Department of Livestock research, Agriculture Research and Extension Authority, Yemen 2

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1 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction The effects of supplementtion Nigell stiv seeds s nturl substnce on growth rte, some serum indices, crcss qulity nd ntibody titers of broiler birds AL-Hothify 1* S. A. nd Al-Snbni 2 M. A. 1 Deprtment of Livestock reserch, Agriculture Reserch nd Extension Authority, Yemen 2 Deprtment of Animl Production, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Sn', Yemen *Correspondence, E-mil: lshyef@gmil.com ABSTRACT The present study ws conducted to investigte the effects of feeding low nd high levels of Nigell stiv seed (NSS) s nturl substnce on growth rte, crcss trits, some serum blood indices nd ntibody titers of broiler birds under the environmentl conditions of Yemen. A totl of one hundred eighties unsexed (dy-old) chicks were housed into five equl groups nd ech group contins three replictes with 12 chicks ech. There were 5 dietry tretments for feeding birds; first one ws the control (T1), without ny nturl substnces nd NSS were dded in diets 2, 3, 4 nd 5 (T2, T3, T4 nd T5) t levels 0.25, 0.5, 1% nd 2% respectively. Results t 5 weeks indicted tht the ddition of NSS up to 1% in the diets enhnced linerly body weight, weight gin nd feed conversion rtio. The higher level of the seeds 2% not necessrily cused higher degree of improvement. Birds fed diets contining 1% NSS (T4) chieved higher (P<0.05) body weight nd weight gin compred with the control (T1) nd 0.25% NSS (T2) nd better (P<0.05) feed conversion thn other tretments. Similrly, the dietry tretment T4 (1% NSS) recorded the best (P<0.05) crcss dressing, brest nd thigh percentge compred with the control. However, there were no significnt vrinces in giblets nd bdominl ft mong ll dietry groups. On the other hnd, feeding birds' diets supplemented by diverse levels of NSS decresed blood totl cholesterol. Dietry group T4 significntly incresed (P<0.05) serum totl protein nd lbumin s compred to the control group. Additionlly, dt showed tht NSS tretments except T5 enhnced (P<0.05) the ntibody titers ginst GD nd ND virus. KEYWORDS: Nigell stiv; growth; serum indices; ntibody titers; broiler birds. {Cittion: AL-Hothify, S. A.; Al-Snbni, M. A. The effects of supplementtion Nigell stiv seeds s nturl substnce on growth rte, some serum indices, crcss qulity nd ntibody titers of broiler birds. Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction, 2016, 4(3): 43-51} ISSN: AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 43

2 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction INTRODUCTION It is cler tht develop new techniques in the livestock nd poultry nutrition like using feed dditives, prticulrly ntibiotics led to incresing the nutritionl vlue of the feed. Antibiotics s chemotherpeutic drug hve been used in niml diets for mny yers to enhnce production performnce nd helth (Dibner nd Richrds, 2005). Despite the witnessed progress, the use of ntibiotics hs been complined due to the fer of the existence of ntimicrobil resistnce in humn (Prreto et l., 2008). It ws lso reported tht ntibiotics were bnned from dministrtion in the Europen Union nd United Kingdome (Ansri, et l., 2008). Therefore, mny investigtors re serching for nturl lterntives, which hve desirble properties on performnce nd helth sttus of nimls. Currently, the use of nturl feed dditives such s probiotics, prebiotics, medicinl plnts nd herbs hs become modern tendencies worldwide s replcement for ntibiotics in poultry diets (Revington, 2002: Guo et l., 2004). In Yemen, there is growing trend in prctice some trditionl methods like using medicinl plnts for the prevention nd tretment of mny illnesses. Blck seeds (Nigell stiv Linn.) Is one of the medicinl plnts nd could be used