Effect of Feeding Regimes on Growth Performance of Juvenile Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus)

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1 World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences 5 (1): 49-54, 2009 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2009 Effect of Feeding Regimes on Growth Performnce of Juvenile Hyrid Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis ureus) N.F. Adel-Hkim, H.A. Ao Stte, A.A. Al-Az nd Kh. F. El-Kholy 1 Animl Production Deprtment, Fculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhr University, iro, Egypt 2 Animl Production Deprtment, Ntionl Reserch enter, Dokki, Giz, Egypt Utiliztion of By-Products Deprtment, Animl Production Reserch Institute, Agriculturl Reserch enter, Ministry of Agriculture nd Lnd Reclmtion, Dokki, Giz, Egypt Astrct: All mle hyrid tilpi weighing 14.51±0.0g (men ±SE) were rered in hps erthen ponds for 6 months. The control group ws fed to stition twice dy throughout the experiment. The other three groups were deprived of feed for 1, 2 nd dys per week, respectively for 4 months nd then fed to the stition during the next 2 months s the control group during the full feeding period. At the end of the experiment, fish deprived for 1 or 2 dys hd ody weights nerly the sme compred to the control group. There were significnt differences in feed intke (FI), feed conversion rtio (FR), protein utiliztion efficiency (PUE), etween the control group nd the other tretment groups for the fvor of the control group. In crcss nlysis the moisture, sh nd protein contents were incresed in fish deprived for dys compred to the control menwhile ether extrct (EE) nd energy were decresed. It cn e concluded tht juvenile hyrid tilpi rered in fresh wter showed good growth performnce with reducing feeding costs in moderte feed restriction deprivtion regime (skip 1,2 dys of feeding). However, in cse of higher feed restriction regime ( dys) they filed to get good growth performnce nd to compenste growth retrdtion due to feed restriction. Key words: Feeding regime tch-up growth Feed intke Hyrid tilpi INTRODUTION such s cicheidis [4], cyprinids [5, 6, 7], gdoids [8], inctlurids [9], ltids [10], pleuronectids [11] nd The success of culturing fish depends on mximizing Slmoinids [12]. ompenstory growth in fish is regulted cost effective mnner in the production process. It is y mny environmentl fctors such s wter known tht inpproprite feeding prctices in quculture temperture [1, 14], Wter qulity [1], socil ggression my led to over feeding which results in feed wstes in [15] nd deitry protein nd energy contents [9] during pond wter nd consequently higher production costs re-limenttion period. nd contmintion of qutic environment, menwhile The fishes hve different response for compenstory insufficient feeding led to poor growth nd high fish growth either complete or prtil [8]. omplete mortlities which mke losses in the quculture usiness compenstory hs een oserved in reltively few [1]. An importnt pproch to reducing feed costs in studies [, 6, 1, 16, 17, 18]. However, prtil commercil quculture is to develop proper feed compenstory ws oserved in Mozmique tilpi mngement nd husndry strtegies [2]. One potentil Oreochromis mossmicus rered in freshwter [19], wy of reducing feed cost is to tke dvntge of the hyrid tilpi O.mossmicus X O. nilotocus reder in se phenomenon of compenstory growth (G). wter [20] nd hyrid tilpi (O. m X O. n) rered in ompenstory growth in fish is phse of fst growth, freshwter [21], Gilthed se rem [22].demonstrted which occurs fter the refeeding of fish following period compenstory growth ttriuted to improvement in feed of feed deprivtion or fter norml conditions such s intke ut not for feed efficiency. low temperture []. ompenstory growth is usully The period of feed deprivtion tht elicits ccompnied y hyerphgi (n increse in ppetite). compenstory growth vries mong fish species. This phenomenon hs een found in vrious fish species, Joling et l. [8] reported tht feed deprivtion of less orresponding Author: N.F. Adel-Hkim, Animl Production Deprtment, Fculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhr University, iro, Egypt 49

