Evaluation of Using Different Levels and Sources of Oil in Growing Japanese Quail Diets

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1 Americn-Eursin J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (4): , 2008 ISSN IDOSI Publictions, 2008 Evlution of Using Different Levels nd Sources of Oil in Growing Jpnese Quil Diets A.T. El Ymny, Hewid M.H. El Allwy, Lil D. Abd El-Smee nd A.A. EL-Ghmry Deprtment of Animl Production, Ntionl Reserch Center, Dokki, Giz, Egypt Abstrct: A totl of 750 one dy old Jpnese quil were rndomly divided into ten dietry tretment contining 75 birds ech. Ech group contined 3 replictes, of 25 qulis. The control diet contined yellow corn s min source of energy nd contining 3% poultry ft (PF), while linseed oil (LO), sunflower oil (sun O) nd olive oil (OLO) were incorporting into the other diets; ech of witch t level of 1.5, 2 or 3% of the diet, to replce proportionlly on equivlent mount of the poultry ft. The experiment ws terminted when birds were 5 weeks old, body weight, weight gin nd feed intke were recorded. Feed conversion (kg feed/ kg gin) ws clculted. At the end of the experiment crcss chrcteristics were mesured, blood smples were tken to determine some blood plsm constituents nd some birds were kept for the digestibility experiments. The economic efficiency vlues were clculted. The dt reveled tht, bird fed diets contin different levels (1.5, 2 or 3%) from polyunsturted ftty cid (PUFA) which found in (LO, Sun O or OLO) recorded the highest (P<0.05) body weight, body gin nd feed intke, but s result of incresed feed intke the feed conversion ws not improved. Replcement of different levels of (LO, Sun O or OLO) from (PF) in control diet of Jpnese quil improved the digestibility of ll nutrients (OM, CP, EE nd NFE) while not ffected on CF. No significnt effect ws recorded on both edible giblets (gizzrd, liver nd hert) nd offls (blood, fether, legs, hed nd viscer) percentge. It is worthy to not tht either LO, Sun O or OLO t the tested levels improved dressing percentge nd did not incresed the bdominl ft percentge. Blood plsm smples presented n improvement (P<0.05) in totl protein, lbumin nd globulin, supplementtion of (LO, Sun O or OLO) in different levels (1.5, 2 or 3%) did not ffect (P>0.05) the triglyceride nd HDL but decresed (P<0.05) plsm cholesterol vlues. Quil feed diets contining (LO, Sun O or OLO) in different level, (1.5, 2 or 3%) recorded the higher economic efficiency (expressed s % net revenue/ feed cost compred with control diet. Key words: Jpnese quil Sunflower oil Olive oil Performnce crcss INTRODUCTION re essentil for norml growth nd development nd ply n importnt role in the prevention nd tretment of CHD Sturted ftty cids nd trns ftty cids cuse hypertension, inflmmtory, utoimmune disorders nd negtive effects on humn helth, but polyunsturted cncer [10-12]. ftty cids (PUFA) hve positive effect on humn helth Olive oil ws reported to offer good protection s regrds coronry hert disese [1-4]. Therefore the ginst lipid peroxidtion becuse of its high content of consumption of unsturted oils in diet is recommended monounsturted ftty cid (Oleic cid) nd vitmin E. both to decrese high cholesterol intke nd to increse Oleic cid is resistnt to lipid peroxidtion nd inhibits it the rtio of polyunsturted to sturted ftty cids to perhps by chelting free iron [13,14]. Also olive oil hs prevent the development of therosclerosis [5,6]. been reported to decese serum cholesterol level nd Polyunsturted ftty cids (PUFA) re subject to provide protective effect ginst the development of free-rdicl rections leding to lipid peroxidtion which therosclerosis [15]. is known to ply significnt role in the development of Vegetble sources such s linseed oils nd rpeseed cncer, ging, dibetes mellitus, therosclerosis etc [7-9]. oil, my clerly increse the n-3 FA content in the form of Over the pst 20 yers mny studies nd clinicl linolenic cid (LNA), the precursor of the whole n-3 investigtions reveled tht omeg-3 PUFA, prticulrly fmily. Severl studies with diets mildly rich in LNA hve eicospentenoic (EPA) nd decoshexenoic (DHA) filed to increse the n-3 LC-PUFA content in chicken exert beneficil effects on humn helth. Omeg-3 (PUFA) tissues [16,17]. Corresponding Author: Dr. A.T. El Ymny, Deprtment of Animl Production, Ntionl Reserch Center, Dokki, Giz, Egypt 577

