial planning, and administration; Transport and utilitis infrastructur managmnt; Public institutions and srvics (ducation, halth, cultur, sports, public scurity, civil protction, social assistanc); Rgional Dvlopmnt Agncy Each of Romania s ight dvlopmnt rgions has a Rgional Dvlopmnt Agncy (ADR) daling with a varity of govrnmnt sponsord dvlopmnt issus. Th Community is part of th Cntr Rgion, basd in Alba Iulia. Th Cntr Rgion ADR oprats as an NGO and implmnts Europan Union (PHARE) funds and othr monis, amongst othr dutis. 1 Law 215/2001 on local public administration, publishd in Official Journal 204/23 April Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 56

70 C h a p t r 1 0 Civil socity Svral small associations ar activ in Abrud or in Roia Montan in th filds of social assistanc, sport sponsoring, and nvironmnt. In addition to ths, parnts associations and rligious congrgations ar activ throughout th Community. Two NGOs ar currntly activ in Roia Montan in raction to th RMP: Alburnus Maior 1 st up in Roia Montan villag in 2000 and is clarly and consistntly opposd to th invstmnt of th RMP. Th Pro Roia Montan association appard latr as a raction to Alburnus Maior, and supports th RMP, in particular th jobs it crats Community Sustainabl Dvlopmnt Programm RMGC has prpard a Community Sustainabl Dvlopmnt Programm (CSDP) to provid a framwork lading to th ongoing social and conomic dvlopmnt of th Community undr th principls of Sustainabl Dvlopmnt. Th CSDP contains masurs to aid in th mitigation of ngativ social impacts causd or may b causd by th RMP, as wll as to maximis social wlfar opportunitis. Th ovrall objctivs of th CSDP ar: To maximis th Community bnfit from th RMP; To nsur a viabl invstmnt climat rmains following cssation and closur of th RMP; To dvlop th social, nvironmntal and conomic aspcts of Roia Montan and th Community such that thr ar continuous nt wlfar gains indpndnt of RMGC and which continu byond th lif of th RMP. Spcific objctivs undr th CSDP includ, though ar not rstrictd to: Capacity building concrning businss ntrprnurship; Promotion from within Community of mploymnt in th Roia Montan Projct; Stimulating socio-conomic dvlopmnt; Divrsification of th industrial and conomic bas; Managmnt of Roia Montan s cultural hritag; Strngthning of local authoritis; Mitigation of social and conomic impacts; Managmnt of Community sustainabl dvlopmnt initiativs; Halth awarnss and ducation. To implmnt th CSDP, thrby achiving its objctivs, RMGC will st up a dvlopmnt Foundation as a lgal, indpndnt and not-for-profit ntity. RMGC would lik th Foundation to b th vhicl that will manag th majority of initiativs concrnd with th CSDP and will work with it and th community to prpar for a futur byond mining. Th Mission of th Foundation is: To nsur and to maximis continual social and cultural, nvironmntal and conomic dvlopmnt of th Roia Montan Community. 1 Rgistrd nam is th Alburnus Maior Goldminrs Association and was originally stup to avoid any chang to th status of th currnt min. Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 57

