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1 9(1): (2015) Journl of Fisheries Sienes.om E-ISSN X Reserh Artile ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evlution effet of egg leithin on growth performne, feeding prmeters nd lipoprotein frtions of (Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi) Mon Mohmmdi, Vhid Yvri *, Hmid Mohmmdizrm *, Mohmmd Zkeri Deprtment of Fisheries, Khorrmshhr University of Mrine Siene nd Tehnology, Khorrmshhr, Khouzestn, Irn Reeived: / Aepted: / Pulished online: Astrt: In this study, the effets of different levels of egg leithin in diet of juveniles (Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi) were studied. Fish with initil verge weight of 3.1 ± 0.17 g were fed with different levels of egg leithin ontining 0, 2, 4 nd 6% in diet for 8 weeks. Fish were fed to stition triple dily. At the end of the period, the growth performne, feeding prmeters nd lipoprotein frtion were exmined for ssessment of fish. The results showed tht FAW, WG, SGR nd survivl of fish were fed with 6 % egg leithin were signifintly higher thn 2% egg leithin nd ontrol group (P< 0/05). Morphometri prmeters of fish fed 6% egg leithin were signifintly higher thn ontrol nd other tretments (p< 0.05). Also, higher feed intke, protein intke, FE nd PER were oserved in 4 nd 6% tretments of egg leithin (p< 0.05). Fish fed 4 nd 6 % egg leithin hd signifintly lower FCR thn ontrol nd other groups (p< 0.05). Also, lipoprotein frtions ontining HDL nd LDL hd inresing trend with inresing levels of egg leithin in diets (p<0.05). Therefore, it is reommended using 4-6% egg leithin in diet of Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi for etter growth performne. Keywords: Lipoprotein, Egg leithin, Growth, Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi. * Correspondene to: Vhid Yvri nd Hmid Mohmmdizrm, Deprtment of Fisheries, Khorrmshhr University of Mrine Siene nd Tehnology, Khorrmshhr, Khouzestn, Irn. E-mil: Azrmhmid@gmil.om 1

2 Journl of FisheriesSienes.om Mohmmdi M et l., 9(1): (2015) Journl revition: J FisheriesSienes.om Introdution One of the importnt eonomi ftors in suess of quulture prodution is feed. So, it should e produe se on nutrient requirements of fish, life stge of fish nd physis prmeters suh s texture, olor, size et eter. It ws mention, phospholipid in diets (PLs) led to inresed growth, stress resistne nd survivl of lrvl nd juvenile stges of mrine nd fresh wter fish speies (Toher et l., 2008). Studies showed the effet of phospholipids with etter growth in flt fish (Knzw, 1993), yu Pleoglossus ltivelis (Temmink & Shlegel) (Knzw et l., 1981), Jpnese prrot fish Oplegnthus fsitus (Temmink & Shlegel) (Knzw, 1993), prwn Mrsupeneus jponis formerly Peneus jponis (Bte) (Knzw et l., 1985), rinow trout Onorhynhus mykiss fry (Poston, 1990; Drowski et l., 2007; Azrm et l., 2013), Atlnti slmon Slmo slr L. fry (Poston, 1991) nd Cspin rown trout Slmo trutt Cspius (Kessler) fry (Kenri et l., 2011). Different studies hve reported different mehnisms of dietry PLs on growth performne of fish (reviewed y Coutteu et l., 1997). Phospholipids re the importnt prt of ell memrne, it use in the iosynthesis of PtCho (Crig nd Gtlin III 1997). PLs provide holine, phosphor nd essentil ftty id for fish growth (Cottue et l., 1997). Also, PLs indue inresing trnsport of sturted nd mono unsturted ftty id s n energy flow from the intestinl enteroytes towrd the lood (Moris et l., 2007). PLs indue to lower umultion of lipid droplets in the intestine (Wold et l., 2007). Also reent evidene shows the enefiil effet of PLs on rush order (Gisert et l., 2005; Hmz et l., 2008, Azrm et l., 2013) nd pnreti enzymes in fish lrve (Gisert et l., 2005; Kenri et l. 