International Journal of Poultry Science 12 (1): 37-44, 2013 ISSN Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 12 (1): 37-44, 2013 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2013 Repling Soyen Oil in the Finisher Phse with Different Levels of Dry Proteted Plnt Ft nd Two Forms of Feed nd their Effet on Performne, Crss Qulity nd Blood Prmeters of Broilers H.A. Zkri, A. Hmmd, A. Alftfth nd H.H. Titi Deprtment of Animl Prodution, Fulty of Agriulture, The University of Jordn, Ammn, 11942, Jordn Astrt: An experiment ws onduted to evlute the effet of different levels of dry ft (dried plm oil) s n energy soure nd two feed forms (msh nd pelleted)used in the finisher stge on growth performne, rss trits, met qulity nd lood serum metolites of roiler hikens. A totl of 450 stright-run Lohmnn roiler hiks rered in n open-sided house nd fed orn-soyen mel sed diet with SBM oil s soure of energy from 1-28d of ge. On d 28 irds were rndomly ssigned to 6 dietry tretments of 3 different levels of dry ft (2, 4 nd 6%) nd 2 forms of feed in 3 x 2 ftoril rrngements. Eh tretment hs 3 replites with 25 irds eh (75/tretment). Experiment lsted for 42d. Proessing yields nd ut-ups were determined on d 42 in ddition to met qulity trits nd serum lipid levels. The different% of dietry ft did not improve growth performne with the intertion of ft level nd feed form. But it ws highly signifint (P<0.05) with pelleted feed. Also signifint higher differene (P<0.05) ws shown in hert% with 2% ft nd gizzrd% etween msh nd pelleted feed (1.44 vs. 1.19) nd with 2% ft msh feed. Brest% hd higher signifint result (P<0.05) in msh feed. Adominl ft% t 4% ft ws signifintly lower thn 2 nd 6%. Different signifine were shown in met nlysis suh s DM, ft nd sh% with the different levels of ft nd forms of feed. No signifint differenes were shown in lood prmeters suh s LDL, HDL, Cholesterol nd Triglyerides. Key words: Dry ft, feed form, roiler performne, lood prmeters INTRODUCTION The ddition of ft to roiler diets is minly to inrese the energy density, sine it is onentrted soure of energy, esides it improves the sorption of ft-solule vitmins, diminishes the pulverulene nd dustiness of feed redues dust loss, inreses the pltility of rtions, soure of linolei id nd lurint for equipment in feed mills. The min ojetive of the poultry industry is to improve ody weight nd feed effiieny of the irds, therefore feed intke is n importnt ftor in formulting the diet. Regulting dietry energy y supplementing ft is elieved to e one of the most effetive wys to djust feed intke of roiler hiks, resulting in n improvement in feed effiieny (Pinhsov nd Nir, 1992), y inresing the effiieny of the onsumed energy (lower lori inrement) nd deresing feed intke. Studies (Hrms et l., 2000; Brynt et l., 2005) showed tht inresing dietry energy or ft supplementtion deresed feed intke nd improved Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) of roiler hiks; this n derese ge t mrket. Furthermore, it redues the pssge rte of the digest in the gstrointestinl trt whih llows etter sorption of ll nutrients present in the diet. The effets of fts nd vegetle oils need to e exmined not only for prodution hrteristis ut lso for met qulity nd lood prmeters reltive to humn helth (Ozdogn et l., 2003). A numer of different ft soures re ville for poultry from the vegetle soures. Soyen oil is the preferred ft soure s it is pereived s the highest qulity ft ville. Other vegetle oils re sunflower oil, or plm oil. However, when different ft soures were fed s portion of omplete rtion, most experiments indited no differene in performne prmeters (Young, 1961; Fuller nd Rendon, 1979; Qurt et l., 1992; Pesti et l., 2002). Aording to Smink et l. (2010), plm oil or mixtures of plm oil, ftty ids distilled from the plm nd li sop re soures of vegetl oils with ftty id profile tht might reple niml fts without