Effects of dietary fish oil replacement on growth and carcass proximate composition of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

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1 Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 Effects of dietry fish oil replcement on growth nd crcss proximte composition of juvenile brrmundi (Ltes clcrifer) Sym Rso & Trevor A Anderson School of Mrine Biology nd Aquculture, Jmes Cook University,Townsville, Austrli Correspondence: S Rso, School of Science nd Technology, Rjbht Institute Surin, Surin-Prsrd Rd,T Norkmung, A Mung, Surin, Thilnd. E-mil: rso302002@yhoo.com Abstrct An experiment ws crried out to determine the effects of dietry sh oil replcement t n optiml level on the growth nd crcss proximte composition of juvenile brrmundi or se bss (Ltes clcrifer). Ten sh feeds were formulted to contin iso-ingredients with theoreticlly identicl dietry lipid levels but with di erent sources of lipids ( sh oil, soyben oil, cnol oil nd linseed oil) replcing dietry sh oil. Three hundred sh were eqully divided into L plstic tnks (three replicte tnks for ech tretment). Fish were fed with experimentl diets for 40 dys within closed recirculting freshwter systems (70 L h 1,281C nd 12L:12D). Growth, speci c growth rte, food conversion rtio (FCR) nd crcss proximte composition were determined. Dietry lipids signi cntly ected (Po0.05) the growth of the sh. Good growth nd low FCR were observed in ll tretments. Therefore, sh oils cn be prtilly replced by vegetble oils to reduce the feed cost. There were no signi cnt di erences (P40.05) in lipid, moisture nd protein content in sh crcsses mong the group. However, juvenile brrmundi showed incresing lipid nd moisture content in muscle, wheres decresing protein content when compred to the initil sh. Keywords: juvenile brrmundi, se bss, Ltes clcrifer, lipids, sh oil replcement, growth, proximte composition Introduction At the present time the quculture industry consumes round 17% of the globl production of sh mel nd sh oil, with the mjority being used for poultry nd pig production (Bell 1998). Therefore, quculture nutritionists re focusing on seeking lterntive cheper oils to replce the more expensive mrine sh oil. Replcement of sh oil with vegetble or niml ft hs the potentil both to reduce cost nd to provide gret exibility in tiloring tissue lipids to meet the helth concerns of consumers (Greene & Selivonchick 1990; Dosnjh, Higgs, McKenzie, Rndll, Eles, Rowshndeli, Rowshndili & Decon 1998). Elongtion nd desturtion of short-chin ftty cids to longer-chin polyunsturted ftty cids is considered to be importnt for sh to be ble to utilize cheper oils. It is well estblished tht mny freshwter sh (Anderson & Arthington 1992), slmonids (Dosnjh et l.1998; Ruyter, Rfsjf, Einen & Thomssen 2000) nd rinbow trout (Mourente & Tocher 1998) cn redily convert 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 nd 22:6n-3, nd lso 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6, using metbolic pthwys similr to those operting in higher vertebrtes. Mrine sh oils hve been trditionlly used in slmon diets to provide essentil ftty cids (EFAs) of the o-3 (n-3) fmily s well s redily vilble non-protein energy, ft-soluble vitmins nd, to limited extent, crotenoid pigments (Christinsen, Wgbo & Torrissen 1991; Bell 1998). Menhden oil is used for red drum nd contins mple mounts of EFAs, prticulrly eicospentenoic cid (EPA) nd docoshexenoic cid (DHA) with bout 11.0^14.3% EPA nd 9.1^9.6% DHA. However, soyben oil lcks EPA nd DHA, with linoleic cid (18:2n-6) dominting t bout 51^64% of totl ftty cids (Ntionl Reserch Council 1993). Cnol oil is lso predominnt vegetble oil used in the household kitchen. To dte, r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd 813

