U118MG. Supplementary Figure 1 U373MG U118MG 3.5 A CCF-SSTG

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1 A172 CCF-SSTG T98G U373MG U178MG TP365MG U118MG U251MG - U118MG Supplementary Figure 1

2 Supplementary Table 1. Patient characteristics of astrocytic glioma samples on the tissue microarrays (TMAs) TMA AJAP1 TMA EMP3 TMA PDPN Age (y) Mean Minimum Maximum Gender Male 128 (64%) 131 (66%) 36 (57%) Female 72 (36%) 69 (34%) 27 (43%) WHO grade II 20 (10%) 21 (1%) 9 (14.3%) III 8 (4%) 10 (5%) 11 (17.5%) IV 172 (86%) 169 (84.5%) 42 (66.7%) unknown 1(%) Chemotherapy Yes 11 (6%) 10 (5%) 25 (39.7%) No 189 (94%) 190 (95%) 15 (23.8%) Unknown 23 (36.5%) Radiotherapy Yes 158 (79%) 158 (79%) 44 (69.8%) No 42 (21%) 42 (21%) 1 (1.6%) Unknown 18 (28.6%) Total

3 Supplementary Table 2. Primers used for quantitative RT-PCR Target gene Forward primer Reverse primer METTL7B 5 -GCTCCATGGATGTGGTGGTC-3 5 -AAAGAGCACACCTCCCGGTC-3 CDKN1A 5 -GGCAGACCAGCATGACAGATT-3 5 -GCGGATTAGGGCTTCCTCTT-3 EMP3 5 -TGCACGTGGAACAACGACAC-3 5 -CTCGTCGCATGGTGTAGAGC-3 PDPN 5 -ACGATGTGGAAGGTGTCAGCT-3 5 -AGCCAGACTTATAGCGGTCTTCG-3 CENPF 5 -ACCAGAAGCGGGCGAATTGG-3 5 -GAGCTCTTGTAGGCAGCCCT-3 UHRF1 5 -GACTCGCTGTCCAGGCTGAC-3 5 -GTGTCATTCAGGCGGACCTC-3 NUP GCAGCCAACTTTGGTTGTGTG-3 5 -CTGTTTCCGTGCAGTCCGTG-3 CCNB2 5 -AGTTGGCTCCAAAGGGTCCT-3 5 -CGTAGTCACTGCAGAGCTGAGG-3 AJAP1 5 -TCCCTCATCATGGTCATAGCTGC- 5 -TGCAGGGTCTCGTTATAGGCCGTG-3 RTN1 5 -GCATCGTGTTTGGGAGTTTCCTGC- 5 -AGGAAGAGCCTCCTCAGTTCC-3 GABBR1 5 -TCCACAACCCTACCCGCGTGAA-3 5 -TTTGACGGGCACAGCTGGATCTG-3

4 Supplementary Table 3. Amplifications and putative homozygous deletions detected by array-cgh in 20 GBM spheroid cultures High-level amplifications Localization Start clone End clone Size (Mb) Candidate gene (s) (%) 1p21.1 RP5-936J12 RP5-936J COL11A1 5 1p34.3-1p34.2 RP4-615P17 RP11-72N PABPC4, ZMPSTE24 5 1q31.1 RP11-201A3 RP11-201A No annotated gene 5 1q32.1 RP11-203F10 RP11-430C MDM4 10 2p23.3 RP11-558C24 RP11-558C RAB10 5 4q12 RP11-317M11 RP11-463H12 3 PDGFRA 20 5q35.1 RP11-117L6 RP11-779O NPM1 5 6p22.3 RP1-177P22 RP11-33I E2F3 5 7p11.2 RP11-449G3 RP11-339F EGFR 15 7q31.1-7q31.32 RP11-45K3 RP11-384A PTPRZ1 5 8q24.21 RP11-351C8 RP1-80K MYC 20 11p13 RP5-1083G3 RP11-48O WT1 5 12p13.32 RP11-543P15 RP11-264f CCND2 5 12q14.1 RP11-571M6 RP11-155I CDK q15 RP11-611O2 RP11-611O MDM2 35 Putative homozygous deletions 1p36 RP5-1096P7 RP3-410I AJAP1 5 1p35.2 RP4-742P4 RP11-336O p34 RP11-100H21 RP5-848E p33 RP4-697E16 RP11-20F q35.1 RP11-13N11 CTC-963K p15.2 CTC-485I21 RP3-502L p21.2 RP11-299D14 RP11-263C q21.13 RP11-86O7 RP11-216N p21.3 RP11-15P13 RP11-495L19 3,38 CDKN2A. CDKN2B 35 10q23.31 RP11-165M8 RP11-186O PTEN 5

5 11q24.3 RP11-122H4 RP11-469N q12 RP11-210N13 RP11-474P q13.2 RP11-330O19 RP11-561B

6 Supplementary Table 4. Top ranked highly expressed genes in spheroid cultures (n=10) Gene symbol FC to nonneoplastic brain Description FC to nonneoplastic spheroid culture* ACTG Actin, gamma HNRPA Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A CDK Cyclin-dependent kinase IGFBP Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, 2.31 NUSAP Nucleolar and spindle associated protein VIM 3.04 Vimentin 0.06 PTPRZ Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, Z polypeptide UBE2C 2.88 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C 1.16 CDKN1A 2.82 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A 1.34 PDGFRA 2.81 Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide CCNB Cyclin B TSPAN3 2.7 Tetraspanin ANXA Annexin A CDK Cyclin-dependent kinase NUP Nucleoporin Nup KIAA KIAA KCNQ2 9 Potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member FAM119B 8 Family with sequence similarity 119, member B 0.31 HNRPK 8 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K 5.14 UHRF1 6 Ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains, TUBA6 4 Tubulin, alpha 1c 1.63 NES 4 Nestin 2.25 METTL7B 3 Methyltransferase like 7B 2.34 TMSL8 2 Thymosin-like CBX2 1 Chromobox homolog TNC Tenascin C 4.77 CDCA Cell division cycle associated GAS Growth arrest-specific TYMS 2.41 Thymidylate synthetase 1.32

7 PBK 2.4 PDZ binding kinase 1.11 FAM60A 2.37 Family with sequence similarity 60, member A 1.76 TNFRSF Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 19 6 PTTG Pituitary tumor-transforming SOX SRY (sex determining region Y)-box H H19, imprinted maternally expressed transcript HOXA Homeobox A CENPF 2.3 Centromere protein F, 350/400ka (mitosin) 0.85 MYC 2.29 V-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian) 1.73 EMP Epithelial membrane protein 3 19 RPL Ribosomal protein L NPM Nucleophosmin S100A S100 calcium binding protein A CD CD44 molecule PDPN 2.22 Podoplanin 9.02 median fold change compared to non-neoplastic brain (n = 5, pooled) expressed as log-2 ratio * median fold change compared to spheroid culture isolated from non-neoplastic brain expressed as log-2 ratio

8 Supplementary Table 5. Relationship between expression of candidate genes and WHO grade WHO grades sgbm pgbm II-III low AJAP1 expression 8 (28%) 2 (100%) 93 (55%) high AJAP1 expression 20 (72%) 0 (0%) 77 (45%) low EMP3 expression 26 (84%) 2 (67%) 73 (44%) high EMP3 expression 5 (16%) 1 (33%) 93 (56%) low PDPN expression 17 (85%) 3 (100%) 6 (15%) high PDPN expression 3 (15%) 0 (0%) 33 (85%) Abbreviations: sgbm, secondary glioblastoma; pgbm, primary glioblastoma

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