2011; Azrm et l., 2013). By ttention to studies, it seems using fish oil without PLs for formultion of diet, indue to derese growth in juvenile of fish. Although memers of the yprinde re widely distriuted in Irn nd muh ttention hs een given to their ontrolled mss prodution, however only few studies on the formultion of suitle rtifiil diets hve een reported (Alertini-erhut, 1974; Ppoutsoglound Alexis, 1986). In spite of these studies, the piture is still not ler nd the dietry requirements of Brus shrpeyi (Günther.1874) indequte, so more studies re required. Therefore, this study ws onduted to investigte the effets of different levels of egg leithin on growth performne, feeding prmeters nd lipoprotein frtions of (Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi) juvenile. Mterils nd methods Diet preprtion Ingredients nd proximte omposition of the experimentl diets re given in Tle1. Four experimentl diets ontining hiken egg leithin were prepred. All diets were formulted to isonitrogeni nd isolipidi. To determine the effet of different Tle 1. Ingredient nd proximte omposition of experimentl diets EGL6 EGL4 EGL2 Control Tretment Ingredients diets(g 100g -1 ) Fish mel Corn gluten mel Whet mel Whet rn Fish oil Soyen oil Egg leithin Vitmin premix d Minerl premix e Binder f Antioxidnt g Lysine Proximte omposition Moisture Crude protein (% DM) Ash (% DM) Lysine (% DM) Gross Energy (MJ kg -1 ) h Clopeonell mel, Irn Kilk oil, Mzndrn Co, Irn Chiken egg leithin, Merk, Germny with purity 90% phosphtidylholine d Vitmin premix (omposition per 1kg): A= IU, D3= IU, E=40000 mg, K3=2000 mg, B1=6000 mg, B2=8000 mg, B3=12000 mg, B5=40000 mg, B6=4000 mg, B9=2000 mg, B12=8 mg, H2=40 mg, C=60000 mg, Inositol=20000 mg e Minerl premix (omposition per 1kg): Iron:6000 mg, Zin:10000 mg, Selenium:20 mg, Colt:100 mg, Copper:6000 mg, Mngnese:5000 mg, Iodine:600 mg, CoCl 2 :6000 mg f Binder: Amet Binder (Component: Crude Protein: 71.98, Crude Fier: 0.9, Ash: 17.8, Moisture: 9.55 ) g Antioxidnt: Butylted hydroxytoluene (BHT) DM, dry mtter h Bsed on 23.4 KJ g -1 protein, 39.2 KJ g -1 lipid nd 17.2 KJ g -1 rohydrte ( Lee et l., 2004). levels of leithin on the growth performne; four levels of leithin (0%, 2%, 4% nd 6%) were used in redution soyen oil. Dry ingredients were weighed nd ground (100 µm prtile sizes) nd then mixed thoroughly. Fish oil, soyen oil, hiken egg leithin nd wter were dded to the dry ingredients nd mixed gin, until dough ws formed, whih ws dried t room temperture for 24 2

3 Journl of FisheriesSienes.om Mohmmdi M et l., 9(1): (2015) Journl revition: J FisheriesSienes.om h nd ground into desirle prtile sizes. The diets were roken up nd sieved into proper pellet size, pked, nd stored t -20 C until used. Experiment fish nd feeding onditions Juveniles of (Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi) were otined from lol frm (Mleki Frm, Khozestn, Irn). The fish were limted to lortory ondition for 2 weeks efore strting the feeding tril. Juvenile fish (initil men weight, 3.1±0.17 g) were lloted rndomly into 300 L irulr plsti tnks with 40 fish per eh tnk for the feeding tril fter eing olletively weighed. Three replite groups of fish were hnd-fed to pprent stition three times dy (9:00, 13:00 nd 17:00) for 8 weeks. During the experimentl period, men wter temperture ws 26 ± 1 C, dissolved oxygen ws 6.33 ± mg L -1 nd the ph ws out 7. The photoperiod ws left under nturl onditions during the feeding tril. At the end of experiment, juvenile fish in eh tnk were olletively weighed fter nesthetizing with Crntion powder t onentrtion of 30 mg L -1 fter strvtion for 24 h. Also t the end of the feeding experiment, lood ws drwn from udl vessel with 1 ml heprinized syringes from fifteen fish