Evaluation of Haematological and Serum Biochemical Characteristics of Annona muricata (Sour Sop) Leaf Extract on Broiler Birds.

Transcription

1 Reserch Article imedpub Journls Journl of Blood Reserch Evlution of Hemtologicl nd Serum Biochemicl Chrcteristics of Annon murict (Sour Sop) Lef Extrct on Broiler Birds Jiwub PC 1*, Kuk TT 1, Kdurumb OE 2 nd Nwchukwu CC 1 1 Deprtment of Animl Helth nd Productio Technology, Federl College of Agriculture, P.M.B.7008, Ishigu, Ebonyi Stte, Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Animl Science nd Technology, Federl University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeri * Corresponding uthor: Jiwub PC, Deprtment of Animl Helth nd Production Technology, Federl College of Agriculture, P.M.B.7008, Ishigu, Ebonyi Stte, Nigeri, Tel: ; E-mil: jiwubpc@yhoo.com Rec dte: Aug 29, 2017; Acc dte: Sep 06, 2017; Pub dte: Jn 02, Copyright: Jiwub PC, et l. This is n open-ccess rticle distributed under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl uthor nd source re credited. Cittion: Jiwub PC, Kuk TT, Kdurumb OE, Nwchukwu CC. Evlution of Hemtologicl nd Serum Biochemicl Chrcteristics of Annon murict (Sour Sop) Lef Extrct on Broiler Birds. J Blood Res.,. Abstrct A 56 dy nutrition experiment ws conducted to determine the hemtologicl nd serum biochemistry chrcteristic of broilers fed Annon murict lef extrct. A totl of 96 dy old Abor cre broiler birds were rndomly divided into four experimentl groups of 24 birds per tretment nd replicted three time with 8 birds per replicte in completely rndomized design (CRD). T 1 ws the control nd fed wter without the test ingredient while T 2, T 3 nd T 4 were given Annon murict lef extrct t differen concentrtion (20, 40 nd 60 ml) per liter of wter respectively At the end of the tril, blood smples were collected from the birds vi mrginl wing vein nd exmined for biochemicl prmeters such s totl protein, cretinine nd some importnt enzymes of nutrition interest such s; lkline phosphtse (ALP), sprtte mino trnsferse (AST), nd lnine mino trnsferse (ALT). Hemtologicl prmeters were lso nlyzed for white blood cell, Hemoglobin, red blood cell, men volume, men hemoglobin concentrtion pcked cell volume nd men hemoglobin. Significn difference (P<0.05) were observed in pcked cell volume nd men hemoglobin, while the other hemtologicl prmeter were similr (P>0.05) cross the tretment groups. The serum biochemicl prmeters differe (P<0.05) significntl cross the tretment groups. Tretment three (40 ml inclusion of Annon murict lef extrct) performed bette thn other tretments. This indicted tht, Annon murict lef extrct t 40 ml per one litre of drinking wter for broiler birds hd the best performnce nd therefore ws recommended for broiler production Keywords: Medicinl plnts; Phytogenic; Soursop; Poultry; Lef extrct; Blood profil Introduction Photobioti compounds re generlly used in poultry nutritio for promotin growth nd helth in nimls. The bn of use of ntibioti s growth promoters by Europen Union, due to its cuse of not only cross-resistnce, but lso due to the risk of possible drug multipl resistnces in humn pthogenic bcteri hs necessitted the need for lterntiv growth promoters. Recently, feeds free from chemicl dditive re incresingly used in poultry nutrition Consequently, the niml feed mnufcturers re exposed to incresing consumer pressure to reduce the use of ntibio growth promoters s feed dditiv nd fin lterntive to ntibio growth promoters in poultry diets [1]. The Phyto biotic used s growth promoters re biologicl dditive like blends of herbs or plnt extrcts. The bioctiv ingredients such s lkloids, bitters flvonoids glycosides, mucilge, sponins nd tnnins re the plnt extrcts commonly employed s