2 thn weeks in Atlntic cod Gdusmorhu ws of one m volume for 15 dys. Therefter, fish were insufficient to induce ny mrked compenstory growth. lloted rndomly into 4 groups ech one represented in However complete compenstory growth in the giel 2 replicte nd stocked t rte of 24 fish/hp t the crp rssius urtus gielio nd stickleck eginning of the experiment. All experimentl fish were Gsterosteus culetus could only e elicited fter feed helthy nd free of disese nd prsites t rrivl nd deprivtion for more thn 2 weeks [6,7]. Tin nd Qin [18] during the whole experimentl period. found tht single phse of food deprivtion provoked compenstory growth in rrmundi Ltes clcrifer tht Growth nd Feed Utiliztion Prmeters: At the hd een completely deprived of food for 1 week nd eginning of the feeding tril, 0 fish were smpled displyed mrked compenstion of growth fter re-feeding nd stored t -20º for the nlysis of whole ody nd cught up with the similr ody weight of fish tht composition s initil (zero time). At the end of the hd een continuously fed. However, fish strved for experiment period (24 weeks), smples of 20 fish per more thn one week only displyed prtil compenstory hp were withdrwn for nlysis of whole ody growth. The trget of the present work ws to study the composition t the end of the experiment. clculting effect of reducing the cost of feeding vi certin feeding the growth prmeters including, verge weight regimes on the growth performnce of hyrid tilpi gin (AWG), verge dily gin (ADG), specific (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis ureus). growth rte (SGR), feed conversion rtio (FR), protein utiliztion efficiency (PUE), protein productive MATERIALS AND METHODS vlue (PPV), ft productive vlue (FPV) nd energy utiliztion(eu) ccording to the following The present experiment ws crried out t privte equtions: frm t Ismily Governorte Egypt, during the period from first of my 2007 until the end of Octoer The AWG (g/fish) =[Averge finl weight (g)-averge whole experimentl period lsted 6 months. initil weight (g)]. ADG (g/fish/dy) = [AVWG (g)/experimentl Experimentl Units: A totl numer of 8 plstic Hps period(d)]. were plced in erthren ponds ech one mesuring SGR (%dy)= (Ln finl weight (g)- Ln initil weight 2xx1m the source of wter ws El-Slm cnl. (g)) experiment period (d)] x 100. FR = Feed intke, dry weight (g)/live weight gin Experimentl Diets: The study included four tretments. (g). The control group ws fed to stition (S 1), the other three PUE= Live weight gin (g)/protein intke (g). groups were deprived of feed for 1(S 2),2(S ) nd (S 4) dys PPV (%)= [Finl fish ody protein (g)-initil fish ody per week, respectively for 4 months nd then fed to protein (g)/crude protein intke (g)] x 100. stition during the next 2 months in the refeeding period, FPV (%)= [Finl fish ody ft (g)-initil fish ody ft ll the experimentl diets were in the form of pelleted (g)/ft intke (g)] x100. mnufctured feed for tilpi (from El Morshedy fctory), EU (%)= (Retined energy Kcl/energy intke, Kcl) contining 24.2 rude protein, 12.% crude ft, 6.12% x100. sh nd K. cl. GE/kg diet The experimentl diets were fed t rte of % of the fish iomss. The mount Economicl Efficiency of feed ws divided into two portions nd distriuted 2 times dily t 9.00 m nd 2 p.m. the mount of feed ws Totl income (L.E) EE = x100 djusted every two weeks ccording to the new totl fish Totl costs (L.E) weight. Smples nd Anlyticl Procedure: Experimentl diet nd Experimentl Fish: A totl numer of mono sex Nile fish smples were nlyzed for their proximte tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles of n initil composition in triplicte following the methods of verge ody weight 14.51±0.0 g were purchsed from A.O.A.. [2]. The gross energy (GE) content of the privte htchery t Kfr El-Sheikh governorte. Fish were tested diets nd the fish smples were clculted using trnsported t the erly morning in plstic gs filled with kiloclories vlue of 5.65/g for protein, 9.45/g for lipid nd wter nd oxygen. After rrivl to the experimentl sttion 4.0 g 1 for crohydrte, fier ws not included in the fish were dpted to the new conditions in fier glss tnk clcultion [24]. 50