2 E ects of dietry sh oil replcement on growth S Rso & TA Anderson Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 reserchers hve ssessed the merits of substituting low erucic cid-content rpeseed oil or cnol oil for signi cnt portions of the mrine lipid in the diets of trout nd slmon (Dosnjh et l. 1998; Greene & Selivonchick 1990). In this regrd, cnol oil is richer source of o-6 ftty cids (prticulrly linoleic cid, 18:2n-6) nd monounsturted ftty cids (especilly oleic cid, 18:1n-9) thn mrine lipids. The mjor C 18 PUFA in linseed oil diets is 18:3n-3 (Bell,Tocher, Mc- Donld & Srgent 1994). Linseed oils re not esy to nd in food supplies, re more expensive thn cnol oils nd soyben oils, nd re rich in18:3n-3. The objective of this study ws to investigte the e ects of di erent proportions of lterntive oils, which re cheper, loclly vilble nd with highqulity (nutritionl blnce) EFA composition, on the growth nd proximte composition of juvenile brrmundi or se bss (Ltes clcrifer). Mterils nd methods Experimentl procedure Juvenile brrmundi (Ltes clcrifer) ( g) were obtined from North Queenslnd Brr frm, in Townsville, North Queenslnd, Austrli. After rrivl, sh were bthed with sewter (slinity t 10 ppt) nd formlin (15 ml per 100 L) for 30 min. The sh were then sorted into groups of 10 individuls nd plced in 70-L plstic tnks (70 L h 1, 28 1C nd 12L:12D) in freshwter recirculting system. Fish were treted ccording to the Austrlin Code of Prctice for the Cre nd Use of Animls for Scienti c Purposes. Fish were cclimtized for 2 weeks nd fed AquBrr (commercil diet) before the strt of the experiment. They were fed to pprent stition by hnd twice dy during weekdys (Mondy to Fridy) nd once dy during weekends (Sturdy nd Sundy). Diet preprtion Ten diets were formulted with iso-ingredients, with theoreticlly identicl dietry lipid levels nd di erent sources of lipid incorported nd the frction of sh oil replced (Tble 1). Diets 1^4 were referred to s sh oil (150 g kg 1 dry weight (DW)), soyben oil (150 g kg 1 DW), cnol oil (150 g k 1 DW) nd linseed oil diets (150 g kg 1 DW), respectively. Diets Tble1 Formultion of experimentl diets (g kg 1 DW) for juvenile brrmundi (Ltes clcrifer) in the sh oil blends study Experimentl diets* Ingredients (g kg 1 DW) Fish melw Cseinz Geltin Strchz Cellulose Oil* /50 50/ /50 50/ /50 50/100 Vitmin mixes** Minerl mixesww Crude lipid (g g 1 DW) Crude lipid (%) Moisture content (%)zz *1 5 sh oil (100%), 2 5 soyben oil (100%), 3 5 cnol oil (100%), 4 5 linseed oil (100%), 5 5 sh oil/soyben oil rtio, 6 5 sh oil/ soyben oil rtio, 7 5 sh oil/cnol oil rtio, 8 5 sh oil/cnol oil rtio, 9 5 sh oil/linseed oil rtio, 10 5 sh oil/linseed oil rtio. wfish mel (Pesqueritt SA, Ticnuno, South Chile). zcsein (Mlnd, Austrli). Geltin (Frmhouse Kitchen Food Pty., Ft Free, QLD 4073, Austrli). zcorn strch (Austrlsi, NSW, Austrli). 8Cellulose (Hnh ock Hnh, Germny). **Rbou custom mix (DPI Northern Territory Fisheries, Austrli). wwdpi ARI sh minerl premix (Hone-Poulenc, Animl Nutrient Pty., QLD, Austrli). zzmen7sem. DW 5dry weight. 814 r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd, Aquculture Reserch, 34, 813^819