ny kind of negtive impt on rss qulity. Different types of feed forms hve een evolved in roiler prodution t the present time. The physil form of feed (msh, pellet nd rumle) is ruil ftor in met yield of roilers (Jhn et l., 2006). The eonomi importne of poultry feeding eomes pprent when it is relized tht 60-70% of the totl prodution ost of poultry is feed ost, therefore the effiient use of feed is extremely importnt in roiler prodution. Msh is form of omplete feed tht is finely ground nd mixed so tht irds nnot esily seprte out ingredients; eh mouthful provides well lned diet (Agh et l., 2008). Msh diet gives greter unifition of growth, less deth loss nd it is more eonomil. Corresponding Author: H.A. Zkri, Deprtment of Animl Prodution, Fulty of Agriulture, The University of Jordn, Ammn-11942, Jordn 37

2 However, ground feed is not so pltle nd does not nutrients. The ingredient omposition nd nlysis of retin their nutritive vlue s well s ungrounded feed diet re shown in Tle 1. Plnt dry ft (Polyft) is (Jhn et l., 2006). Pellet system of feeding is relly mnuftured y Norel-Misr, Egypt, mde from dried modifition of the msh system. It onsists of plm oil. It ws used in the finisher diets to reple mehnilly pressing the msh into hrd dry pellets or soyen oil tht hs een used in the strter nd grower "rtifiil grins". Pelleted feeds re fed nerly diets. exlusively to roilers nd turkeys (Behnke, 1998). The enefits of pelleting inlude enhned hndling Prmeters mesured: Feed intke, ody weight, hrteristis of feeds nd improved ird performne. weight gin were reorded every week nd Feed Pelleting inreses ulk density nd flowility nd Conversion Rtio (FCR) ws lulted. Mortlity ws dereses spillge nd wind loss. Improved weight reorded dily nd irds tht died were weighed for gin: feed rtios from feeding pellets s ompred with djustment of feed onversion (Tle 2). On dy 42 of msh hve een doumented (Clet, 1965; Choi et l., the experiment, two irds from eh replite were 1986; Nir et l., 1994). Resons for the enhned rndomly seleted (6/tretment), weighed, fsted performne my e due to inresed digestiility, overnight, slughtered, slded, fethers mehnilly deresed ingredient segregtion, redution of energy pluked in rotry drum piker nd eviserted to during prehension nd inresed pltility (Behnke, determine rss yields nd dressing%. Gilets (liver, 1998). The gretest dvntge in using pellets is tht hert nd gizzrd) were removed, weighed nd there is little wste in feeding. Feeding of eh form of expressed s perentge of live ody weight (Tle 3). feed hs its dvntges nd disdvntges. The Then, rsses were tgged, hilled in ie-wter for 30 effetiveness, digestiility nd onversion effiieny of minutes, individully pked in polyethylene gs nd different forms of feed re lso different. But limited kept in refrigertor for 12 hours, fter whih they were reserh work hs een performed to investigte the weighed to otin old rss weight. Adominl ft effet of feeding different forms of feed (msh nd pd ws removed from prts round the viser nd pellets) on the produtive performne of roilers in gizzrd, weighed to the nerest grm nd expressed s Jordn. In this sitution the present study hs een perentge of old rss weight. Crsses were undertken to investigte the effet of feeding msh nd disseted into different prts (wings, rest nd legs), pellet feeds omined with different levels of dry ft nd weighed nd then were put in polyethylene gs nd their intertion in the finisher stge on growth rte, feed stored in freezer for further nlysis (Tle 4). Chemil effiieny nd other produtive hrteristis of roiler nlyses of the rest representtive smples of the hiks. experimentl rss met were rried out to determine% of Dry Mtter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl irds: A totl of 450 stright-run one-dyold roiler hiks of Lohmnn strin were rised from dy 1 to 28 s one group in n open-sided house. On dy 