3 Sttisticl Anlysis: All dt were nlyzed y using In SGR there were no difference e etween S 1 nd one-wy nlysis of vrince (ANOVA). [25] Multiple S 2, S ut S 4hd lowest SGR consequently the sme trend Rnge test ws used to compre etween tretment ws oserved in RGR. The verge dily gin (ADG) ) mens. Differences were considered significnt t were nerly the sme in S 1, (1.27) S2 (1.26) nd S (1.26) ut 0.05 proility level. All sttisticl nlysis were the worst dily gin (P<0.05) ws detected in S 4 (1.20). performed using the SAS progrm [26]. Feed utiliztion prmeters illustrted in Tle 2 indicted tht feed intke in S 1 (5/04) nd S 4 (51.04) nerly the RESULTS AND DISUSSION sme, ut S 2(528.17) nd S (525.47) hd little intke thn oth groups cited ove. On the other hnd, no At the strt of the experiment, there were no significnt differences were found etween the tretments significnt differences in weight etween fish ssigned to in FR except in tretment S 4(2.46) ws the worst one, the the different feeding regimes (P > 0.05). Wter qulity ws sme trend ws oserved in PUE. oncerning PPV, FPV mintined t quite cceptle levels throughout the nd Eu, tretments S 2 nd Swere superior significntly experiment. Mortlity rtes were less thn % nd no (P<0.05) thn the control one S 1. nd tretment S4ws the diseses or clinicl infections were noticed temperture worst one. out (270.0 ). The previous results in this study re in greement At the end of the whole experimentl period with those otined y Ali et l. [27]. They explined tht (deprivtion then full feeding regimes), verges of finl the compenstory growth my e n internl djustment weights for S 1, S 2,S nd S4 were 24.09, , nd mechnism for niml to dpt to often drmticlly vried ,respectively (Tle 1). Anlysis of vrince of environment. The niml tht withstnd period of results indicte tht S 2 group nd lmost S group were nutrition restriction could retin to norml growth. In le to compenste the growth retrdtion during the feed contrst, the results of Wng et l. [4] nd hristensesn deprivtion period nd cme to lmost the sme finl nd Mclen [19] reveled tht hyrid tilpi rered in se weights on the control group, while the group under sever wter nd Mozmique tilpi hd prtil compenstory deprivtion (S ) filed to compenste the growth growth. retrdtion with significnt lower finl weights. tch up growth in fish is regulted y mny In generl results of Tle 1 reveled tht feed environmentl fctors such s wter temperture [1, 14], deprivtion period significntly (P< 0.05) nd the decrese wter qulity [1], socil ggression [15] nd dietry ws more pronounced t higher deprivtion dys. Results protein nd energy. of the sme tle revel tht moderte feed deprivtion ontents [9] during re-limenttion. In the present the growth (1.2 dys/week) enle tilpi to compenste experiment, wter temperture nerly t the sme rnge of the growth retrdtion lmost successfully. good growth of tilpi this my e the good reson for Tle 1: Growth performnce vlues of juvenile hyrid tilpi fed the experimentl diet. Finil wt. t the end Finil Wt. t Initil Wt of feed deprivtion. the end of exp. Gin SGR RGR ADG S1 14.5± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.02 S ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 S 14.45±0.04 c ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 S ±0.0 c ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01,, c : Mens within column with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05) Where: S1 Fed to stition, S 2 deprived for 1 dy, S deprived for 2 dys, S4deprived for dys Tle 2: Feed utiliztion vlues of juvenile hyrid tilpi fed the experimentl diet FI FR PUE PPV FPV EU S ± ± ± ± ± ±0.12 S ± ± ± ± ± ±0.29 S c ± ± ± ± ± ±0.05 S ± ± ± ± ± ±0.11,, c : Mens within column with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05) 51