3 Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 E ects of dietry sh oil replcement on growth S Rso & TA Anderson 5^10 were referred to s sh oil/soyben oil rtio (100/ 50 g kg 1 DW), sh oil/soybenoil rtio (50/100 g kg 1 DW), sh oil/cnol oil rtio (100/50 g kg 1 DW), sh oil/cnol oil rtio (50/100 g kg 1 DW), sh oil/linseed oil rtio (100/50 g kg 1 DW) nd sh oil/linseed oil rtio (50/100 g kg 1 DW), respectively. Smple collection nd nlysis At the beginning of the experiment, 10 sh were killed nd frozen t 20 1C until nlysis. Benzocine ws used to nesthetize the sh before tking weight nd length mesurements t the beginning of the experiment nd fter 6 weeks of the feeding tril. Benzocine ws lso used to kill ll the sh by overdose. Fish crcsses were frozen t 20 1C. The whole sh were homogenized nd then dried t 50 1C in n oven to constnt weight to determine the moisture content. The dried smples were then used to nlyse proximte composition. Dried smples were nlysed for crude protein using the Kjeldhl nitrogen method nd for lipid content by modi ed Folch, Lees & Slone Stnley (1957) method using the nitrogen gs to dry the smples. Dt nlysis The following formule were used: (1) weight gin 5 nl body weight (FBW) initil body weight (IBW); (2) speci c growth rte (SGR) (ln (FBW) ln (IBW)) dy 1 ; (3) food conversion rtio (FCR) 5 totl dry feed fed (g)/wet weight gin (g); (4) condition fctor (K) 5 100W/L 3 (Jones, Petrell & Puly 1999); (5) % body weight gin (%BW) 5 (weight gin/ IBW) 100. FBW is the nl body weight, IBW is the initil body weight, W is the wet weight nd L is the totl length of individul sh. Men growth nd crcss proximte composition such s lipid, protein nd moisture content were subjected to ANOVA nd subsequent Tukey s HSD test t Results Growth performnce Juvenile brrmundi or se bss ccepted ll feed well. Weight gin, SGR nd FCR re summrized in Tble 2. Good survivl (100%) ws observed mong dietry tretments. Dietry lipid ected (Po0.05) the growth of sh. Fish fed diet 6 ( sh oil/soyben oil, 50/100 g kg 1 DW) showed the best SGR mong the groups, followed by sh fed diet1 ( sh oil/soyben oil, 100/50 g kg 1 DW), diet 5 ( sh oil, 150 g kg 1 DW), diet 8 ( sh oil/cnol oil, 50/100 g kg 1 DW), diet 10 ( sh oil/linseed oil,50/100 g kg 1 DW), diet 9 ( sh oil/linseed oil, 100/50 g kg 1 DW), diet 7 ( sh oil/cnol oil, 100/50 g kg 1 DW), diet 2 (soyben oil, 150 g kg 1 DW), diet 4 (linseed oil, 150 g kg 1 DW) nd diet 3 (cnol oil, 150 g kg 1 DW). Fish showed low FCR in ll dietry tretments, which rnged from 0.62 to The grphs (Fig. 1) showed the e ects of blends of sh oil with cnol oils, soyben oils nd linseed oils on SGR. It is indicted tht sh oils cn be prtilly replced by vegetble oils to reduce the feed cost. Proximte composition The e ects of dietry lipids on proximte composition re summrized in Tble 3. Di erent sources of dietry lipids fed to sh hd no signi cnt (P40.05) e ect on lipid, moisture nd protein content in the crcsses of juvenile brrmundi. Fish fed ll dietry lipids incresed the lipid nd moisture content in the crcss wheres the protein content ws decresed when compred to the initil group. Fish fed diet 6 showed the highest crcss lipid content, followed by sh fed diet 7, diet 9, diet 5, diet 10, diet 1, diet 2, diet 8, diet 4 nd diet 3. Fish fed diet1hd the highest crcss protein content, followed by sh fed diet 3, diet 9, diet 6, diet 10, diet 2, diet 7, diet 5, diet 4 nd diet 8. Fish fed diet 10 showed the highest crcss moisture content, followed by sh fed diet 3, diet 4, diet 5, diet 9, diet 2, diet1, diet 7, diet 6 nd diet 8. Discussion Growth performnce This reserch suggests tht plnt oils cn be used to replce sh oils prtilly without compromising the growth of juvenile brrmundi or se bss. Dietry lipids nd sh oil replcement t some levels in this investigtion hd n e ect on the weight gin of juvenile brrmundi. The optiml dietry levels, contining EFAs in ll tretments, re required to obtin good growth of this species in spite of providing nutritionl blnce of blended sh oils with some r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd, Aquculture Reserch, 34, 813^