28, irds were rndomly seleted nd ssigned to 6 experimentl dietry tretments (75 irds eh), with 3 replites (pens) of 25 irds/pen. A (23L: 1D) lighting regimen ws provided with ll mngement prties for irds (inluding vintion) whih were in ether extrt nd sh ording to the method of AOAC (2002) (Tle 5). Rndomized smples of the diets were lso olleted nd ground y POLYMIX grinder (PX-MFC 90 D, KINEMATICA AG, Switzerlnd) through 1mm sreen, dried in fored ir oven for six hours t 105 C to determine dry mtter ontent, then smples were nlyzed for rude protein, rude fier, ether extrt nd sh ontents. Blood smples were otined from eh ird y jugulr vein punture nd drwn into vuumed ordne with the reommended stndrd pillry tues in order to determine the lood ommeril guide progrm for the strin used. holesterol, triglyeride, High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) nd Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels (Tle 6). After ogultion, lood smples were entrifuged t 3000 RPM for 15 minutes to otin serum nd then serum ws olleted nd entrifuged, then stored t -20 C, to e nlyzed using (Vitros 250, Frne) with speilized kits (Ortho-Clinil Dignostis). Experimentl diets: Birds were fed ommeril pelleted strter nd grower diets (two weeks eh). All diets were orn-soyen sed diet. Feed nd wter were provided d-liitum throughout the experimentl period. On dy 28, they were given three ft levels (2, 4 nd 6%) of plnt dry ft (Polyft) to give three dietry energy levels (3030,30130nd3230Kl/Kg) nd two feed forms; msh nd pellets, with six different isonitrogenous dietry tretments. The experimentl tretments were formulted to meet NRC (1994) reommendtions for ll Sttistil nlysis: The experimentl design ws Completely Rndomized (CRD). Anlysis of vrine of the dt ws onduted y using pen mens nd inluding the min effets of differenes mong three 38

3 Tle 1: Ingredients nd hemil omposition of the experimentl diets. Strter (0-14 d) Grower (15-27 d) Finisher (28-42 d) (%) Ingredients 2% ft 4% ft 6% ft Corn Soyen Mel (48%CP) Soy Oil Plnt Dry Ft Limestone (ground) DCP NCl DL-Methionine L-Lysine Coidiostt Vitmin Premix Minerl Premix Choline Chloride Antioxidnt Anti-Fungl Nutrient omposition Anlyzed 3 CP % EE % Clulted ME (kl/kg) C% NPP % N% Methionine% TSAA% Lysine% Tryptophn% Threonine% Vitmin premix provided per kilogrm of diet: vitmin A, IU; vitmin D3, 5000 IU; vitmin E 50 mg; vitmin B1, 3 mg; vitmin B2, 8 mg; vitmin B6, 4 mg; vitmin B12, 16 mg; iotine, 0.15 mg; niine, 70 mg; foli id, 2 mg; DL C. pntothente, 20 mg. 2 Tre minerl premix provided per kilogrm of diet: Iron, 80mg; Zin, 80 mg; Copper, 8 mg; Iodine, 1 mg; Selenium, 0.15 mg. 3 CP (rude protein), EE (Ether extrt), NPP (nonphytte phosphorus) Tle 2: Prodution Prmeters of ird s ffeted y dietry ft levels nd feed form Age (28-42d) Finl ody weight g Weight gin (wk5+6) Totl feed intke (wk5+6) g FCR g:g Mortlity% Ft levels 2% % % SEM ±21.76 ±38.54 ±93.65 ±0.04 ±0.54 Msh Pelleted SEM ±17.76 ±31.47 ±76.47 ±0.04 ±0.44 Ft level x 2% Ft x Msh % Ft x Pelleted % Ft x Msh % Ftx Pelleted % Ft x Msh % Ft x Pelleted SEM ±30.77 ±54.50 ± ±0.06 ± Mens in the sme olumn with no supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05) dietry ft levels nd the two feed forms using Fisher proteted LSD. Signifine ws determined GLM proedure of SAS (2004). Signifint t (P<0.05) to test for intertion nd min effets differenes mong mens were seprted using (Steel nd Torrie, 1981). 39