in eh tnk nd trnsferred to miro entrifuge tues for ssessment of lipoprotein frtions. Chemil nlyses Proximte nlyses of the diets were determined ording to the method of AOAC (1995). Crude protein ontent ws determined using the Kjeldhl method using n Auto Kjeldhl System (Kjelte TM 2300, Foss, Sweden). Crude lipid ws nlyzed y Soxte system, moisture ontent y dry oven (D-63450, Hereus, Hnu, Germny) drying t 105 for 6 h nd sh y furne muffler (550 for 4 h). Lipoprotein frtions High-density lipoprotein (HDL) nd Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined y the enzymti photometri method using the kit mnuftured y (Prs Azmoon, Tehrn, Irn). Assy proedure of HDL is sed on provided ntiodies tht lok ll lipoprotein frtions nd then HDL oxidized to H 2 O 2 y holesterol esterse nd holesterol oxidse. After tht, the onentrtion of H 2 O 2 is mesured spetrophotometrilly t the wvelength of 600 nm. For ssy of LDL, the other lipoprotein frtion is omitted y holesterol esterse nd holesterol oxidse then onentrtion of proteted LDL is mesured spetrophotometrilly t the wvelength of 600 nm. Therefore, riefly for ssy of HDL nd LDL using the sme proedure, 250μl regent A ws dded to10μl smple in 96 well-plte. After 5 min inution t 37 C leding to trget lipoprotein retention nd elimintion nother lipoprotein, 50μl regent B ws dded nd inuted gin for 5 min t 37 C, resulting in n enzymti olorimetri retion. At the end, plte ws red y tonlyzer (mindry BS-200). Sttistil nlysis Dt were sujeted to one-wy ANOVA to test the effet of soures nd levels of leithin on growth performne nd lipoprotein frtions in fish. When signifint differenes were found in one-wy ANOVA, Dunn, s multiple rnge test ws used to rnk the groups. All sttistil nlyses were performed using SPSS version 16 (SPSS, Chigo, IL USA) with signifint level of p<0.05. The vlues presented re men ± stndrd devition (SD). Result The growth performne nd feeding prmeters of fish fed y different experimentl diets for 8 weeks re shown in tle 2. Survivl of juvenile ws higher y using 4-6% hiken egg leithin (p > 0.05). Finl ody weight, Weight gin (WG%) nd Speifi growth rte (SGR) were signifintly ffeted y using 4% nd 6% hiken egg leithin ompred to ontrol group (p < 0.05). feeding prmeters of juvenile fish fed 4% nd 6% egg leithin ontining; totl feed intke(tf), totl protein intke (TPI), feeding effiieny (FE) nd protein effiieny (PE) were signifintly higher in 4% nd 6% hiken egg leithin group ompred with ontrol nd other group (p<0.05). FCR ws signifintly ffeted y 4% nd 6% hiken egg leithin ompred to ontrol group (p < 0.05). The result of morphometri prmeters nd lipoprotein Tle 2: Growth performne nd feeding prmeters of juveniles Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi fed the experimentl diets for 8 weeks. Control EGL2 EGL4 EGL6 FAW(g) 4.0± ± ± ±.39 WG (%) 9.18± ± ± ±.5200 SGR (% dy -.010± ± ± ±8.1 1 ) Survivl (%) 2.2± ± TFI (g) 8.1± ± ± ±.5513 TPI d (g) 30.± ± ±.8134 d 7.6±1.166 FE e (%) 35.± ± ± ±.249 PER f 1.0± ± ±.61.00±5.1 FCR g 1.0± ± ± ±0.2 (Men ± SE), n=3 with different letters in eh row, indite the presene of signifint differenes etween the experimentl groups (P<0/05). n.s= not signifint Weight gin = (finl weight initil weight) 100/initil weight. Speifi growth rte = (ln finl weight - ln initil weight) 100/ durtion (56 dy). Survivl (%) = (numer of fish in eh group remining on dy 40/initil numer of fish) 100 d Totl protein intke= Totl feed intke perent of protein in diet (dry mtter) e Feed effiieny = fish wet weight gin 100/feed intke (dry mtter). f Protein effiieny = fish wet weight gin 100/protein intke (dry mtter). g Feed onverstion Rtio = dry feed onsumed (g)/wet weight gin (g). 3