4 E ects of dietry sh oil replcement on growth S Rso & TA Anderson Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 Tble 2 Growth performnce of juvenile brrmundi (Ltes clcrifer) fed experimentl diets contining di erent sources of lipids nd dietry sh oil replcement for 40 dys Diet* IW FW cd bc b cd d bcd cd cd cd Growth (g) cd bc b cd d bcd cd cd cd %BW SGR e bcd b de e bc cde cde cde Totl food fed (g/fish) FCR K1 ( 10 3 ) K2 ( 10 3 ) *1 5 sh oil diet (150 g kg 1 dry weight (DW), 2 5 soyben oil diet (150 g kg 1 DW), 3 5 cnol oil diet (150 g kg 1 DW), 4 5 linseed oil diet (g kg 1 DW), 5 5 sh oil/soyben oil diet (100/50 g kg 1 DW), 6 5 sh oil/soyben oil diet (50/100 g kg 1 DW), 7 5 sh oil/cnol oil (100/50 g kg 1 DW), 8 5 sh oil/cnol oil diet (50/100 g kg 1 DW), 9 5 sh oil/linseed oil diet (100/50 g kg 1 DW), 10 5 sh oil/ linseed oil diet (50/100 g kg 1 DW). IW 5initil wet weight, FW 5 nl wet weight, SGR 5 speci c growth rte, FCR 5 food conversion rtio, %BW 5 % body weight gin, K1 5condition fctor t the beginning, K2 5 condition fctor t the end. Vlues re expressed s men7sem. Vlues in the sme column with the sme superscript re not signi cntly (P40.05) di erent using Tukey s HSD multiple comprison. Vlues re subjected to ANOVA t r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd, Aquculture Reserch, 34, 813^819

5 Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 E ects of dietry sh oil replcement on growth S Rso & TA Anderson () 4 SGR (b) SGR (c) SGR Diet 1 (F150) Diet 7 (F100/C50) Diet 1 (150) Diet 5 (F100/S50) Diet 1 (150) Diet 9 (F100/L50) Diet 8 (F50/C100) Dietry lipids Dietry lipids Dietry lipids Diet 6 (F50/S100) Diet 10 (F50/L100) Diet 3 (C150) Diet 2 (150) Diet 4 (150) Figure1 E ects of feeding blends of sh oils with cnol oils (), soyben oils (b) nd linseed oils (c) on the growth of juvenile brrmundi (Ltes clcrifer). Di erent letters indicte signi cnt di erence between the vlues using Tukey s HSD multiple comprison. vegetble oils. Similrly, Crig, Neill & Gtlin III (1995) found tht weight gin of juvenile red drum ws signi cntly (Po0.05) ected by dietry lipids when fed with diets contining menhden, corn, coconut or hydrogented menhden oil t 7.0%, plus diet contining 24% menhden oil. The growth rte nd FCRs of juvenile red drum fed diets with 1.5% supplementl soyben or menhden oil were very similr (Tucker, Lellis, Vermeer, Roberts & Woodwrd 1997). However, s soyben oil incresed, the growth rtes decresed nd FCRs incresed (Tucker et l. 1997). Similrly, Chou & Shiu (1999) found tht there were signi cntly (Po0.05) higher weight gin nd feed e ciency ssocited with juvenile hybrid tilpi fed diets supplemented with cod liver oil. Blending vegetble oils with sh oil would improve the digestibility energy content of the diet becuse of better blnce between the less digestible sturted b b ftty cids tht re present in higher concentrtions in sh oil nd the more highly digestible monounsturted nd polyunsturted ftty cids tht chrcterize cnol oil (Dosnjh et l. 1998). Dietry blends of menhden oil with up to 47% cnol oil did not compromise the performnce of Atlntic slmon (Dosnjh et l. 1998). However, there re reports tht