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (4): , 2008 Sunflower oil is the most unsturted oil mong estimted by using commercil kits purchsed from widely consumed oil. Sunflower oil is rich in oleic, linoleic Bio-merieux (Motcyl etios chrbon mierels Rins frnce). nd linolenic cids. Therefore, it is esily ffected by While globulin ws clculted. free rdicl rections, which results in the formtion of oxidized LDL (O-LDL). This prticle hs recently Economicl efficiency: Cost of one kilogrm feed ws been shown to be nother significnt risk fctor for clculted bsed on the prices of feed replcement nd therosclerosis [18-20]. the control diet. The purpose of the present study ws to investigte The feed cost of kg gin ws clculted bsed the effects of replced dietry levels of (Linseed oil, on the cost of one kilogrm feed nd feed conversion sunflower oil nd olive oil) in equivlent mount from (kg feed/kg gin) rtion. The economic efficiency ws poultry ft in jpnese quil diets on the performnce, expressed s percent of net revenue/ feed cost. plsm lipids nd cholesterol, digestibility, crcss chrcteristic nd the economic efficiency. Sttisticl nlysis: Dt were sttisticlly nlysis using the generl liner model for nlysis of vrince of SAS MATERIALS AND METHODS [23]. Test of significnce for the difference between mens of different levels within ech clssifiction ws done by A totl of 750 one-dy-old Jpnese quil chicks Duncun's multiple rnge test [24]. were rndomly divided into ten dietry tretment contining 75 birds ech. Ech group contined 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION replictes of 25 quils. The birds were housed in group cges until 5 weeks of ge nd fed the following 10 Productive performnce: The effect of different oil experimentl diets. The control diet (T1) contined sources nd levels on body weight, body weight gin, yellow corn s min source of energy nd contining 3% feed intke nd feed conversion (kg feed/ kg gin) re poultry ft (PF), while linseed oil (LO), sunflower oil nd shown in Tble 2. It ws observed tht the performnce (Sun O) olive (OLO) oil were incorporting into the other prmeter showed little difference through out the diets; ech of which t level of 1.5, 2 or 3% of the diet, to experiment period. However the increse in weight in replce proportionlly n equivlent mount of poultry ft grms per bird ws higher (P<0.05) in quil chicks fed (T2 to T10). polyunsturted diets (LO, Sun O nd OLO) in different A digestion experiment ws done t the end of the levels during the whole tril period thn in quil chicks fed experiment to evlute the nutrients digestibility of the the control diet tht only included (PF). Similr results tested diets. Five dult mle birds from ech tretment were reported by Lopez-Ferrer et l. [25] when diets with were housed individully nd fed on the tested diets. higher fish oil (FO) content (s 4% of the dded ft, lso After 3 dy preliminry period collection period with high mount of (PUFA) were compred to control continued for 6 dys. Where feed intke ws mesured diet tht included tllow (T) only. Therefore, higher feed nd excret were collected dily. Then excret were oven intke nd higher finl weights (P<0.05) were recorded dried (70 C/24 h) nd ground nd representtive smples when (PUFA) diets were used, but s result of were used for nlysis. The chemicl nlysis of diets incresed feed in tke the feed efficiency ws not nd excret for dry mttes (DM), ether extrct (EE), crude improved, which is in greement with