s nturl feed lterntives in the livestock nd poultry production to enhnce performnce nd reduce the incidence of developing ntibiotic resistnt bcteri in humn nd nimls (Doyle, 2002). Recently, some studies hve been conducted to explore the effects of the seeds of broiler birds, nd the results showed tht NSS hd positive effect on growth performnce (Tollb nd Hssn, 2003: Guler et l., 2006) nd livbility (El- Ghmry et l., 2002). Feeding NSS improved performnce nd egg qulity of lyer chickens (Akhtr et l., 2003; Aydin et l., 2008). Furthermore, Guler et l., (2007) reported tht blck seeds could be considered s nturl ntioxidnt developer for poultry. In fct, severl reserch works were conducted globlly to explore the possible effects of NSS on poultry. The results were promising nd opened new opportunity for more exmintion to specify the best dosge for the potentilly different benefits on poultry production nd helth. Subsequently, the present reserch work imed to investigte the effects of the low nd high levels of Nigell stiv seed on growth rte, crcss trits, some serum blood indices nd ntibody titers of broiler birds under the environmentl conditions of Yemen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds nd mngement The experimentl work ws conducted in floor re in smll open sided unit under similr mngement nd hygienic conditions. A totl of one hundred eighties unsexed (dyold) commercil broiler chicks (Hubbrd, JV) ws used. The chicks were weighed nd distributed into 5 dietry tretment groups, nd ech group contins three replictes with 12 chicks ech. The chicks were rised in smll pen (2x1 meter squre) using brriers of wood. Ech individul pen ws supplied with feeder nd utomtic drinker used for rising one replicte of the experiment groups. All chicks were vccinted ginst Newcstle disese (ND) on dy 6 nd 21, nd Gumboro disese (GD) on 10 nd 18 dys. Feed nd wter were offered free (d Libitum) throughout the experimentl period tht continued for six weeks. AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 44

3 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction Experimentl feeds A commercil msh feed ws offered free (d libitum) in two stges; strter from 1 to 3 weeks nd grower diet from 4 to 6 weeks of ge for broiler birds (Tble 1). Experimentl diets were formulted ccording to the strin mnul recommendtion (Hubbrd JV). There were 5 dietry tretments for feeding birds; first one ws the control (T1), free of ny nturl dditives, Nigell stiv seeds (NSS) were dded t the levels 0.25, 0.5, 1% nd 2% in the diets T2, T3, T4 nd T5 respectively. NSS of Yemeni origin ws purchsed from locl herb mrket, Sn, Yemen. The chemicl composition of the seeds ws nlyzed ccording to the method detiled in AOAC (1990), nd the result showed tht the Nigell stiv seeds cultivted in Yemen contin 21.3% protein, 36.6% oil, 31.7% crbohydrte nd 4.2% sh. Tble 1: Ingredients nd composition of the experimentl birds' diet Strter (1-3weeks) Grower (4-5weeks) Ingredients % 0% 0.25% 0.5% 1% 2% % % 0.5% 1% 2% Yellow corn Soyben mel 46% Protein concentrte10%* Nigell stiv seeds Totl Clculted nlyses: Metbolize energy (K Cl. / Kg) Crude protein % Clcium % Avilble phosphor % Methionine % Lysine % Methionine + Sistine % *Protein concentrte 30% protein, 2000 metbolize ble energy (K Cl. /Kg), Clcium 8.20%, Phosphor 1.50%, Methionine 1.85%, Lysine 2.20% nd Methionine + Sistine 2.40 %. Growth rte mesurements During the experiment, growth rte mesurement were evluted s fellow; weekly live body weight (LBW), body weight gin (BWG) nd feed intke (FI) were recorded. Feed conversion rtio (FCR) ws clculted (kg feed consumed/kg of live weight gin). Crcss trits At the end of the experimentl period, six broiler chicken birds within ech tretment (two chickens/ech replicte) were rndomly tken nd weighed to document live weight. The birds were slughtered nd wited