4 Journl of FisheriesSienes.om Mohmmdi M et l., 9(1): (2015) Journl revition: J FisheriesSienes.om Tle 3. Morphometri prmetrs of juveniles Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi fed with different experimentl diets for 8 weeks. Control EGL2 EGL4 EGL6 CF 00.± ± ± ±0.1 HIS 0.0± ± ± ±91. VSI 25.0± ± ± ±26. (Men ± SE), n=3 with different letters in eh row, indite the presene of signifint differenes etween the experimentl groups (P<0/05). n.s= not signifint Condition ftor = (ody weight 100)/totl ody length 3. Hepti somti index = liver weight (g) / ody weight (g) Viserl somti index= viserl weight (g) / ody weight (g) Tle 4. lipoprotein frtions of juveniles Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi fed with different experimentl diets for 8 weeks. Control EGL2 EGL4 EGL6 LDL(mmol L -1 ) 6.0±47 6.0±80 9.0± ±7.113 HDL(mmol L -1 d ) 4.0± ±41 9.0± ±61 (Men ± SE), n=3 with different letters in eh row, indite the presene of signifint differenes etween the experimentl groups (P<0/05). n.s= not signifint frtion re shown in tles 3 nd 4. Condition ftor (CF) nd Heptosomti index (HIS) of fish fed 4% nd 6% hiken egg leithin were signifintly higher thn other nd ontrol group (p<0.05). On the other hnd, Viserl somti index (VSI) of fish were fed 6% hiken egg leithin ws signifintly lower thn ontrol group (p<0.05). Also diets enrihed in PLs result in hnge of LDL nd HDL frtion. Therefore, juvenile were fed y hiken egg leithin hd signifintly higher LDL nd HDL thn ontrol group (p < 0.05). Disussion It ws mention tht, PLs in diets led to higher growth nd survivl of lrvl nd juvenile stges of mrine nd fresh wter fish speies (Toher et l. 2008). Therefore, the results of this study showed tht PLs hve enefiil effet on growth performne of Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi. Moreover, we oserved 4% nd 6% hiken egg leithin led to signifint inrese in juvenile finl weight, speifi growth rte nd weight gin ompred to ontrol group. This finding is in greement with other studies tht reported using of 2% hiken egg leithin in diet of rp Cyprinus rpio L. lrve, turot, Sophthlmus mximus L. juvenile, 3% in diet of yu, 4% in diet of Cspin rown trout juvenile Slmo trutt frio (Kenri et l., 2011) nd rinow trout lrve (Azrm et l., 2013) improved growth performne ompred to ontrol group. This reson my e relted to ftty id omposition of leithin from different soures. Therefore, the effet of n-3 nd n-6 PUFA on growth depends on in whih form they re provided; if they re in PL frtion good growth re oserved ut it is signifintly lower when they re in the NL frtion (Azrm et l., 2013). The more effiient use of HUFA supplied in the PL d lss of diet my e relted to the ility of young lrve to etter modulte phospholipse A 2 expression thn lipse (Chu et l. 2003). Indeed, ording to (Srgent et l., 1999), some developmentl promoting effets of PL re modulted y their ftty id omposition. Fry, survivl ws ffeted y 6 % hiken egg leithin in diet. Also it ws mentioned erlier tht hiken egg leithin indued to higher survivl in yu nd rp lrve (Knzw et l ; Geurden et l., 1995). It my e relted to HUFA from hiken egg leithin. It ws reported tht DHA-PC ws more effetive thn triglyeride ontining DHA to enhne tolerne of flt fish to environmentl stress (Tgo, et l. 1999). In ddition it hs een reported, rhidoni id (ARA, 20:4n- 6) nd eiospentenoi id (EPA, 20:5n-3) of PLs s soure of eiosnoids n led to improvement fish resistne y mny physiologil proesses (Toher et l. 2008). Chiken egg leithin hd positive effet on feeding prmeters. So, using 4 up to 6% egg leithin indued higher feed intke, protein intke, feed effiieny nd protein effiieny. On the other hnd, egg leithin indued lower feed onversion rtio ompred to ontrol group. This result in greements with Sotoudeh