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Different growth performne prmeters inluding ody weight, weight gin, feed intke, feed onversion rtio nd mortlity rtes re presented in Tle 2. The different dietry ft perentges did not improve finl ody weight; while pelleted feed gve signifint higher (P<0.05) finl ody weight, weight gin nd totl feed intke, this is in ordne to Choi et l. (1986), who stted tht pelleting the finisher diet signifintly improved weight gin nd feed intke. Skinner-Nole et l. (2005), lso reported tht ody weight improved with feed pelleting due to the redution in the energy nd time required for eting pelleted diet nd inresing the time spent resting. While MNughton nd Reee (1984) found tht pelleting inresed ody weight y 2.2% ut weight gin ws signifintly (P<0.05) higher in msh (424.78g) ompred to pelleted feed (340.56g), Tle 3: Hot rss yields of irds (expressed s perentge of live ody weight) s ffeted y dietry ft levels nd feed. Dressing% Liver% Hert% Gizzrd% Ft levels 2% % % SEM ±0.51 ±0.06 ±0.03 ±0.04 Msh Pelleted SEM ±0.42 ±0.05 ±0.02 ±0.04 Ft level x 2% Ft x Msh % Ft x Pelleted d 4% Ft x Msh % Ft x Pelleted % Ft x Msh % Ft x Pelleted d SEM ±0.73 ±0.09 ±0.04 ±0.06 -d Mens in the sme olumn with no ommon supersript re signifintly different (P<0.05) MAllister et l. (2000) stted tht there were no signifint differenes in live weight gin etween irds fed on msh diet nd those given omplete pelleted diets. No signifint effet ws shown in the intertion of ft% nd feed form. In greement to our results, mny uthors (Huln et l., 1984; Leeson et l., 1991; Pinhsov nd Nir, 1992; Qurt et l., 1992; Lopez-Ferrer et l., 1999, 2001, Pesti et l., 2002) found no differene in performne mong roilers fed different types of ft with different degrees of sturtion whih used lower feed onsumption nd ody weights nd poorer feed onversion effiieny thn feeding the ontrol diet nd were unffeted y the level of energy in diet of roiler hiks. In ontrst to our results, Areu et l. (1996) nd Nhshon et l. (2005) onluded tht during the finishing period, roilers fed diets with 3200Kl/Kg hd the est FI vlue. Some studies with different ft soures hve shown tht the performne of roilers my e influened y the type of supplementry ft in the diet (Dnike et l., 2000; Lopez-Ferrer et l., 2001). Severl resons my e postulted why the differenes seen in energy vlues do not trnslte into differenes of tul performne. An explntion to our results might e the reltively smll differenes in ME ontent of the rtion used due to the smll ft inlusion levels whih usully gives extr lori effets. These levels were not wide enough to use wide lorie/protein rtio whih will led to improvement of ird s performne. Results for FCR showed no signifint effet when inresed the dietry ft perentge or feed form or their intertion on the overll feed onversion rtio. Leeson et l. (1996) showed tht FCR signifintly improved with inresing energy level during the finisher period. Mendes et l. (1995) showed tht irds fed msh diets hd etter feed onversion effiieny thn those given the pellet. Leeson et l. (1999) nd Jfrnejd et l. (2010) reported tht feed Tle 4: Cold rss yield of irds (expressed s perentge of old rss weight) s ffeted y dietry ft levels nd feed form Wings % Brest % Leg % Adominl ft % Ft levels 2% % % SEM ±0.07 ±0.41 ±0.13 ±0.08 Msh Pelleted SEM ±0.06 ±0.33 ±0.11 ±0.06 Ft level x 2% ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted % ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted % ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted SEM ±0.10 ±0.58 ±0.19 ± Mens in the sme olumn with no ommon supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05) 40

5 onversion rtio improved with pelleted feed whih lso The dietry tretments hd no effet on mortlity rte. Ft ws not oserved in this study. In greement to our perentge nd feed form did not ffet umultive results onerning pelleting is work done y Boluksi mortlity. This grees with Quentin et l. (2004) who et l. (2005) who determined tht feed type (pellet nd reported tht mortlity rte of roilers ws not ffeted y msh) hd no effet on FCR. On ontrry, Energ et l. pelleting feed. Hussein et l. (1996) found tht mortlity (2002); Greenwood et l. (2004) nd Skinner-Nole et l. ws not ffeted y different energy levels used during (2005), found