feed. Recently, number of scienti studies hve concentrted on the bctericidl nd bcteriostti effect of vrious herbs nd plnt extrcts. Some hve been found to inhibit the growth of either E. coli or Stphylococcus ureus or both [2]. It hs lso been reported [3] tht the ppetizin nd stimulti ctivit of herbs nd plnt extrcts on niml digestiv nd immune system could beneficill improve the performnce nd generl helth of livestock nd poultry. The effect could be due to increse productio of digestiv enzymes, enhnced gut helth nd improved utilizti of digestiv products. In recent yers, there hs been grdul interest in the use of medicinl plnts [3-5] in developing nd developed countries becuse of their ethno-veterinry propertie when compred to syntheti drugs. One of such medicinl plnt is Annon murict. Annon murict is multipurpos fruit bering tree belonging to the Annoncee fmily nd of tropicl origin. It hs been reported to be is rich in enzymes (pectinse ctlse, nd peroxidse), protein nd mino cids (glutmic cid, sprti cid, serine glycine, lnine, citrulline, Copyright imedpub This rticle is vilble from: 1

2 cystine rginine, nd lysine), minerls, vitmins nd sugr. The leves been reported to hve multipurpos medicinl propertie [6] such s sedtive cytotoxic, nt leishmnil, wound heling, ntimicrobil nticrcinogenic genotoxic nd immunosuppressive ctivity Annon murict hs been reported to protect the structurl integrity of heptocyti cell membrne or regenertio of dmged liver cells [7]. Nutrient compositio of A. murict [7] hs been documented, but not much hs been reported on the use of A. murict s feed ingredient source for poultry, especilly s n extrct on broiler blood profile Therefore, this experiment ws crried out to determine the hemtologicl indices nd toxicity effec of A. murict lef extrct on broilers through some serum biochemicl studies. Mterils nd Methods Loctio of the experimentl site This reserch work ws crried out t the poultry unit, Federl College of Agriculture, Ishigu, Ivo Locl Government Are of Ebonyi Stte, Nigeri. The loctio of the experimentl site ws situted t ltitud north of the equtor nd longitude 7 311E nd hs n verge rinfll of 1655 mm nd previling temperture of 28.5 C with verge reltiv humidity of 88% [8]. Sources nd processing of experimentl mterils The experimentl mterils (Annon murict) leves were sourced within nd nerby communitie in Ishigu. The leves were collected, seprted from the stlk, ir dried t room temperture ter which they were milled to ine powder. 50 g of the Annon murict powder ws dissolved in 100 ml of hot wter, llowed to sok for 8 hours. The mixture ws filtere to produce 5% infusion which ws stored in freezer for dministrtio in drinking wter. Experimentl diet The birds were fed with formulted diet d lib. Annon murict lef extrct ws dded t 0, 20, 40 nd 60 ml/liter of drinking wter representin T 1, T 2, T 3 nd T 4 respectively Birds on tretment one received syntheti ntibi tic insted of the lef extrct. Experimentl birds nd mngement A totl of ninety six (96) Abor cre birds were purchsed from reputble frm in Enugu, Enugu stte, Nigeri for this experiment. The birds were rndomly ssigned to four tretment group. Ech tretment ws replicted three (3) time with eight (8) birds ech in complete rndomized design (CRD) nd given the extrct for 56 dys. Before the rrivl of the birds, the brooder house ws thoroughly swept, clened, disinfected nd littere with wood shving. The brooder house ws heted to 32.3 C C. Fresh wter contining glucose ws given to combt stress nd enble them gin instnt energy. Feed nd wter ws supplied d-libitum to the birds. They birds were subjected to routin vccintio nd broiler mngement procedure. Smple collection At the end of the experiment, the birds were bled through the mrginl wing vein for serum biochemicl nd hemtologicl studies. 