Cocktail of Fungi Blend on Jatropha curcas Kernel Cake: Effect on Feed Intake and Blood Parameters of Goat

Transcription

1 Americn-Eursin J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): , 2013 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2013 DOI: /idosi.ejes Cocktil of Fungi Blend on Jtroph curcs Kernel Cke: Effect on Feed Intke nd Blood Prmeters of Got M.A. Belewu, K.Y. Belewu nd I.A. Lwl Deprtment of Animl Production, Microil Biotechnology nd Diry Science Lortory, University of Ilorin, Nigeri Astrct: West Africn dwrf gots (n=12) were rndomly divided into ree groups of four gots ech to evlute e efficcy of cocktil of fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke. Ech group ws rndomly ssigned one of e diets {A = Soyen cke sed diet (control); B =50% cocktil of fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke plus 50% soyen cke; C = 100% cocktil of fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke. A completely rndomized design model ws used for e study. Animls were individully fed e experimentl diets nd wter d-liitum. During e feeding tril (112dys) e feed consumed nd lood prmeters of e experimentl nimls were evluted. Dry mtter, crude protein nd crude fire consumed were higher for diet B compred to oer diets. Conversely, e lest eer extrct intke ws noted in diet C. Additionlly, e sh intke ws 64.63% (A), 65.50% (B) nd 78.0% (C). Weight gins differ significntly etween tretment groups lough; gots fed diet B were hevier n e rest. Pcked cell volume (PCV) in gots fed cocktil of fungi lend Jtroph curcs kernel cke were similr nd significntly (p<0.05) lower n gots fed e control diet. The hemogloin (H), white lood cell (WBC, red lood cell (RBC), lymphocyte nd eosinophil were similr (p>0.05) cross ll diets. It could e concluded from is study t ll e diets did not depress voluntry intke nor lter e llometry of grow of e experimentl nimls. Key words: Cocktil Fungi lend Feed consumption Blood indices INTRODUCTION protein feedstuff. This contention stimulted niml nutritionists erey focusing eir ttention on The continuous rise in humn popultion ll over e reserching into lterntive novel feedstuff t cn world wi nnul verge of 7 illion hs rought n ppropritely e sustituted for e conventionl increse demnd for niml protein. The current level of feedstuffs wiout compromising qulity. Exmple of such consumption of met nd niml protein is estimted t 8g novel feedstuff includes Jtroph curcs kernel cke. per cput per dy [1]. In Nigeri, e verge dily The cke which is very rich in nutrients is hindered consumption of 54 g protein wi 6.5 g from niml y e presence of ntinutrients like Lectin, tnnins, sources flls elow e recommended dily protein intke sponin, phyttes, cynides, trypsin inhiitor nd of 86g nd 8.4 g of niml protein. It hs een reported phorolester [3, 4]. lso [2] t poor qulity roughge fed to ruminnts Vrious processing meods of detoxifying e wiout supplementtion during dry seson cused cke re reported elsewhere in literture [3, 4]. The considerle weight loss nd finlly de of e chemicl meod of detoxifiction re well documented niml. Hence, protein supplementtion is very vitl Mkkr nd Becker [3], Aregheore et l. [5] nd in livestock rtion. The vrious sources of protein Mrtinez Herer et l. [6] ut not wi encourging include conventionl (soyen, groundnut, etc) nd results. However, e iologicl meod of unconventionl. The price of e conventionl source of detoxifiction is still t e infncy stge. The utiliztion protein in livestock rtion hd risen due to competition of fungl in e fermenttion of sustrte cn improved etween mn nd livestock. The forementioned prolem e protein nd e digestiility contents etween 10 us requires sourcing for lterntive non-conventionl nd 15 % [7]. Corresponding Auor: M.A. Belewu, Deprtment of Animl Production, Microil Biotechnology nd Diry Science Lortory, University of Ilorin, Nigeri. Tel: /