tht pelleted rtions improved feed the finl weeks of ge. Contrsts to our results re effiieny over msh rtions. Possile resons for the findings reported y Proudfoot nd Huln (1982) who redued effet of pelleting on feed effiieny my e due oserved tht the inidene of Sudden Deth Syndrome to the ft of pelleting temperture, usully if temperture (SDS) ws signifintly higher for roilers fed on is low then it would not hve used mjor effets on rumle-pellet or ground rumle-pellet form diet thn dietry onstituents tht might hve improved for irds fed on msh. Leeson et l. (1999) reported tht digestiility. Feeding pelleted rtions is not enough to mortlity inresed with pellet feed ompred to msh. ensure enhned performne of poultry. The qulity of No signifint differenes were deteted mong dietry pellets must e tken into ount (Jfrnejd et l., tretments for the dressing% nd the rss yields 2010). whih re presented in (Tle 3). This grees with Agh et l. (2008) who stted tht rss yields nd the Tle 5: Brest met hemil omposition of irds (on fresh perentge weight of other orgns were unffeted y weight sis) s ffeted y dietry ft levels nd feed feeding, msh nd pelleted diet. The signifint (P<0.05) form effet ws in the gizzrd% with msh feed where it ws Dry mtter % Protein% Ft% Ash% higher thn pelleted feed nd the 2% ft msh feed Ft levels 2% ompred to pelleted feed nd the 4% ft. This might e 4% explined y deresing the pssge rte of food nd 6% grdully inresing gizzrd funtion nd finlly gizzrds SEM ±0.01 ±0.16 ±0.01 ±0.01 Msh Pelleted SEM ±0.01 ±0.13 ±0.01 ±0.01 Ft level x 2% ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted e % ft x Msh d % ft x Pelleted % ft x Msh d % ft x Pelleted d SEM ±0.02 ±0.23 ±0.02 ± Mens in the sme olumn with no ommon supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05) musulr mss (Tiedin et l., 2005). Our findings re in greement with findings of Lopez-Ferrer et l. (2001). The rest% s old rss yield (Tle 4) ws signifintly ffeted y feed type where msh feed gve higher rest% when ompred to pelleted diet (33.87 vs %). No signifint differenes were shown with the intertion of the different ft levels nd feed form. Hi et l. (2011), reported no signifint differenes with different ft soures. Adominl ft% ws signifintly higher with the 2 nd 6% ft nd the pelleted ompred to msh feed. The intertion gve signifint higher differene (P<0.05) of the 2% ft msh feed Tle 6: Blood prmeters of irds s ffeted y dietry ft levels nd feed form Low density High density Cholesterol Triglyerides lipoprotein mg/dl lipoprotein mg/dl mg/dl mg/dl Ft levels 2% % % SEM ±1.79 ±3.17 ±3.87 ±1.85 Msh Pelleted SEM ±1.46 ±2.59 ±3.16 ±1.51 Ft level x 2% ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted % ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted % ft x Msh % ft x Pelleted SEM ±2.53 ±4.49 ±5.48 ±

6 ompred to 4 nd 6% nd with the 4% pelleted feed. Normlly with inresing dietry ft more energy will e ville for hiks; this energy is stored in dipose tissues s dominl ft (Pinhsov nd Nir, 1992), this will inrese the dietry energy: protein rtio whih inreses rss ft deposition (Slmon et l., 1983). But the intertion of feed type nd ft% did not follow this explntion. However, ft inlusion in roiler diets must tke into ount the effet on rss ft qulity, euse dietry ftty ids re inorported with little hnge into ody ft (Sife et l., 1994). Brest met ompositions re shown in Tle 5, dry mtter% showed signifint differenes (P<0.05) with the different ft% nd feed type, it inresed with inresing the level of ft% nd with the msh feed ompred to the pelleted. These results re in greement with Ozdogn et l. (2003), who stted tht s dry mtter inrese ft ontent ppered to inrese nd this will give n ide out rss fttening. The intertion showed higher signifint differene (P<0.05) with the different ft% nd msh feed where it deresed with inresing the level of ft while