71 10 Th ovrall objctivs of th Foundation ar: To nsur that mining activitis rsult in sustainabl socio-conomic dvlopmnt in th Roia Montan Community and continu indfinitly following cssation and closur of RMP; To promot th sustainabl dvlopmnt of th Roia Montan Community indpndnt of th Roia Montan Projct; To nsur that RMGC mts its social and community sustainabl dvlopmnt commitmnts undr both Romanian and Europan Union lgislation, and th Equator Principls of th IFC as dscribd in Sction 2 of th CSDP; To nsur that RMGC conducts its businss in coopration and harmony with th Community; To b a Community voic to provid ffctiv rprsntation in all aspcts of intraction with mining companis Activitis undr th Foundation ar groupd into Businss and/or Social aspcts. Thr ar strong synrgis btwn two. Environmntal aspcts form an intgral part of ths activitis and all businss initiativs stimulatd undr th Foundation will nd to dmonstrat how sustainabl dvlopmnt principls ar intgratd into th businss plans and activitis. Businss orintatd activitis includ: Businss incubator; Businss advisory cntr; Micro-financ facility. Social orintatd activitis includ: Education and training cntr and Skills nhancmnt fund; Managmnt of RMP accommodation srvics; Tourist information burau; Cultural cntr and mining musum Anticipatd outcoms During th lif of th min th conomy and social fabric of Roia Montan and th surrounding rgions will undrgo dynamic dvlopmnt that shall lad to community dvlopmnt. This includs: jobs, incrasd incom, dmand for products and srvics by RMGC; dmand for rcrational and commrcial activitis by th popl working for th min and th many srvic industris ncssary to support th min. All will driv th dvlopmnt of Roia Montan. Mor dirctly RMGC has committd itslf to an ambitious programm of dvlopmnt rlatd to th min, such as: A Cultural Cntr and Mining Musum cntrd around Roia Montan s cultural hritag and mining history; Rnovation of th buildings in th Protctd Zon; Th dvlopmnt of a modrn rsidntial and commrcial ara in Piatra Alba; Upgrading utilitis and transport infrastructur 1 ; Upgrading halth and ducation facilitis. 1 Utilitis includ: watr supply, wast watr tratmnt, lctricity (+/- gas) supply, wast collction and appropriat disposal; transport includs upgrading road quality in Roia Montan as wll as logistics and distribution. Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 58

72 C h a p t r 1 0 RMGC also has commitmnts concrning improvmnts to th nvironmnt, including: Establishing a comprhnsiv watr managmnt schm that will improv watr quality in local strams; Commncing th progrssiv and imaginativ rhabilitation of th sit, including past nvironmntal damag Enhancing biodivrsity and cology; Improving forst managmnt. Th RMP will also introduc ngativ impacts for local communitis, including incrasd traffic on local highways, and possibility of nois and dust nuisanc. RMGC has also committd to mitigating such impacts using mthods that ar trid and tstd on modrn min sits around th world. RMGC will communicat on a frqunt basis with local popl to dtct any problms in nvironmntal managmnt and to tak action to solv thm. Ths kinds of commitmnts and invstmnts by RMGC assist th community of Roia Montan and th local authoritis by covring much of ncssary dvlopmnt costs to bring Roia Montan up to a comptitiv standard with othr small villags in th Apusni Mountains and to maintain and improv popl s quality of lif. Othr indirct bnfits of th RMP includ: A chang in th dmographic structur rsulting in mor popl of working ag with highr skills bas and ducation; An incras in th proportion of th population ngagd in th formal conomy; Incras in Community walth allowing for mor invstmnts in businss and dvlopmnt. Ths rsult in incntivs to rmain in th Community basd on: Bttr living conditions; High quality halth and ducation facilitis; A natural nvironmnt of good status that dos not caus social or halth problms; Wll ingraind social & Community cultur with wll dvlopd social ntworks. Th RMP also provids th uniqu opportunity to dvlop and promot Roia Montan as a Cntr of Excllnc in four aras: 1. Mining tchnologis and practics; 2. Construction and building; 3. Community and sustainabl dvlopmnt practics; 4. Cultural hritag and archaology rsarch and managmnt. Local and rgional authoritis and ky organisations such as univrsitis and vocational schools nd to cooprat with RMGC to achiv this. Th nd rsult could b living xampls of bst practic in no lss than four highly topical and sought aftr knowldg aras that could undrwrit ducational facilitis which xports its xprts to othr aras of Eastrn Europ, th EU and vn intrnationally. Coopration is stadily incrasing ach yar sinc 2001 but thr is still scop for much mor. For th lif of th min, th RMP undrwrits th social and conomic wlfar of th Community. What happns aftrwards rquirs RMGC to mt all its commitmnts concrning improving th social and nvironmntal condition in th Community. It rlis vn mor on th popl and th local authoritis of th Community to crat th vision of how thy want to s thir Community post-rmp, and dvlop and implmnt th mans to achiv that vision. Sction 10: Socio-conomic aspcts of Roia Montan Pag 59