et l., 2011 on Slmo tutt Cspius nd Uyn et l., 2007 on olive flounder Prlihthys oliveus. The reson n e relted to higher digestive enzymes tivity tht seret y egg leithin (Sotoudeh et l, 2011 ; Azrm et l, 2013) nd lso tion of egg leithin s n ttrtnt vi holine (Bsker ville nd Kling, 2000). Also, egg leithin indued higher HIS nd Lower VSI in fish. It ws mention tht PLs ttriuted in lipoprotein onstitute nd s result higher trnsport of lipid from enteroyte to ody tissue (Sotoudeh et l, 2011; Azrm et l, 2013). Pls leds seretion of ile ids, modulte ft of liver nd gluose of lood. So, it indues low ft nd high glyogen in liver (Lee et l., 2011). Also, it ws reported tht Choline uses prevention of ftty liver in red drum Sienops oelltus (Crig nd Gtlin, 1997). This study sets up feeding juvenile with diets enrihed in hiken egg leithin resulted in influene on lipoprotein frtions. So, hiken egg leithin indued to higher LDL nd HDL thn those in ontrol group. It ws reported dietry PLs ontriute to hylomiron prodution, therey inresing the effiieny of lipid trnsport from the digestive trt to the ody, s tissues (Slhi et l, 1999). Pervious study reported tht De vono synthesis of PLs ours in fish ut it seems tht this synthesis is not enough for formtion of hylomiron during the rpid growth of erly development (Cotteu et l. 1997). Therefore, lk of dietry PLs indued to umultion of lipid droplets in the intestinl muos. As result, the redution of growth performne in fish (Gisert et l. 2005). Also it hs een reported tht fish lrve hve limited ility to iosynthesize phospholipids de novo (Gerden et l. 1995) nd my e exogenous PLs re required to stisfy the demnd for lipoprotein synthesis (Fontgne et l., 2000; Azrm et l., 2013). Conlusion The present study showed tht the growth performne of juvenile Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi n e influened y different 4

5 Journl of FisheriesSienes.om Mohmmdi M et l., 9(1): (2015) Journl revition: J FisheriesSienes.om leithin soures so 4 up to 6% hiken egg leithin indued the highest growth performne thn other groups. By ttention to the effets of hiken egg leithin on growth performne, feeding prmeters nd lipoprotein frtions, it hs een suggested tht the enefiil effet of dietry PLs on growth performne of fish through deresed umultion lipid droplets in intestine y inresed level of lipoprotein frtions nd s result improved growth performne of fish. So, with regrd to growth performne nd survivl the optiml supplementtion of leithin for juvenile of Mesopotmihthys shrpeyi is 4 up to 6% hiken egg leithin (dry mtter). Aknowledgements The uthors wish to thnk to the Khorrmshr university of Mrine Siene nd Tehnology for their finnil support. Referenes Alertini-Berhut, J. (1974). Biologil des stges juveniles de Teleosteens mugilide mugilurtus risso 1810, Mugill pito uvier 1829 et mugill sliens Risso1810. II. Modifitions du regime limentire en reltion ve l till. Aquulture, 4: Azrm, H. M., Kenri, A. A., Hedyti, M., (2013). Effet of dietry phospholipid soures nd levels on growth performne, enzymes tivity, holeystokinin nd lipoprotein frtions of rinow trout (Onorhynhus mykiss) fry. Aquulture Reserh, 44(4): Bskerville-Bridges, B., nd Kling, L.J., (2000). Development nd evlution of miroprtiulte diets for wening of Atlnti od (Gdus morhu) lrve. Aquulture Nutrition, 6, Chu, C.L., Zmonino Infnte J.L.,BrosV., (2003). Effet of dietry phospholipid level nd phospholipid: neutrl lipid vlue on the development of se ss (Dientrrhus lrx) lrve fed ompound diet. British Journl of Nutrition, 90: Coutteu, P., Geurden, I., Cmr M.R., Bergot P., Sorgeloos P., ( Review on the dietry effets of phospholipids in fish nd rusten lrviulture. Aquulture, 155, Coutteu, P., Geurden, I., Cmr