4 ml of blood ws collected with hypodermic sterile needle nd syringe. An initi 2 ml ws collected over lbeled sterilized bottl contining EDTA (Ethylene Dimine Tetrceti Acid) which prevented the blood from cogultin nd used for hemtologicl studies. 2 ml ws lso collected over nti-coguln free bottl for serum biochemistry. The following prmeters were determined; Pck cell volume, Hemoglobin (HB), White blood cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Men Corpusculr Hemoglobin Concentrtio (MCHC), Men Corpusculr Volume (MCV) were clculted. Proximte nlysis Proximte nlysis of differen experimentl diets nd tht of the test ingredient ws crried out t the College of Animl Science nd niml Production Michel Okpr University of Agriculture, Umudike, Animl Nutritio Lbortory, using the methods of [9]. Dt nlysis Dt obtined were nlyzed using Anlysis of Vrince (ANOVA) pplicble to completely rndomized design (CRD) [10]. Di erences in men were seprted (Tble 1) using Duncn Multipl Rnge Test [11]. Tble 1 Mensurtion chrcteristic in mixed conifer stnd of the Lke Thoe Bsin s influence by thinning, chipping, nd under burning. Feed Mize 52 Soy ben mel 25 Groundnut cke 14 Plm kernel cke 5 Fish mel 1 Lime stone 1 Bone mel 1 Slt 0.25 Vit./minerl premix 0.25 Methionine 0.25 Lysine 0.25 Totl 100 Clculted composition Ingredients 2 This rticle is vilble from:

3 Crude protein (%) Energy (Kcl M.E/kg) Results The Proximte composition of Annon murict lef nd the experimentl diet is presented in Tble 2. The serum biochemistry of broilers fed Annon murict lef extrct is presented. There were significn (P<0.05) difference for totl protein, sprtte mino trnsferse (AST), lkline phosphte (ALP), lnine mino trnsferse (ALT) nd cretinine All the enzymes studied were significntl (P<0.05) nd numericlly higher in the birds fed the control diet in comprison to the birds fed the tretment Annon murict lef extrct in their wter (Tble 3). Similrly, the cretinine vlue obtined in this study were significntly (P<0.05) higher in the birds fed the control diet in comprison to the birds fed the tretment Annon murict lef extrct in their wter (Tble 4). The hemtologicl profile of broilers fed Annon murict lef extrct is presented. The white blood cell, hemoglobin, red blood cell, men volume nd men hemoglobin concentrtion were not significnt (p>0.05). The Pcked cell volume (PCV) nd Men hemoglobin (MCH) were significntl (P<0.05) influence by the tretments. Tble 2 Proximte Composition of Annon murict lef. Nutrients (%) Dry mtter 95 Crude fibre 17.8 Crude protein Ether extrct 5.95 Ash 7.39 Nitrogen free extrct ME (Kcl/kg) Annon murict lef Tble 3 Serum biochemistry profil of broilers fed Annon murict lef extrct, b Mens within the sme row with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 Totl protein(g/l) Asprtte mino trnsferse AST Alkline phosphtse ALP Alnine mino trnsferse ALT SE M b b b b b b b b b b b b Cretinine (mg/dl) b b b Tble 4 Hemtologicl profil of broilers fed Annon murict lef extrct t differen inclusion level., b Mens within the sme row with differen superscripts re significntl differen (P<0.05). Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM White blood cell (x / lmm 3 ) Hemoglobin (gldl) Red blood cell (x 10 6 /mm 3 ) Pcked cell volume (%) Men volume (fl) Men hemoglobin (Pg) b b b b b 0.43 Men hemoglobin conc. % Discussion Proximte composition *Norm l rnge * The results obtined for Annon murict lef powder showed tht the powder hve reltiv high CP of 17.95%, which ws lower thn 25% CP reported by [12,13]. The reported 7.39% sh in this study is refle tio of high minerl contents preserved in the plnt lef. The sh vlue however, compred fvourbly well with the sh vlues reported for some lefy vegetbles commonly consumed in Nigeri such s Occimum grticimu (8.00%) nd Hibiscus esculentus (8.00%). The ether extrct, fibr nd dry mtte vlues of this study lso compred well with 5.95%, 95.0% nd 17.80% for ether extrct, dry mtte nd fibr contents of Occimum grticimu s reported by [14]. The differenc nd similritie of the proximte compositio of the test ingredient with the other lefy vegetbles my be ttribute to differen plnt species, soil type, seson of hrvest nd ge of the leves during hrvest. Serum biochemicl indices of broiler Increse in serum enzymes would signify necrosis or myocrdil infrction [15] or hepti metbolism [16] which is ll indictors of poor protein qulity of the diets. This tends to suggest tht the qulity of protein [17] in test diets ws bette Copyright imedpub 3

4 thn tht of the control diet. The level of serum cretinin signls the extent of muscle wstge [18]. This results, however, suggests tht there were no muscle wstges nd tht the birds did not survive t the expense of body of body reserve. This is good indictio tht the dietry protein ws well utilize by the birds within ech tretment group [19]. The vlues for serum protein obtined in this study compred well with the serum protein ( g/l) reported by [20] but lower thn 8.32 to 8-70 g/dl reported by [21] nd higher thn g/dl reported by [22]. Higher vlues is n indictiv of enzyme hydrolysis of dietry proteins nd explined tht the blood pool serves s mjor source of mino cids needed for the synthesis of proteins [23]. Hemtologicl indices of broiler The vlues for ll the hemtologicl prmeters evluted however fell within the norml physiologicl rnge for pprently helthy broilers ccording to [24]. The Pcked Cell Volume (PCV) vlues ( %) obtined in this study fell within the norml rnge of % for pprently helthy broilers ccording to [24]. T3 hd the highest vlue of 44.37% while T4 hd the lowest vlue of 37.10%. The norml rnge of PCV observed in this study suggests bsence of toxic fctor like hemgglutini nd nemi which cuses reduced oxygen crrying-cpcity of blood, dizziness, leg crmps nd rpid hertbet [25]. PCV vlues obtined for ll tretment groups were within norml rnge for broilers which is n indiction tht the tretment diets were nourishing nd nontoxic nd in luenced dequte blood supply. MCH concentrtion which flls within the reference vlues x /L for norml dult chicken s reported by [24]. This implies tht the feed vlue of the diets ws dequte nd the Annon murict lef extrct did not reduce its nutritionl qulity. Conclusion The inclusion of Annon murict lef extrct in the drinking wter of broiler s replcement of ntibioti resulted in significn improvement in the blood profil of the birds. The results of this study showed tht Annon murict lef extrct in broiler diets (wter) could be effective utilize without dverse effect on their hemtologicl nd serum biochemicl chrcteristic of broiler birds. The use of Annon murict lef extrct t inclusion rte of 40 ml of broiler diet (wter) ws seen to perform best thn the rest nd thus should be used insted of ntibioti since it hs been discovered tht some syntheti ntibioti re toxic nd hs residul effect in the consumers of these broiler birds. References 1. Humphrey BD, Hung N, Klsing KC (2002) Rice expressing lctoferrin nd lysozyme hs ntibiotic-li propertie when fed to chicks. J Nutr 132: Newcomb MD (1999) Herb s source of nutritio versus herbs s source of drugs. A mtte of clims, biology nd regultion pp Proc. of Altech s 15th Annu, Sym, Biotech. In the feed industry. Altech Techinicl Publictions Nottinghm University Press. UK. 3. Ogbuewu IP, Jiwub PC, Ezeokeke CT, Uchegbu MC, Okoli IC, Iloeje MU (2014) Evlutio of phytochemicl nd nutrition