73 11 11 Cultural Hritag Sinc mining has bn an intgral part of th dvlopmnt of Roia Montan for mor than 2000 yars, it rprsnts an important xampl of th cultural landscap of a mining community in th Carpathian Mountains and in Romania. Howvr, th dcrasing population in Roia Montan has rsultd in significant modifications to both th conomy of th villag and to th villag s apparanc. Many houss of both common and patrimonial valu ar in stats of disrpair or hav collapsd. Box 11.1 Ky cultural hritag intrst sits Ky cultural hritag intrst sits Mining shafts and gallris of Roman construction that ar almost 2000 yars old; Two Roman datd buildings: a burial structur (prcinct) and an administrativ building; 41 buildings considrd undr Romanian lgislation to b Historical Monumnts ; A varity of artfacts from th Roman priod including pottry shards, coins, and tools; 10 churchs and 12 cmtris; and, Th oral history of a community shapd by an xtnsiv mining history. Law 5/ 2000 rcogniss that Roia Montan posssss aras of cultural valu, although this law dos not rsult in th cration of a protctd ara, but rathr rquirs that ths aras b takn into account during zoning and planning fforts. Forty-on buildings in Roia Montan ar classifid as historical monumnts undr Law 422/2001, including a Roman Catholic Church and a Grk Catholic Church. Rcntly, th archaological vstigs on Carpni Hill, th Roman gallris from Piatra Corbului, th Roman funrary nclosur from Tau Gauri and th Ctlina Gallry - wr zond as protctd aras. According to th lgal rgulations, th Historical Cntr Roia Montan is classifid as a protctd ara, undr sit catgory (figur 11.1). In ordr to acquir a comprhnsiv undrstanding of th cultural hritag in Roia Montan, RMGC as rquird by law, contractd a tam of Romanian and intrnational xprts from divrs backgrounds to prform th archaological, architctural, oral history, and thnological invstigations of th RMP-affctd ara as th first archaological programm of this scal in Romania in th last dcad (figur 11.2). Following ths invstigations a RMGC has thrfor achivd a good undrstanding of th natur and location of artfacts and structurs that contribut to th cultural hritag of th ara. Proposd cration of nw opn pits and construction of oprational aras and mining and procssing wast stockpils will rsult in land tak that had potntial to dirctly and indirctly affct cultural hritag, thus an xtnsiv prvntiv archaological program was undrtakn. Dsign of th RMP has thrfor takn into account various mthods to limit land tak and stablish working limits to protct ths faturs wr an archaological discharg was not grantd. Sction 11: Cultural Hritag Pag 60

74 C h a p t r 1 1 Roúia Montană Gold Corporation S.A. - Rport on Environmntal Impact Assssmnt Study Chaptr 9 Non Tchnical Summary Figur 11.1 Photograph Showing Historic Monumnts (Buildings) in Roúia Montană Figur 11.2 Photograph Showing Surfac Archaological Excavation of th Tarina Ara In ordr to prsrv th most valuabl faturs of Roúia Montană s cultural hritag, a Protctd Zon has bn dsignatd, comprising th ara of Roúia Piata and th astrn part of th Roúia Montană locality. Th Protctd Zon includs th main town squar and a concntration of buildings dclard as having architctural valu, in addition to churchs and accsss to ancint and mor rcnt min workings. No industrial activitis ar prmittd in this Protctd Zon. Sction 11: Cultural Hritag Pag 61