di er from the present study. Bell, Tocher, McDonld & Srgent (1995) found no signi cnt di erence in the nl weight between sh fed dietry borge oil nd mrine sh oil in juvenile turbot. Similrly, brook chrr fed11% of soy oil, cnol oil or menhden oil showed no signi cnt di erences in growth rte nd feed conversion coe cients (Greene & Selivonchick 1990; Guillou, Soucy, Khlil & Admbounou1995). Rinbow trout fed diets contining soyben oil, linseed oil, chicken ft, pork lrd nd beef tllow showed no signi cnt di erences in feed conversion nd growth rte cross the diet groups (Greene & Selivonchick 1990). Reinitz & Yu (1981) found tht rinbow trout fed diets contining prtil replcement of either soyben oil or sh oil with niml fts did not show signi cnt di erence in growth rte. Atlntic slmon (Slmo slr)fed diets contining vrying mounts of di erent vegetble oils, i.e. soyben oil, or low- nd high-erucic cid rpeseed oil, showed no signi cnt di erences in weight gin (Thomssen & Rfsjf1989). As expected, sh hd similr proximte composition in the crcsses, which ws not in uenced by the di erent sources of oils. This indictes tht sh utilize dietry sources of oil for energy. This observtion is supported by the study of Atlntic slmon (Dosnjh et l. 1998) nd turbot (Sether & Jobling 2001). Muscle proximte composition of Atlntic slmon fed blends of menhden oil with cnol oil diet ws not in uenced by the di erent sources of supplementl lipid. Similrly, there were no di erences in protein or sh content in turbot fed high (25.4%) or low (16.6%) lipid concentrtions nd identicl protein levels (43.2%). Acknowledgments The uthors re grtefully indebted to North Queenslnd Brr frm who provided sh for this reserch. We would like to cknowledge the school of Mrine Biology nd Aquculture, Jmes Cook University, Rjbht Institute Surin nd the Thi Government which provided nncil support for this reserch project. r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd, Aquculture Reserch, 34, 813^

6 E ects of dietry sh oil replcement on growth S Rso & TA Anderson Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 Tble 3 Proximte composition of crcsses fed di erent sources of lipids nd dietry sh oil replcement in juvenile brrmundi (Ltes clcrifer) Dietry lipids* Proximtecomposition Initil ANOVA Crude lipid (g g 1 DW) Crude lipid (%) P40.05 Crude protein (%) P40.05 Moisture content P40.05 *1 5 sh oil diet (150 g kg 1 DW), 2 5 soyben oil diet (150 g kg 1 DW), 3 5 cnol oil diet (150 g kg 1 DW), 4 5 linseed oil diet (g kg 1 DW), 5 5 sh oil/soyben oil diet (100/50 g kg 1 DW), 6 5 sh oil/ soyben oil diet (50/100 g kg 1 DW), 7 5 sh oil/cnol oil (100/50 g kg 1 DW), 8 5 sh oil/cnol oil diet (50/100 g kg 1 DW), 9 5 sh oil/linseed oil diet (100/50 g kg 1 DW), 10 5 sh oil/linseed oil diet (50/100 g kg 1 DW). DW 5dry weight. References Anderson A.J. & Arthington A.H. (1992) In uence of diet on the biosynthesis of lipid clsses nd ftty cids in silver perch, Bidynus bydynus. In:Proceeding of Aquculture Nutrition Workshop (ed. by G.L. Alln & W. Dll), pp. 41^45. Slmnder By, NSW, Austrli. Bell J.G. (1998) Current spects of lipid nutrition in sh frming. In: Biology of Frmed Fish (ed. by K.D. Blck & A.D. Pickering), pp.114^139. She eld Acdemic Press, Englnd. Bell J.G., Tocher D.R., McDonld F.M. & Srgent J.R. (1994) E ects of dietry rich in linoleic (18: 2n-6) nd -linolenic, (18:3n-3) cids on the growth, lipid clss nd ftty cid composition nd eicosnoid production in juvenile turbot (Scophthlmus mximus L.). Fish Physiology nd Biochemistry13,105^118. Bell J.G., Tocher