those obtined by protein, crude fiber (CF) nd sh were conducted Zollitsch et l. [26]. An increse in the sturtion of the ccording to AOAC [21]. For clculting CP diet decresed the weight gin nd finl weights, lthough digestibility, fecl protein ws determined ccording to controversil results hve been reported elsewhere[16]. Jkobsen et l. [22]. At the end of the experiment, five unsexed chicks Digestibility coefficients: The digestibility coefficients of were rndomly chosen nd slughtered fter 12 h fsting the different nutrients re presented in Tble 3, in generl, period. The dressing %, giblets %, edible prts % nd dt obtined, reveled tht (LO, Sun O nd OLO) bdominl ft were recorded. supplementtion enhnced (P<0.05) the digestibility of ll Blood smples (10 ml) were obtined from wing vein nutrients (OM, CP, EE nd NFE) while not effected on CF. nd centrifuged t 3500 rpm for 15 minutes. The plsm The highest (P>0.05) vlue of CP digestibility ws produced ws frozen t -20 until nlysis. Plsm totl observed when birds fed dietry 2% OLO nd 3% Sun O protein, lbumen, triglyceride, cholesterol nd HDL were compred with other experimentl diets. However, 578

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (4): , 2008 Tble 1: Composition nd clculted nlysis of experimentl diets: Tretments Ingredients Control LO Sun O OLO LO Sun O OLO LO Sun O OLO Yellow corn Soyben mel (48%) Poultry ft Linseed oil Sunflower oil Olive oil Bone mel Vitmins nd minerls mixture DL-methionine Chemicl nlysis Crude protein (%) Crude fiber (%) Ether extrct (%) Clculted nlysis Metbolizble energy Kcl/kg Clcium Methionine nd cystine * Ech 2.5 kg of vitmins nd minerls mixture contin: IU vitmin A cette; IU vitmin D 3; mg vitmin E cette; 2000 mg vitmin K 3; 100 mg vitmin B 1; 4000 mg vitmin B 2; 1500 mg vitmin B 6; 10 mg vitmin B 12; mg pntothenic cid; mg Nicotinic cid; 1000 mg Folic cid; 50 mg Biotin; mg chorine; mg Copper; 1000 mg Iodine; mg Iron; mg Mngnese; mg Zinc nd 100 mg Selenium. Tble 2: Effect of dietry tretments on performnce of growing Jpnese quils Tretments Items Control LO SunO OLO LO SunO OLO LO SunO OLO Initil bodyweight 8.66± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.22 Finl bodyweight ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.44 c c c b b b b b Body gin g from 1 to 5 week ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.20 d dc d bc bc b b b b Feed in tke (g) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.3 c c c b b b Feed conversion (kg feed/kg gin) 3.30± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.08 Dt in the sme row under ech tretment followed by unlike letters differ significntly (P<0.05)±S.E. Tble 3: Effect of dietry tretments on digestibility coefficient of nutrients for growing Jpnese quils Tretments Orgnic mtter (OM) 75.36± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.36 c bc bc bc b b b b Crud protein (CP) 85.19± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± b b Ether extrct (EE) 66.74± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.31 c b b b b b b Crude fiber (CF) 20.56± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.05 NFE b b b Dt in the sme row under ech tretment followed by unlike letters differ significntly (P<0.05)±S.E. Tble 4: Effect of dietry tretments on performnce of growing Jpnese quils Tretments Body weights ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.3 Dressing (%) 73.36± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 Edible giblets (%) 5.57± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.41 Offl (%) 7.00± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.28 Abdominl ft 1.18± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.01 Dt in the sme row under ech tretment followed by unlike letters differ significntly (P<0.05)±S.E. 579