75 11 Th Protctd Zon also includs 35 of th 41 historical monumnts in Roia Montan. Furthrmor, th RMP dsign has bn dvlopd such that th rmaining 6 historical monumnts locatd outsid of th Protctd Zon will not b dirctly affctd by th RMP and will b prsrvd in-situ. Significant ffort during th RMP dsign phas has nsurd that th Churchs of Roia Montan will not b dirctly impactd by th RMP. Howvr, th Orthodox Church, Grk Catholic Church, and two Baptist prayr houss in Corna will b affctd by th RMP. Som of th 410 gravs will hav to b movd to a location spcifid by th family of th dcasd. Unknown gravs will b rlocatd to nw cmtris in th rsttlmnt aras. RMGC will also fund srvics for th rburial as rquird. Th xisting RoiaMin musum will b rplacd by a nw, modrn musum. Th nw musum will hav rgular hours of opration, rgular staff and will includ a programm of othr cultural hritag faturs in Roia Montan, all contributing to forming a pictur of th narly 2000 of mining history in th locality. Th ntir opn air xhibition of th xisting mining musum will b rlocatd in th Protctd Zon, according to lgal provisions. Public accss to crtain aras of th Roman-ra mining ntworks will b dvlopd and promotd. An xampl is th Ctlina Monulsti, locatd in th Protctd Zon, that will b dwatrd and supportd to allow saf public accss 1. Th opning of this gallry will offr th advantag of complying with modrn safty rquirmnts not ntirly prsnt in th gallry undr th Orla Massif. In addition, th Ctlina Monulsti is of particular historical significanc as it is th location whr most of th Roman waxd tablts wr found during th lat-18th and mid-19 th cnturis (figur 11.3). Figur 11.3 Ctlina Monulsti Undrground Mining Ntwork (Prior to Rnovation) 1 Th xtnt of this public accss is to b dfind in lin with th rquirmnts of safty lgislation in both Romania and th EU (.g. saf scondary vacuation routs, air circulation, safty of structurs, tc). Sction 11: Cultural Hritag Pag 62

76 C h a p t r 1 1 To nsur that th cultural hritag initiativs ar managd indpndntly from th mining company, and in a way that is sustainabl aftr min closur, RMGC will stablish a dvlopmnt Foundation via a 100 % grant, as dscribd in th Sction 10 on socioconomics. RMGC will transfr th historical monumnts and buildings it owns in th Protctd Zon to th Foundation and will thn rnt ths buildings for offic spac and mining construction workrs and prsonnl. RMGC will continu to contribut to th cost of maintaining ths buildings throughout th lif of th min. Sction 11: Cultural Hritag Pag 63

77 12 12 Monitoring Monitoring of nvironmntal conditions commncd in 1999 and a grat dal of information on aspcts such as watr quality and flows, air quality, soils, wildlif, and archaology has alrady bn collctd and forms th basis for impact assssmnt. Environmntal managmnt of th construction, opration and closur of th RMP will also rquir rfrnc to information on nvironmntal conditions. Such information will nabl th oprator to judg th prformanc of th RMP against th forcast objctivs and also dmonstrat complianc with rgulatory limits, as will b rquird undr Romanian Law. An ffctiv and comprhnsiv monitoring databas will allow th oprator to apply any ncssary rmdial actions bfor nvironmntal problms aris. Basd on th assssmnt of nvironmntal impacts, th EIA rport prsnts a rcommndd monitoring plan for all nvironmntal mdia that covr th following: Paramtrs to b monitord; Location of monitoring points or aras; Frquncy of sampling and analysis; Quality assuranc procdurs to nsur accuracy; Rporting rquirmnts. Th monitoring plan thrfor forms an important part of th ovrall nvironmntal and social managmnt systm for th RMP. Sction 12: Monitoring Pag 64

78 C h a p t r Risk 13.1 What is risk? A projct th siz and complxity of th RMP rquirs a comprhnsiv risk assssmnt conductd on it. Th risk assssmnt conductd on th RMP rlid on a wll stablishd, intrnationally accptd mthodology 1. Indd, ach country tnds to hav its own risk assssmnt guidlins or rquirmnts. Onc assssd, howvr, larg infrastructur projcts, b thy mins, dams, bridgs, or major buildings, tnd to hav similar risk catgoris rgardlss of whr thy ar, although of cours th spcifics of th risk ar vry much rlatd to location. Discussing risks rquirs us first to dfin th trms w ar using, and in particular rquirs us to dfin th diffrnc btwn a risk and a hazard. A hazard is th potntial to caus harm; risk on th othr hand is th liklihood of harm occurring. It varis undr diffrnt circumstancs whr a hazard is prsnt and is dpndnt on th svrity of th harm that a hazard could caus. EU dirctivs hav focusd strongly on risk minimization ovr th past twnty yars. For th industris that us chmical substancs such as mining, th EU has dvlopd th Svso Dirctivs and dfins risk and hazard as shown in box Box 13.1 Th diffrnc btwn Risk and Hazard Th EU Svso II Dirctiv (96/82/EC) dfins hazards and risks as follows: Hazard shall man th intrinsic proprty of a dangrous substanc or physical situation, with a potntial for crating damag to human halth and/or th nvironmnt; Risk shall man th liklihood of a spcific ffct occurring within a spcifid priod or in spcifid circumstancs. Hazards and th risks associatd with thm ar vrywhr, but whn known and acknowldgd, masurs can b takn to minimis or liminat risk. For xampl, whn w go up or down stairs it is possibl that w might fall, but th liklihood is that w will not. Stairs ar a hazard, th liklihood of injury is known as th risk. In rality, most things w do in vryday lif xpos us to hazards. Howvr, it is HOW w do things that dtrmins th risk. Undrstanding and managing risks is dpndnt on undrstanding th rlationship btwn hazard and risk. This is dmonstratd by th two xampls in box Such mthodologis (and similar) hav bn adoptd by, and guidlins or pics of lgislation ar includd undr svral Romanian (HG 918/2002, OM 860/2002, OM 63/2002, OM 210/2004, HG 95/2003, OUG 195/2005), EU (Svso II Dirctiv, 05/2003/EC) and othr national and intrnational organizations (UK and Th Nthrlands cods of practic, AICE, ICE, ICOLD, UNEP, ANCOLD, CDA, tc.). Sction 14: Dscription of Difficultis Pag 65