compositio of ginger rhizome powder. Int l Journl of Agric nd Rurl Dev. 17: Ogbuewu IP, Okehi MC, Jiwub PC (2017) Effect of phytobiotic (turmeric) supplementtio on semen nd blood chrcteristic of rbbits. Comp Clin Pthol 26: Jiwub PC, Ahmefule FO, Ogbuewu IP, Ikwunze K (2017) Blood chemistry nd hemtology of West Africn Dwrf gots fed Moring oleifer lef mel (MOLM) in their diet. Comp Clin Pthol 26: Moghdmtousi SO, Fdeinsb M, Nikzd S, Mohn G, Ali HM, et l. (2015) Annon murict (Annoncee): A Review of Its Trditionl Uses. Isolted Acetogenins nd Biologicl Activities. Int J Mol Sci 16: Usunobun U, Okolie NP, Anynwu OG, Adegbegi AJ, Eghrevb ME (2015) Phytochemicl screening nd proximte compositio of Annon murict leves. Euro J Bot Plnt Sci Phytol 2: Jiwub PC, Dud E, Ezenwk LC, Elugu CJ (2016) Replcement vlue of mize with sweet potto (Ipomoe btt) root mel on growth performnce nd hemtogicl chrcteristic of broiler strter birds. Archives of Current Reserch Interntion 5: AOAC (2000) Assocition of officil nlytic chemists: Officil Methods of Anlysis. 6th Edition Wshington DC, USA. 10. Steele RGD, Torrie JH (1980) Principles nd Procedure of Sttistic A biometricl pproch: Mc Grw Hill Inc, New York USA. 11. Duncn DB (1955) Multipl New Rnge nd multipl F-Test. Biometrics 11: Ogle BM, LE Grive (1985) Legcy of the chmeleon: Edible wild plnts in the Kingdom of Swzilnd, Southern Afric. A culturl, ecologicl nutrition study. Prt IV: Nutrition nlysis nd conclusion. Ecol Food Nutr 17: Isong EU, Idiong UI (1997) Comprtiv studies on the nutrition nd toxic compositio of three vrietie of Leinther fricn. Plnts Food Hum Nutr 51: Akindhunsi AA, Slwu SO (2005) Photochemicl screening nd nutrient-nti-nutrien compositio of selected tropicl green vegetbles. Afr J Biotech 4: Ahmefule FO, Ibewuchi JA, Okoye FC (2005) Blood biochemistry nd hemtology of West Africn Dwrf (WAD) bucks fed pigeon pe-cssv peel bsed diets. Journl Anim Vet Adv 4: Antunovic Z, Novoselec J, Surwein H, Spernd M, Vegr M, et l. (2011) Blood metbolic profil nd some of hormones concentrtio in ewes during differen physiologicl sttus. Bulgrin Journl of Agriculturl Science 17: Cmpbell TW, Cole EH (1986) Avin Clinicl Pthology in: Coles chick pthology. 4th Edn. publ EB Sinekers nd Co. 18. Ogbuewu IP, Uchegbu MC, Ezum CC, Opr MN (2010) Physiologicl responses of finishe broilers to yw peel. Hemtology nd Serum Biochemistry 9: Ross JG, Christi G, Holidy EG, Jones RM (1979) Hemtologicl nd blood chemistry comprison vlues for clinicl pthology in poultry. Vet Res 102: This rticle is vilble from:

5 20. Oleforuh-Okoleh VU, Ndofor-Foleng HM, Olorunleke SO, Uguru JO (2015) Evlutio of Growth Performnce, Hemtologicl nd Serum Biochemicl Response of Broiler Chickens to Aqueous Extrct of Ginger nd Grlic. Journl of Agriculturl Science 7: Njidd AA, Igwebuike JU, Ngoshe AA, Tijjni AO (2006) Effec of substituti mize with grded levels of cne molsses on the performnce of broiler finishe birds in the semi- rid region of Nigeri. J Sustinble Agric. Environ 8: Owosibo AO, Odetol OM, Odunsi OO, Adejinmi OO, Lwrence- Azu OO (2013) Growth, hemtology nd serum biochemistry of broilers fed probiotics bsed diets. Africn Journl of Agriculturl Reserch 8: Scott A (1970) Absorption of crbohydrte nd protein metbolism. In: Duke s Physiology of Domestic Animls. Swenson MJ (ed.), 18th edn. Cornell University Press Limited, London, UK. 24. Mitruk BM, Rwnsley HM (1977) Chemicl biochemicl nd hemtologicl references, vlues in norml experimentl niml. Mson publishing, USA Inc. NV, pp: Jiwub PC, Ugwu DO, Kdurumb OE, Dud E (2016) Hemtologicl nd serum biochemicl indices of wener rbbits fed vrying levels of dried Gmelin rbore lef mel. Interntionl Blood Reserch & Reviews 6: 1-8. Copyright imedpub 5