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (4): , 2008 Tble 5: Effect of dietry tretments some metbolic function of growing Jpnese quils Tretments Totl protein g/100m 3.49± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.07 c bc bc bc bc b b b b Globulin g/100m 1.46± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.07 c b b b b b b Albumin g/100m 2.03± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.09 c c b b b c c b Triglyceride g/dl 1467± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±10.31 Cholesterol mg/dl 130.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.48 c 102±0.52 b b b b b b c c HDLmg/dl 37.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.43 Dt in the sme row under ech tretment followed by unlike letters differ significntly (P<0.05)±S.E Tble 6: The economicl efficiency of the experimentl diet (L.E. in 2008) Tretments Price of 1Kg diet/l.e () Feed/gin rtio(b) Feed cost of 1kg weight gin (,b) Mrket price of 1kg live weight (c) Net revenue [(c)-(b)],l.e Percent of net revenue of feed cost L.E. = Egyptin pound the highest (P>0.05) vlue of EE nd OM digestibility ws Dt showed tht replcement of different levels noticed when birds fed dietry 3% from experimentl oil of LO, Sun O nd OLO from PF in Jpnese quil diet compred with the other levels (1.5 nd 2%), the positive enhnced (P<0.05) plsm totl protein, lbumin nd effect of these coefficients s ffected by dding globulin compred with the control diet. (LO, Sun O nd OLO) supplementtion ws prly with These results contribute with the improving of the enhncements in body weight, body gin (Tble 2) performnce nd digestibility coefficients (Tble 2 nd 3). nd crcss chrcteristics (Tble 4) nd this my give This positive improvement of these vlues my be due to pprove to the criticl role of these oils in improving the inclusion of these oils on ftty cids which my ffect growth performnce nd feed utiliztion. muscle protein synthesis nd protein deposition through prostglndin depend mechnism [27]. Crcss Chrcteristics: The results of crcss trits of Inclusion of different levels of experimentl oil in the quils re tbulted in Tble 4. No significnt effect ws diet did not ffect (P>0.05) the triglyceride nd HDL but recorded on both edible giblet (Gizzrd, liver nd hert) decresed (P<0.05) plsm cholesterol concentrtion nd offls (blood, fether, legs, hed nd viscer) (Tble 5). Our finding ws similr to tht obtined by Vn percentge due to the dietry tretment. It's worthy to Elswyk et l. [28] who demonstrted tht dietry fish oil note tht either LO, Sun O or OLO t the tested levels supplementtion t 3.0% inclusion level resulted in improved dressing percentge. Incresing levels in decresed serum cholesterol concentrtion in hens. the polyunsturtion of the diet did not incresed the bdominl ft percentge, s reported by Economic Efficiency: The economic efficiency for quils Zollitsch et l. [26], who described similr dt fter using fed experimentl diets during the growth period re polyunsturted ftty cids (PUFA) dietry levels summrized in Tble 6. The results showed tht diet rnging from 1.2 to 2.4%, however, we found lower levels contining sunflower oil t level 1.5% hd the best vlue (1.1 to 1.2) which could be due to slightly shorter growth 137% while the control diet recorded the lowest income period 35 dys t slughtering. due to the lowest mrketing price of 1 kg live weight becuse when (LO, Sun O nd OLO) with high content of Metbolic Chnges: Chnges in blood plsm totl monounsturted ftty cids were dded to diets protein, lbumin, globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol nd monounsturted ftty cids content in met incresed high density lipoprotein (HDL) s ffected by different significntly lso decrese serum cholesterol nd levels of LO, Sun O nd OLO re listed in Tble 5. provide protective effect ginst the development of 580