79 13 Box 13.2 Two vryday xampls of Risk and Hazard 1. Potassium Dichromat is a highly toxic carcinognic chmical. It is usd in som tchniqus to analys xhald brath for alcohol contnt. Howvr, for this purpos it is sald in a tub, and dos not bcom airborn whn air is drawn ovr it. Thrfor although it is a highly hazardous substanc, its us as dscribd, dos not prsnt any risk to th subjct. 2. Flour would not b considrd by many to b a hazardous substanc. A jar of it on a shlf would not hav a skull and crossbons dpictd on it togthr with othr hazard warnings, as might hav bn th cas for a bottl of potassium dichromat Howvr, if a bakr was xposd ovr a priod of tim to airborn flour dust and/or dust by skin contact, h/sh could dvlop drmatitis (an inflammation of th skin), conjunctivitis (inflammation of th ys), rhinitis (information of th nos) and vn asthma - an inflammatory disas of th lungs which can caus a grat dal of distrss and may vn by lif thratning. Thr is an xampl from a bakry whr flour dust was librally scattrd. Th bakr suffrd from occupational asthma, and it was difficult for th mployr to apprciat that somthing as apparntly innocuous as flour could caus asthma, spcially in conditions of high xposur. Thus an agnt of this rlativly low hazard can prsnt substantial risk (whil convrsly an agnt with a high hazard such as potassium Dichromat might prsnt no masurabl risk in crtain circumstancs). A common point in all risk assssmnts is that risk is calculatd from: Probability: [What is th chanc that an accidnt rsulting from th prsnc of a hazard will occur] Consqunc: [What happns if th accidnt occurs]. Multiplying ths two faturs yilds th calculatd risk. Both probability and consqunc ar gnrally dividd ach into fiv catgoris (ach having a rating from 1 to 5). Th risk of an vnt th risk rating is thn th probability rating of it occurring multiplid by its consqunc rating onc it occurs. Th smallst risk is 1, rsulting from an improbabl occurrnc rating of 1 multiplid by an insignificant consqunc rating of 1. Th highst risk is 25, rsulting from an almost crtain probability of occurrnc rating of 5 multiplid by a catastrophic consqunc rating of 5. A rating btwn 1 and 4 mans a vry small risk, 5 to 9 rprsnts a small on,10 to 14 is a modratd risk, 15 to 19 is major and 20 to 25 is xtrm (s tabl 13.4). For a projct such as th RMP, thrfor, idntifying th hazards and undrstanding th risks involvd is cntral to th xrcis of th projct s dsign and nvironmntal impact assssmnt. A summary of th risk assssmnt for th RMP, an assssmnt rquird undr EU and Romanian lgislation follows Risk in th RMP Th assssmnt of risk was carrid out in rspct to both th whol RMP as wll as to crtain individual componnts of th RMP. Sction 14: Dscription of Difficultis Pag 66