4 Tle : hemicl composition of whole ody of Nile tilpi fed the experimentl diet DM P EE Ash Energy (K. cl/kg) At the strt c d At the end S ± ± ± ± ±.27 c c S ± ± ± ± ±19.49 S ± ± ± ± ±8.12 c c S ± ± ± ± ±15.0,, c :Mens within column with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05) Tle 4: ost enefit nlysis of feeding regime Totl feed Totl fish weight Totl income/ Revenues Economic Tretments costs/tret (L.E) gin/tret g/fish tret wt gin L.E efficiency (%) S S S S fish to recover the weight nd cn ctch up the growth Results of Tle 4 show the cost enefit nlysis of weight with control one. feeding regime included feed cost tret (L.E), gin/tret Hyperphgi hs een demonstrted in mny fish (g), totl income/tret wt gin, revenues L.E nd species following food deprivtion [6, 28]. In the present economicl efficiency. Results reveled tht the highest experiment fish deprived for 1 or 2 dys consumed the feed cost/tret ws recorded y S 1 nd S 4 (25.49 L.E) dropped feed fster thn tht of the control fish t the followed in decresing order in S 2(25.5) nd S (25.22). strt of the refeeding period. But we noticed tht fish in S4 In gin g/tret S 1 showed higher gin 10.97g, then S2 et more thn the other groups in short time nd filed to (10.92g), S (10.85g) finlly S 4(10.8g) the sme trend ws ssimilte this food to good growth. Which focus nd the oserved in totl income nd revenues which reflected on importnce of the durtion nd frequency of feeding economicl efficiency which decresing y incresing during re-limenttion my e very importnt for the restriction. regultion of ctch up growth nd other performnce In the cost enefit nlysis of feeding regime the prmeters in hyrid tilpi. results suggest to reducing feeding costs vi deprived As presented in Tle verges nd percentges of food slightly t one or two dys which hve the sme DM s well s P, EE, sh nd gross energy contents in growth nd good performnce with reducing costs. But whole ody dry mtter t the experimentl strt were severe deprivtion hd worst results. for (DM), 57.40, 21.71, percent nd 5294 k cl/kg, The previous results in this study re in greement respectively. At experimentl termintion DM% rnged with Joling et l. [8] who suggested tht the composition etween nd 24.85% with insignificnt differences of ccretion my differ etween nimls displying mong tretment groups. compenstory growth nd norml ody growth nd tht On the other hnd S 4 group recorded (P<0.05) the nimls with preferentil ccretion of len ody mss highest P content in their odies (62.2%) followed in would e expected to disply etter feed efficiency thn significnt decresing order y S 2 nd S 1respectively, those depositing greter mounts of ody ft. The however differences in this tret mong S 4 nd S were rgument ws supported y finding in giel crp, insignificnt. At EE nd energy content prmeter S1 rssius urtus gielio, which showed improved feed group recorded (p<0.05) the highest EE nd Energy efficiency nd preferentil protein growth during content 24.04, 5716 respectively with slight decrese in S2 compenstory growth [29]. In hyrid tilpi exmined y nd S nd significnt decrese in group S4. Finlly sh Wng et l. [4], the composition of gin etween tilpi content S4 group recorded (P<0.05) the highest sh showing compenstory nd norml growth my e one contents (14.4%) followed in significnt decresing reson tht compenstory growth in tilpi ws not order y S, S 2 nd S 1 respectively. These results re in ccompnied y improved feed efficiency. greement with the results of Joling [2] who found So in the present experiment, the moderte feeding slight vrition in crcss nlysis in fish sujected to regime show good results t the sme with control group cycled restricted feeding regimes. on the performnce in hyrid tilpi which reflected 52

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