D.R., McDonld F.M. & Srgent J.R. (1995) E ects of dietry borge oil (enriched in g-linolenic, 18:3n-6) or mrine sh oil (enriched in eicospentenoic cid, 20:5n-3) on growth, mortlities, liver histopthology nd lipid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthlmus mximus). Fish Physiology nd Biochemistry 14, 373^383. Chou B.S. & Shiu S.Y. (1999) Both n-6 nd n-3 fttycids re required for mximl growth of juvenile hybrid Tilpi. North AmericnJournl of Aquculture 61,13^20. Christinsen R., Wgbo R. & Torrissen O.J. (1991) E ect of poly-unsturted ftty cids nd vitmin E on esh pigmenttion in Atlntic slmon (Slmo slr). In: Fish Nutrition in Prctice (ed. by S.J. Kushik & P. Luquent), pp. 339^343. INRA, Birritz, Frnce. Crig S.R., Neill W.H. & Gtlin D.M. III (1995) E ects of dietry lipid nd environmentl slinityon growth, body composition, nd cold tolernce of juvenile red drum (Scienops ocelltus). Fish Physiology nd Biochemistry14, 49^61. Dosnjh B.S., Higgs D.A., McKenzie D.J., Rndll D.J., Eles J.G., Rowshndeli N., Rowshndili M. & Decon G. (1998) In uence of dietry blends of menhden oil nd cnol oil on growth, muscle lipid composition, nd thyroidl sttus of Atlntic slmon (Slmoslr) in se wter. Fish Physiology nd Biochemistry19,123^134. Folch J., Lees M. & Slone Stnley G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isoltion nd puri ction of totl lipids from niml tissues. Journl of Biochemistry nd Chemistry 226, 497^509. Greene D.H.S. & Selivonchick D.P. (1990) E ects of dietry vegetble, niml nd mrine lipids on muscle lipid nd hemtology of rinbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquculture 89,167^180. Guillou A., Soucy P., Khlil M. & Admbounou L. (1995) Effects of dietry vegetble nd mrine lipid on growth, muscle ftty cid composition nd orgnoleptic qulity of esh of brook chrr (Slvelinus fontinlis). Aquculture 136,351^362. Jones R.E., Petrell R.J. & Puly D. (1999) Using modi ed length^weight reltionships to ssess the condition of sh. Aquculture Engineering 20,261^ r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd, Aquculture Reserch, 34, 813^819

7 Aquculture Reserch, 2003, 34, 813^819 E ects of dietry sh oil replcement on growth S Rso & TA Anderson Mourente G. & Tocher D.R. (1998) The invo incorportion nd metbolism of (1-14 C) linolente (18:3n-3) in liver, brin nd eyes of juveniles of rinbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss L. nd gilthed se brem Sprus urtus L. Fish Physiology nd Biochemistry18,149^165. Ntionl Reserch Council 1993 Nutrient Requirements of Fish. pp. 70^71. Ntionl Acdemic Press, Wshington, DC. Reinitz G.L. & Yu T.C. (1981) E ects of dietry lipids on growth nd ftty cid composition of rinbow trout (Slmo girdneri). Aquculture 22,359^366. Ruyter B., Rfsjf C., Einen O. & Thomssen M.S. (2000) Essentil ftty cids in Atlntic slmon: e ects of incresing dietry doses of n-6 nd n-3 ftty cids on growth, survivl nd ftty cid composition of liver, blood nd crcss. Aquculture Nutrition 6,119^127. Sether B.S. & Jobling M. (2001) Ft content in turbot feed in uence on feed intke, growth nd body composition. Aquculture Reserch 32,451^458. Thomssen M.S. & Rfsjf C. (1989) Di erent fts in feed for slmon: in uence on sensory prmeters, growth rte nd ftty cids in muscle nd hert. Aquculture 79, 129^135. Tucker J.W., Lellis W.A., Vermeer G.K., Roberts D.E. & Woodwrd P.N. (1997) The e ects of experimentl strter diets with di erent levels of soyben or menhden oil on red drum (Scienops ocelltus). Aquculture 149, 323^339. r 2003 Blckwell Publishing Ltd, Aquculture Reserch, 34, 813^