80 C h a p t r 1 3 Tabl 13.1 summariss th risk catgoris idntifid with th RMP, who is at risk by th vnt, th risk rating, and th RMP mitigation stratgis. Th risk rating is xplaind furthr on in this sction. A risk rating btwn 1 4 is rankd vry low and 5 9 is low, s Tabl 13.3 and Th idntifid risk catgoris of th RMP all rank low or vry low. Tabl 13.1 Evnt No major accidnt scnarios Oprating rrors in th procssing and DETOX plant Cyanid spillag from plant sit storag and oprational aras. Accidntal hydrogn cyanid gas rlas from plant sit Accidntal rlas of cyanid contaminatd watr from th TMF. Accidntal rlas of cyanid contaminatd watr du to failur of scondary containmnt dam rcycling. Accidntal cyanid spill during ship, road or rail dlivry to sit associatd with rainfall Accidntal xplosion of LPG or ful storag tanks Corna TMF dam failur Ctat Watr ARD dam failur Accidntal cyanid contaminatd watr discharg from TMF spag (from scondary containmnt dam). Corna TMF dam failur Risk vnts at th RMP and thir mitigation stratgis Risk Rating 1 Thos at risk - rcptors [probability x consqunc] CONSTRUCTION PHASE Local workforc Local community Watr rsourcs Wildlif Local communitis Wildlif Watr rsourcs Wildlif Watr rsourcs Wildlif Local communitis Watr rsourcs Wildlif OPERATION PHASE 9 [3 x 3] 6 [2 x 3] 8 [2 x 4] 4 [1 x 4] 4 [1 x 4] 8 [2 x 4] Local workforc RMP facilitis Proprty damag Rgional communitis Watr rsourcs Wildlif Local communitis Watr rsourcs Wildlif CLOSURE PHASE Local watr rsourcs Wildlif Local communitis Watr rsourcs Wildlif 8 [2 x 4] 5 [1 x 5] 8 [2 x 4] 4 [2 x 2] 4 [1 x 4] Mitigation stratgis Automatd and laboratory monitoring, oprator training, automatd dtction and warning systms; rgular maintnanc and calibration of automatd control systms. Containmnt dams, dtox plant, high lvl alarms, downstram pollution control dam. Sparat hydrochloric acid and sodium cyanid storag aras, hydrogn cyanid gas dtctors, ph snsors. Tailings dtox plant, automatic plant shut down systm, dsign frboard within, dgradation and dilution of cyanid within th tailing pond. Dsign frboard within dam to stor xcss flow, prvntativ maintnanc and back up pumps installd, mrgncy rspons plans. Adopt cyanid cod, dtaild oprating procdurs for handling and transport, load tracking, contractual rsponsibility on haulir for controls, appropriat rout slction. Spcial tank dsign and construction, spcial oprator training, rgular chcks and maintnanc Us of high dsign standards and, standard oprational procdurs, tailings dtox plant. High dsign standards adoptd, oprational procdurs implmntd. Smi passiv tratmnt plant constructions, dsign frboard within scondary containmnt dam, prvntativ maintnanc, rgular monitoring. As oprational plus, rmoval of tailing pond, low lvl closur spillway dsign, capping and rvgtation of TMF. 1 Risks ar low bcaus th structurs and tchnology mployd ar dsignd with a high safty factor in ordr to minimiz risk du to th hazards which ar prsnt. Sction 14: Dscription of Difficultis Pag 67