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): , 2013 Additionlly, it ws noted t e totl lipid nd Fungi Blend Used: The Fungi (Asper gillus niger, ftty cids were enhnced fter solid stte fermenttion Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichoderm hrznium) used [8, 9]. Au et l. [8], reported incresing protein (7-8%) were otined from e Institute of Agriculturl Reserch content of potto processing wste when it ws nd Trining (IAR nd T), Idn nd mintined on incuted wi yest. Belewu nd Okhwere [10] noted potto dextrose gr (PDA). Ech of e fungus ws decresed neutrl detergent fire, Acid detergent fire su-cultured nd multiplied on Potto dextrose gr nd hemicellulose contents of lignocellulosic fire. (PDA) contining in petri-dishes nd hence incuted There ws reduction in e ntinutritionl fctors like for 7 dys t mient temperture to enhnce eir grow. phytic cid, polyphenol nd tnnin. Additionlly, ere ws n increse in e iovilility of vrious nutrients. Inocultion nd Incution of e Sustrte: The cooled This iologicl tretment is n option t hs received utoclved sustrte (10kg) ws lter inoculted in lyers significnt ttention in recent time Belewu nd Okhwere, wi ech of e spores of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium [10], Belewu nd Bnjo, [11] Belewu et l. [4]. It is chrysogenum nd Trichoderm hrzniumm contining interesting to note t iologicl tretment of sustrtes 7 10 spores per ml for ech fungus. The inoculted mimics e effect of pre-digestion of fungi on e sustrte ws incuted t mient temperture for 7 dys sustrtes. Hence, e ojectives of e study include till when e fungi enveloped e sustrte. The grow e evlution of e efficcy of fungi lend tretment on of e microes ws terminted y oven drying e e detoxifiction, feed intke nd lood indices of West inoculted sustrte t 70 C. Africn dwrf gots. Animl nd Mngement: Twelve wened ucks of MATERIALS AND METHODS West Africn dwrf gots used for is study t e Animl Production Deprtment of e University of Ilorin, Collection of Jtroph curcs Fruits: Dried Jtroph were purchsed from locl mrket in Ilorin, Nigeri. curcs fruits were hrvested from e Jtroph Plnttion, University of Ilorin, min cmpus, Nigeri. The pericrps were removed to otin e seeds which were lter dehusked mnully to otin e kernel. The kernel otined were milled using milling mchine so s to otin e mel. Processing nd Preprtion of Jtroph curcs kernel Cke: The mel ws deftted using o e mechnicl nd chemicl meods. The mel ws pressed using hydrulic press to expel e oil. After which e residue ws soked in petroleum eer contining in n ir tight continer for one hour nd lter decnted. The finl residue which ws whitish nd dried, ws lter utoclved t 121 C to get rid of ny possile microes. The sustrte ws en llowed to get cool efore inocultion nd incution wi cocktil of fungi lend. The nimls were treted ginst ecto nd endo prsites using IVOMEC. The gots were llowed to dpt to e experimentl diets efore dt collection. The nimls were rndomized ginst e experimentl diets in completely rndomized design model (Tle 1). Feeding nd wtering were d-liitum roughout e study. Prmeters evluted include feed intke nd lood prmeters. Feed intke ws otined y sutrcting feed orts from feed offered while lood ws collected fortnightly for lood indices. Anlyses: Proximte composition of e feed nd ort were determined ccording to e meod of A.O.A.C. [12]. While pcked cell volume (PCV), hemogloin concentrtion (H) ws determined y cynomeemogloin meod, Red Blood cell (RBC) Tle 1: Composition of e Experimentl Diets Ingredients Diet (A) Control Diet B Diet C Cssv wste Soyens cke Fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke Cowpe husk Vitmin-minerl premix Slt Totl