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (4): , 2008 therosclerosis (P<0.01) s reported by Ajuyh et l. 11. Lewis, N.M., S. Seburg nd N.L. Flngn, [16] for this reson the mrketing price of 1kg live weight of the other quils met is higher thn the control diet. In generl it could be recommended tht the use of (PUFA) t levels 1.5, 2 nd 3% in Jpnese quil diet during the growth period get higher economic efficiency without dverse effects on the performnce nd improve the physiologicl prmeters. REFERENCES 1. Blnch, A. nd M.A. Grshom, Ernhrungsphysiologische Bedeutung der Omeg-3- Fettsuren und Moglichkeiten der Anreicherung in Eiem. Physiologicl importnce of omeg-3 ftty cids for humn nutrition nd wys for their enrichment in eggs. Archive Ftir Geflligelkunde, 60: Bhtngr, D. nd P.N. Durrington, Omeg-3 ftty cids: their role in the prevention nd tretment of therosclerosis relted risk fctors nd complictions. Int. J. Clin. Prct., 57: Erkkil, A.T., S. Lehto, K. Pyorl nd M.l. Uusitup, n-3 Ftty cids nd 5-y risks of deth nd crdiovsculr disese events in ptients with coronry rtery disese. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78: Meyer, B.J., N.J. Mnn, J.L. Lewis, G.C. Millign, A.J. Sinc1ir nd P.R., Howe, Dietry intkes nd food sources of omeg-6 nd omeg-3 polyunsturted ftty cids. Lipids, 38: Singmn, H.S., S.N. Bermn, C. Cowell, E. Mslnsky nd M. Archer, The nti-coronry club. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33: Cutler, R.G., Antioxidnts nd ging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56: Myes, P.A., Lipids of Physiologicl Significnce nd Metbolism of Unsturted ftty cids nd Eicosenoic, In Hrper's Biochemistry, 22nd Edition Librrie du Libn, Beirut, pp: Esterbuer, H., G. Wg nd H. Pulh, Lipid peroxidtion nd its role in therosclerosis. British Medicl Bulletin, 49: Hlliwell, B., Free rdicls, ntioxidnts nd humn disese curiosity, cuse or consequence. Lncet, 344: Meluzzi, A., N. Tllrico, F. Sirri, C. Cristofori nd G. Giordni, Fortifiction of hen eggs with N-3 polyunsturted ftty Acids, Proc. VII Europen Symp. Qulity of Eggs nd Egg Products, September, Poznn, Polnd, pp: 366. Enriched eggs s source ofn-3 polyunsturted ftty cids for humns. Pou1t. Sci., 79: Simopoulos, A.P., Symposium: Role of poultry products in enriching the humn diet with n-3 PUFA. Poult. Sci., 79: Simpson, R.J. nd T.J. Peters, Iron binding lipids of rbbit duodenl brush-border membrne. Biochim. Biophys Act, 898: Simpson, R.J., R. Moore nd T.J. Peters, Significnce of nonesterified ftty cids in iron uptke by intestinl brush-border membrne vesicles. Biochim, Biophys, Act, 94: The Expert Pnel, Report of the Ntionl Cholesterol Eduction Progrm Expert Pnel on detection, evlution nd tretment of high blood cholesterol in dults, Arch Intern. Med., 148: Ajuyh, A.O., R.T. Hrdin nd J.S. Sim, Effect of dietry full-ft flx seed with nd without ntioxidnt on the ftty cid composition of mjor lipid clsses of chicken mets. Poultry Sci., 72: Scife, J.R., Moyo, I.I. Glbrith, W. Michie nd V. Cmpbell, Effect of different dietry supplementl fts nd oils on the tissue ftty cid composition nd growth of femle broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 35: Jykumri, N., V. Ambikkumri nd K.G. Blkrishnn, Antioxidnt sttus in reltion to free rdicl production during stble nd unstble nginl syndromes, Atherosclerosis, 94: Kumr, S. nd V.P. Menon, Chnges in levels of lipid peroxides nd ctivity of superoxide dismutses nd ctlse in dibetes ssocited with myocrdil infrction. Indin J. Experim. BioI., 30: Stringer, M.D., H.G. Görög nd A. Freemn, Lipid peroxides nd therosclerosis. Br. Med. J., 34: AOAC., Officil Methods of Anlysis (l5th ed.). Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists, Inc., Wshington DC, USA. 22. Jkobsen, P.E., S.K. Gertoveg nd H. Nelsore, Digestibility tril with poultry. 322 beetning frd, frosgs lbortorit, udgivet of sttens. Hus dyrbugs udvolg. Kobenhvn (cited by Abdel H mid 1974). 23. SAS Institute, SAS User's Guide: Sttistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC. 581

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