81 13 Th following sction gos into mor dtail as to how th risk ratings for th RMP risk vnts wr dtrmind An ovrviw of th risk calculation mthod usd As part of th assssmnt, th RMP was first analysd to idntify significant hazards associatd with both natural and tchnological procsss. Ths includd considration of natural occurrncs such as arthquaks and floods, as wll as procss and/or man-mad inducd accidnts, including transportation of quipmnt and matrials that could giv ris to srious consquncs. Th risk assssmnt includs both a qualitativ analysis and a quantitativ analysis as follows: Th qualitativ analysis stablishs th list of possibl hazards, and nabls vnt ranking basd on risk. Hazard idntification tchniqus (qualitativ analyss) usd to idntifying hazards arising from th procss ar basd on th intrinsic prsnc of th hazard, on obsrvations of what is happning, chcklists of th obsrvational approach. Ths ar summarizd using th HAZOP mthod s box Box 13.3 Th HAZOP Mthod HAZOP = HAZard and OPrability Study. A qualitativ tchniqu to idntify hazards rsulting from hardwar failurs and human rror. Oftn xpnsiv and somtims basd upon brainstorming sssions. Hazard valuation tchniqus ar quantitativ analyss, usd to dcid on how to act to liminat or rduc thm in ordr to protct th population, th proprty, and th nvironmnt. Hazard valuation uss intrinsic prsnc, past xprinc, and various cods of practic. Th quantitativ hazard valuation tchniqus ar summarizd undr th HAZAN mthod s box Box 13.4 Th HAZAN Mthod HAZAN: = HAZard ANalysis. A quantitativ approach that looks into th quantity of hazard tc rathr than th quality aspct of failur known as HAZOP. Th qualitativ masur of consquncs has bn dvlopd by classification into fiv lvls of sriousnss, an intrnationally accptd mthodology usd in risk assssmnt studis. Thy vary from Insignificant to Catastrophic, and ar givn a wight factor from 1 to 5, rspctivly. Ths rang from: Rar (or improbabl) having a frquncy of occurrnc lss than (annual probability of occurrnc in yars), To: Almost Crtain having a frquncy of occurrnc highr than 10-4 (possibly lss than yars). Th quantitativ risk assssmnt is thn basd on computing th lvl of risk as a product of th sriousnss (consqunc) and th probability of occurrnc of th vnt. Using th information obtaind from th analysis, th risk of an vnt can b illustratd in a matrix form, as prsntd in th following tabls. Sction 14: Dscription of Difficultis Pag 68

82 C h a p t r 1 3 Tabl 13.2 Probability of occurrnc Matrix of th risk of an vnt Consquncs Insignificant Minor Modrat Major Catastrophic Improbabl < Unlikly 10-8 to Possibl 10-6 to Probabl 10-4 to Almost crtain Tabl 13.3 > Risk rating dfinition (pr vnt, scnario) Risk lvl Dfinition Action to b takn 1 4 Vry low risk 5 9 Low risk Businss as usual; standard oprating procdurs Modrat risk Spcific standard oprations procdurs, with th involvmnt of workplac managrs High risk Prompt rspons action, as quick as th normal managmnt systm allows it, with th involvmnt of th top managmnt Extrm risk Emrgncy situation rquiring immdiat action and priority us of availabl rsourcs This risk rating dfinition follows th modlling of an xtnsiv numbr of accidnt scnarios to gaug possibl impacts. Th scnarios wr ultimatly charactrisd according to thir consquncs and liklihood of occurrnc. Of ths, major accidnts wr slctd having a probability of occurrnc qual or gratr than 10-6 and falling undr th EU Svso Dirctiv rmit for major accidnts, and assssd in mor dtail. Th major accidnt scnarios ar thos prsntd in Tabl Th tabl dmonstrats th low risk rating assignd to all aspcts of th RMP. To again plac this in th contxt of vryday liv, th risks of major accidnts from th RMP hav bn drawn on Frquncy Numbr (FN) diagrams prsntd by th Intrnational Cntr for Gohazards Norwgian Gotchnical Institut, Oslo, Norway 1. S Figur 13.1 and Ths FN diagrams prsnt frquncy against consqunc (loss of matrials or numbr of fatalitis) and summariz th rsults of th analyss giving a graphical rprsntation of th RMP spcific social risk corrlatd with th socially accptabl risk. Th diagrams prsnt rlvant comparisons btwn th risk lvls for th RMP and risks associatd with various othr industris or human activitis. Risk lvls for th RMP ar situatd wll within th socially accptabl lvls. 1 Publishd by Farrokh Nadim and Suzann Lacass, Intrnational Cntr for Gohazards Norwgian Gotchnical Institut, Oslo, Norway In Trrain and gohazard challngs facing onshor oil and gas piplins. Thomas Tlford, London, 2004 Sction 14: Dscription of Difficultis Pag 69

83 13 Figur 13.1 Risk lvls for various industris and activitis Figur 13.2 Annual probability of occurrnc vs. Consqunc Diagram for Dams and Socially Accptabl Risk Sction 14: Dscription of Difficultis Pag 70