it ws the opposite with the pelleted feed. Ft% of rest met ws highly signifint (P<0.05) with the different ft% ut 4% pelleted feed showed the highest vlue. 4% ft with either msh or pelleted feed gve the highest signifint (P<0.05) ft%. The effet of dietry ft on metoli effiieny of energy utiliztion vries with the mount nd omposition of the ft used (Fuller, 1979). Ash% showed signifint results (P<0.05) etween msh nd pelleted feed t 2 nd 4% ft ut not t 6%. Ash% usully mesures the mount of minerls found in the rss espeilly C nd P. Blood prmeters levels did not show ny signifint effet from using two forms of feed or different ft levels, numerilly lowest LDL results were shown with the 6% ft pellet diet ompred to the other ft% nd feed form (Tle 6). No signifint differenes were shown without the intertion ontrst to Ozdogn et l. (2003), who reported signifint differenes in lood serum of roilers fed different ft soures whih gives different energy levels. The 4% ft pellet feed gve numerilly the lowest triglyerides level ompred to the other ft% nd feed type. Aording to Siegel et l. (1995) lood vlues re hnged y the diet ingredients ut this ws not seen lerly in our study. In onlusion the differenes of results otined in this study my e relted to defiienies, exesses or imlne of nutrients other thn energy from different ft soures. The 4% ft either with msh or pelleted feed gve etter results for the dominl ft% thn the other two levels used. The intertion of feed type nd ft levels ws not lerly demonstrted in this study. Results otined n e relted to the qulity of the onsumed pellet whih might e relted to the type nd perentge of ft used. REFERENCES Areu, V.M.N., M.A. Silv, R.A. Torres, P.R. Sores, M.T. Pnigo nd P.G. Arem, Prodution trits in some roiler lines. Revist-d-soied de- Brsileiv-de-Zooteni, 25: AOAC, Offiil Methods of Anlysis, 15th edition, Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists, Wshigton, DC, USA. Agh, M.J. nd H. Norollhi, Effet of feed form nd durtion time in growing period on roilers performne. Int. J. Poult. Si., 7: Behnke, K.C., Ftors ffeting pellet qulity. Pges in Proeedings of the 1994 Mrylnd Nutrition Conferene Bltimore, MD. Boluksi, C., M.S. Akts nd M. Guzel, The effet of feed regimen on sites indued y old tempertures nd growth performne in mle roilers. J. Poult. Si., 4: Brynt, M., G. Wu nd D.A. Rolnd, Optimizing dietry energy for profits nd performne of two strins of white leghorns. Interntionl Poultry Sientifi Forum Astrts, Atlnt, GA, USA, pp: 23. Clet, C., The reltive vlue of pellets versus msh nd grin in poultry nutrition. World s Poult. Si. J., 21: Choi, J.H., B.S. So, K.S. Ryu nd S.L. Kng, Effets of pelleted or rumled diets on the performne nd the development of the digestive orgns of roilers. Poult. Si., 65: Dnike, S., W. Botther, H. Jeroh, J. Thieleen nd O. Simon, Replement of soyenoil with Tllow in rye-sed diets without xylnse inreses protein synthesis in smll intestine of roilers. J. Anim. Nut., 30: Energ, R.M., M.S. Hedemnn nd B.B. Jensen, The influene of grinding nd pelleting of feed on the miroil omposition nd tivity in the digestive trt of roiler hikens. Br. Poult. Si., 43: Fuller, H.L. nd M. Rendon, Energeti effiieny of orn oil nd poultry ft on different levels in roiler diets. Poult. Si., 56: Greenwood, M. W., K.R. Crmer, P.M. Clrk, K.C. Behnke nd R.S. Beyer, Influene of feed form on dietry lysine nd energy intke nd utiliztion of roilers from 14 to 30 dys of ge. Int.J.Poult.Si., 3: Hrms, R.H., G.B. Russell nd D.R. Slon, Performne of four strins of ommeril lyers with mjor hnges in dietry energy. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 9: Hi, A., S. Rmin, L. Ali nd L. Alirez, Effet of dietry supplemented nol oil nd poultry ft on the performne nd rss hrterizes of roiler hikens. Current Res. J. Biol. Si., 3:

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