for whole bleeding, nd then their fethers were removed. The weights of the crcss, dressing percentge, brest, thigh, giblets (liver, hert nd gizzrd) nd bdominl ft round the gizzrd were seprtely recorded for ech bird nd reflected s the rtio of live weight. Serum blood inspections At the end of the experiment, six birds from ech dietry group were rndomly tken for blood inspects. Blood smples were collected nd slnted wy from the sunshine. The serum cler yellow colored ws seprted nd centrifuged t rte of 1000 RPM for 15 AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 45

4 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction minutes, then stored t 20 0 C till next ppliction. Serum totl protein, lbumin nd cholesterol were exmined by spectrophotometer exmintion using commercil regents, while Serum globulin constituent ws computed s the difference mong the vlues of protein nd lbumin. Regrding immunity indices. Serum ND Antibodies were explored using the test Hemgglutintion inhibition (HI) ccording to the procedure described by the investigtors Thyer nd Berd, (1998). The serum ntibody response to GD ws ssyed by ELIZA inspection using BioCheck commercil kits, Netherlnds. Sttisticl nlysis Experimentl dt were sttisticlly evluted using the generl liner model (GLM) described in the softwre progrm SAS (2004). Sttic significnt vrinces between the experimentl tretments were clculted by the method multiple rnge test (Duncn, 1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Growth rte The results of the dt nlyses t the ge of 5 weeks reveled tht ddition of different levels of Nigell stiv seeds (NSS) in broiler diets incresed both live body weight, body weight gin nd enhnced feed conversion rtio (Tble, 2). This improvement ws linerly incresed s NSS levels incresed in the diet up to 1% nd the higher level of the seeds 2% not necessrily cused higher degree of improvement. Birds fed diets contining 1% NSS (T4) hd higher (P<0.05) live body weight, body weight gin compred with the Control (T1) nd 0.25% NSS (T2) nd better (P<0.05) feed conversion rtion thn other tretments. These results were supported by the findings of Guler et l., (2006) nd Abu- Dieyeh nd Abu-Drwish, (2008) who stted tht using 1 or 1.5% blck seeds hd better verge of body weight nd feed conversion rtio. While, Durrni et l., (2007) found tht 4% NSS hd significnt effect on the growth rte of broiler birds. In terms of cumultive feed intke, there were no significnt effects (P 0.05) of ll dietry tretments t 5 weeks. These results re closely with those findings by Guler et l., (2006) in broilers. However, other studies indicted tht Nigell stiv supplementtion in the broiler chicken diets incresed significntly feed intke (Hssn et l., 2004; Hermes et l, 2009). This improvement in growth rte cn be ttributed to the nutritionl effects of the min components of Nigell stiv. NSS contin high percentges of ftty cids nd ll essentil mino cids tht my promote growth rte of birds (El-Deek, et l., 2009). NSS hs lso positive effect on digestive enzymes to enhnce the utiliztion of dietry nutrients (Hermes et l, 2009). Phrmcologicl effects of NSS nd its ctive components my consider s nother ctive mechnism tht contributes to the enhncement of broiler bird. Nigell stiv hs n importnt influence s ntibcteril nd ntifungl (Rthee et l., 1982; Mrk et l., 2007). Roy et l., (2006), who stted tht Blck seed extrcts hd positive ctivity ginst severl types of bcteri like E. coli nd Stphylococcus ureus nd ttributed this effect to the ctive ingredients of Nigell seeds prticulrly the compound Thymoquinone. AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 46