M.R., Bergot P., Sorgeloos P., (1997). Review on the dietry effets of phospholipids in fish nd rusten lrviulture. Aquulture, 155: Crig, S.R nd Gtlin, D.M., (1997). Growth nd ody omposition of juvenile red drum (Sienops oelltus) fed diets ontining leithin nd supplementl holine, Aquulture, 151, Drowski, K., Rinhrd, J., Czesny S., (2007). Influene of lipid lss nd ftty id defiieny on survivl, growth, nd ftty id omposition in rinow trout juveniles. Aquulture, 264, Fontgne, S., Burtire, L., Corrze, G., Bergot, P., (2000). Effets of dietry medium-hin triylglyerols (triprylin nd triproin) nd phospholipid supply on survivl, growth nd lipid metolism in ommon rp (Cyprinus rpio L.) lrve, Aquulture, 190: Geurden, I.,Rdunz-Neto, J., Bergot, P., (1995). Essentility of dietry phospholipids for rp (Cyprinus rpio) lrve. Aquulture, 131: Gisert, E., Villeneuve, L., Zmonino Infnte, J.L., Quzuguel, P., Chu, C.L., (2005). Dietry phospholipids re more effiient thn neutrl lipids for long hin polyunsturted ftty id supply in Europen se ss (Dientrrhus lrx) development, Lipids, 40: Hmz N., Mhetli M., Ben Khemis I., Chu C., Kestemont P., (2008). Effet of dietry phospholipd levels on performne, enzyme tivities nd ftty id omposition of pikeperh (Snder luioper) lrve. Aquulture, 275, Knzw A., Teshim S., Inmori S., Iwhshit T., Ngo A., (1981). Effet of phospholipids on survivl rte nd inidene of mlformtion in the lrvl yu.memory of Fulty of Fisheries, Kgoshim University, 30: Knzw, A., (1993). Essentil phospholipids of fish nd rustens. In: Kushik, S.J., Luquet, P. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition in Prtie. IV Interntionl Symposium on Fish Nutrition nd Feeding, INRA, Frne. Ntionl Institute for Agriulturl Reserh, pp Knzw, A., Teshim, S., Skmoto, M., (1985). Effets of dietry onito-egg phospholipids nd some phospholipids on growth nd survivl of the lrvl yu, Pleoglossus ltivelis, Z. Angew. Ihthyologie, 4: Kenri, A.A., Sotoudeh, E., Rezei, M.H., (2011). Dietry soyen phosphtidylholine ffets growth performne nd lipolyti enzyme tivity in Cspin rown trout (Slmo trutt Cspius) levin. Aquulture Reserh, 42: Lee, J. M., Lee, Y. K., Mmrosh, JL., Busy, S.A., Griffin, P.R. (2011). "A nuler-reeptor-dependent phosphtidylholine pthwy with ntidieti effets." Nture, 474(7352): Moris, S., Coneio, C L.E.C., Rønnestd I., Koven,W., Chud, C., Zmonino Infnted, J.L., Dinis, M.T., (2007). Dietry neutrl lipid level nd soure in mrine fish lrve: effets on digestive physiology nd food intke. Aquulture. 268, Ppoutsologlou, E., Alexis, M., (1986). Protein requirements of grey mullet, Mugil Cpito.Aquulture, 52: Poston, A.H., (1990). Performne of Rinow Trout Fry Fed Supplementl Soy Leithin nd Choline. The Progressive Fish-Culturist : Poston, H.A., (1991). Response of rinow trout to soy leithin, holine nd utolved isolted soy protein. The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 53:

6 Journl of FisheriesSienes.om Mohmmdi M et l., 9(1): (2015) Journl revition: J FisheriesSienes.om Srgent, J.R., Bell J.G., MEvoy, L., Toher, D.R., Estevez A., (1999). Reent developments in the essentil ftty id nutrition of fish. Aquulture, 177: Sotoudeh, E., Kenri, A.A., Rezei, M.H., (2011). Growth response, ody omposition nd ftty id profile of Cspin rown trout (Slmo trutt Cspius) juvenile fed diets ontining different levels of soyen phosphtidylholine. Aquulture Interntionl 19, Tgo, A., Ymmoto, Y., Teshim, S., Knzw, A., (1999). Effets of 1,2-di-20:5 phosphtidylholine (PC) nd 1,2-di- 22:6-PC on growth nd stress tolerne of Jpnese flounder (Prlihthys oliveus) lrve. Aquulture, 179:1-4. Toher D. R., Bendiksen, E.A., Cmpell, P.J., Bell, J.G., (2008). The role of phospholipids in nutrition nd metolism of teleost fish. Aquulture 280,