5 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction Tble 2: Mens ±SE of growth rte of the experimentl birds t 5 weeks of ge Tretment Live body weight Body weight gin Feed intke Feed conversion (g.) (g.) (g.) rtio Control (T1) c c ± ± ± ±0.02 NSS 0.25 % (T2) cb ± cb ± ±42.94 b 1.89 ±0.02 NSS 0.5% (T3) b ± b ± ± b ±0.03 NSS 1 % (T4) c ± ± ± ±0.01 NSS 2 % (T5) b b b ± ± ± ±0.03 The Mens within the sme column hving different subscript re significntly different (P<0.05). Crcss trits The results of the dt nlyses in tble 3 reveled tht dietry tretment T4 recorded the best (P<0.05) dressing, brest, nd thigh percentges ws observed for T4 compred with the control. The present results re in hrmony with those obtined by Guler et l., (2006) who clered tht cold crcss, thigh nd brest were higher in broiler birds fed diets contining 1% blck seed. The reson for this enhncement in crcss percentge my be ttributed to tht Nigell seeds re rich in its content of ftty cids tht enhnce the metbolism of dietry nutrients. Additionlly, there were no significnt differences in bdominl ft nd giblets between dietry tretments s result of ppliction different levels of NSS. Similr results were obtined by Hermes et l, (2009) nd AL-Beitwi nd El- Ghousein, (2008) who noticed n bsence of ny significnt differences in the percentge of giblets nd bdominl ft s result of feeding broilers with vrious levels of NSS. Tble 3: Mens ±SE of crcss trits of the experimentl birds Tretment Dressing (%) Brest (%) Thigh (%) Giblets* (%) Abdominl ft (%) Control (T1) b ± b ± b ± ± ±0.06 b NS 0.25 %(T2) b ± b ± ± ± ±0.02 b b b NSS 0.5% (T3) ± ± ± ± ±0.04 NSS 1 % (T4) ± ± ± ± ±0.02 b b NSS 2 % (T5) 72.63b ± ± ± ± ±0.03 The Mens within the sme column hving different subscript re significntly different (P<0.05). *Giblets: (liver, hert nd Gizzrd). Some serum blood indices The results of the sttisticl nlyses in tble 4 showed tht the serum totl cholesterol decresed significntly (p<0.05) s result of NSS supplementtion in broiler diets s cholesterol level reched , , , (mg/dl) for tretments T2, T3, T4 nd T5 respectively, compred with the T1 which recorded mg/dl (tble 5). The present results support the findings of other reserchers in broilers (Siddig nd Abdelti, 2001; AL-Betwi nd El-Ghousein, 2008). Another resercher lso proved the reducing AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 47

6 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction effect of NSS for both serum nd egg yolk cholesterol in lyers (El-Bgir et l., 2006; Ylsin et l., 2009). The reduction in the totl serum cholesterol s result of the ddition of NSS my be due to the high content of unsturted ftty cids, minly linoleic cid nd oleic cid, which my contribute to lower cholesterol synthesis (Cheikh-Rouhou et l., 2007). On the other hnd, the reson might be ttributed to the compound β-sitosterol of NSS oil tht my inhibit the bsorption of dietry cholesterol (Att, 2003). The results of the dt in tble 3 indicted tht the tretment T4 chieved significnt difference (P<0.05) in the serum levels of both totl protein nd lbumin compred with the tretment T1 the control, while there were not significnt sttisticl differences between tretment T1 nd other tretments T2, T3 nd T5. In terms of globulin levels, there ws noticed numericl differences (no significnt effects) for the NSS tretments. The current results re in greement with the findings of (Hssn nd Rgb, 2007), who reported tht dding 1% NSS to lyer chickens incresed plsm totl protein nd lbumin (P<0.05). Additionlly, they found no significnt effects on serum components; totl protein, lbumin nd globulin when dding 0.2, 0.4% NSS (El-Ghmry et l., 2002), s well s 2% NSS (Al- Homidn et l., 2002) in broiler diets. The increse in the lbumin nd protein levels might be ttributed to n enzyme induced by NSS to increse liver synthetic ctivity (Al-Jishi nd Abuo Hozif, 2003). Tble 4: Mens ±SE of some serum indices for broiler birds t the end of the experiment Tretment Cholesterol (mg/dl) Protein (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Globulin (g/dl) Control (T1) ± b ± b ± ±0.05 NSS 0.25 % (T2) b ± b ± b ± ±0.05 NSS 0.5% (T3) b ± b ± b ± ±0.03 NSS 1 % (T4) b ± ± ± ±0.07 b b b NSS 2 % (T5) ± ± ± ±0.04 The Mens within the sme column hving different subscript re significntly different (P<0.05). Antibody titers The results in tble 5 ppered n increse (P<0.05) in the mens of ntibody titers of Gumboro disese (GD) for Nigell stiv tretments except T5 s compred with the control t 6 weeks. The dt lso stted tht NSS tretments; T2, T3 nd T4 improved ntibody response to ND virus, nd the dietry tretment T4 chieved the highest level (P<0.05) compred with T1 nd T5. The current results re in greement with the findings of AL- Beitwi et l., (2009) who documented significnt improvement (P<0.05) in the levels of ntibody titer for ND nd GD disese by using blck seeds insted of ntibiotic in broiler diets. The sme trends were noticed by Al-Mufrrej, (2013) who reported tht feeding broiler diets contining 1.4% NSS enhnced immune responses ginst ND nd GD virus. This improvement in the level of ntibody titers ginst GD nd ND diseses my be due to the ctive compounds found in the Nigell stiv essentil oil minly Thymoquinone nd other ntioxidnt components; crvcrol, trns-enethole, nd 4-terpinol (Guler et l., 2007). Frh, et l., (2004), lso showed tht NS oil significntly incresed the phgocytic ctivity, nd the potentil immunity mechnism is medited through stimultion ctivity of mcrophge phgocytic or by ctivtion of lymphocytes. Furthermore, ppliction different AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 48

7 Americn Journl of Reserch Communiction doses of NSS extrcts (2.5, 5 nd 7.5ml/kg) significntly decresed mortlity rtes of the prtridge bird groups s compred with 1% flvomycin tretment (Cetin et l., 2008). Tble 5: Mens ±SE of ntibody titers for broiler birds t the end of the experiment Tretment Antibody titers GD (ELIZA Mens) Antibody titers ND (lg2) Control (T1) 5850 b ± c ±0.4 NSS 0.25 % (T2) 8199 ± bc ±0.3 NSS 0.5 % (T3) 8968 ± b ±0.32 NSS 1 % (T4) 9123 ± ±0.22 NSS 2 % (T5) 5547 b ± bc ±0.45 The Mens within the sme column hving different subscript re significntly different (P<0.05) CONCLUSION Bsed on these results, it could be concluded tht NSS prticulrly 1% seems to hve gret effect on immunity, therefore enhnce the performnce nd qulity of broiler birds. Further studies re needed in broilers to determine the influences of the ctive ingredients of Nigell stiv seed nd the potentil mechnisms. REFERENCES Abu-Dieyeh Zid H.M. nd Abu-Drwish, M. S. (2008). Effect of Feeding powdered Blck cumin seeds (Nigell Stiv L.) on growth performnce of 4-8 week-old broilers. J. Anim. Vet. Advnces, 7, Akhtr M.S., Nsir Z. nd Abid A.R. (2003). Effect of feeding powdered Nigell stiv L., seeds on poultry egg production nd their suitbility for humn consumption. Vet. Archive, 73, AL-Beitwi N. nd El-Ghousein S.S. (2008). Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Nigell stiv Seeds (Blck Cumin) on Performnce, Blood Constituents nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Broiler Chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7 (7), AL-Beitwi N., EL-Ghousein, S.S. nd Nofl, A.H. (2009). Replcing bcitrcin methylene dislicylte by crushed Nigell stiv seeds in broiler rtions nd its effects on growth, blood constituents nd immunity. Livest. Sci., 125, Al-Homidn A., Al-Qrwi, A.A., Al-Wily S.A. nd Adm, S.E.I. (2002). Response of broiler chicks of dietry Rhzy strict nd Nigell stiv. Br. Poult. Sci. 43: Al-Jishi S.A., nd Abuo Hozif B. (2003). Effect of Nigell stiv on blood hemosttic function in rts. J. Ethno phrmcology, 85: Al-Mufrrej S. I. (2013). Immune-responsiveness nd performnce of broiler chickens fed blck cumin (Nigell Stiv L.) Powder. J. Sud. Soci. Agri. Sci., 13: AL-Hothify et l., 2016: Vol 4(3) 49

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