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): , 2013 ws determined y Neuner hemocytometer meod Feed Intke: Dt in Tle (3) shows e feed intke of [13]. The differentil white lood cell (WBC) counts ws e experimentl nimls. Dry mtter intke is vitl fctor y mking differentil smer stined wi Wright stin in e determintion of energy intke nd performnce in nd percentge counts were tken for lymphocytes nd smll ruminnt nimls. The highest significnt difference neutrophils. of dry mtter, crude protein nd crude fire intke All collected dt were sujected to nlysis of indicte strong sustitution of Soyen cke y e vrince of completely rndomized design model [14] cocktil of fungi lend Jtroph curcs kernel cke. It is while mens were seprted using Duncn [15] multiple evidence from is study t tretment of Jtroph rnge test. curcs kernel cke wi cocktil of fungi lend did not depress voluntry feed intke of e nimls. RESULTS Grow nd Feed Conversion Efficiency: The plne of The chemicl composition of e feeds show t ll nutrition of livestock is one of e fctors t cn e diets hve high nutrient contents (Dry mtter, crude mrkedly improve weight gin of gots nd e degree of protein, crude fire nd sh) for ruminnt nimls. The response vries wi reeds nd types of nimls. In is crude protein content of e feeds is enough to stimulte study e gots fed e experimentl diets did not loss rumen microil ctivity wi resultnt high intke of weight however; nimls on diet B recorded e highest feed nd optiml supply of protein to e niml. In is weight gin (Tle 3). The positive weight gin shows context ll e diets contined higher nitrogen for proper t ll e diets hve dequte crude protein nd energy rumen function. contents which re crucil for e grow of gots. Tle 2: Proximte Composition of e Experimentl Diets Prmeters (%) Diet A Diet B Diet C Dry mtter Crude protein Crude fire Eer extrct Ash Tle 3: Feed intke nd weight gin (g/d)of e Experimentl Animls Prmeters Diet A Diet B Diet C ±SEM Dry mtter intke * Crude protein intke * Crude fire intke c * Eer extrct intke c * Ash intke * Weight gin * Feed efficiency Men long e sme row wi similr superscripts re not significntly different from ech oer (p>0.05) Tle 4: Effect of Fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke on e lood prmeters of e Experimentl Animls Prmeters Diet A Diet B Diet C ±SEM PVC (%) * H(g/dl) NS 9 WBC x 10 /l NS 9 RBC X10 /l NS Neutrophil (%) * Lymphocytes (%) NS Eosinophils (%) NS Bsophils (%) Monophils (%) Men long e sme row wi similr superscripts re not significntly different from ech oer (p>0.05) 317

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): , 2013 Blood Indices: Blood prmeters re similr mong o e mechnicl nd chemicl (petroleum eer) e experimentl diets (Tle 4). However, e vlues of processing meods erey removing e eer extrct to Red lood cell, eosinophil, lymphocyte nd neutrophil negligile rte. were numericlly higher in diet A compred to oer diets. The incresing intke of e sh content corroortes The highest vlues of PCV (33.00%), H (12.55g/dl), e report of Jcquline nd Visser [20] who noted t 9 RBC (11.95x10 /l), Eosinophil (3.25%), Neutrophil (36.0%) iotechnology process tends to enhnce e minerl nd lymphocyte (62.5%) were recorded for nimls fed content of test sustrte(s). diet A. The significnt weight gin of nimls on diet B could presumly e due to highest dry mtter nd crude DISCUSSION protein intke of is diet. This supported e findings of Apori [21] who noted t feeding of high level of protein The higher nutrient content of e experimentl in diet could promote niml performnce. Additionlly, diets supported e report of Elliot nd Topps [16] who diet C ws numericlly higher n diet A (control). This oserved proper rumen function wi high nutrient study shows t nimls on o diets B nd C were le content of feed. to utilize e diets etter for tissue development n diet The dry mtter intke of gots which rnged from A. The weight gin reported herein ws higher n g/d g/d ws little higher n g/d vlues otined (9g/d) in Ugnd [22, 23]. Higher grow reported y Zho et l. [17]. The incresed feed intke rte nd feed conversion efficiency of e fungi lend ws due proly to e inclusion of fungi lend treted treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke cn compred to e Jtroph curcs kernel cke in e experimentl diets. control diet (Soyen cke sed diet) proly due to The result corroorted wi e results reported reduction of menogenesis [24]. Additionlly, e elsewhere on e effect of fungi treted sustrte on feed improved grow rte of niml fed diets B nd C could e intke. due to improved microil nd dietry protein flow to The highest crude protein intke recorded for duodenum [25, 26]. diet B could e due to e complementry effect of The etter performnce of nimls on o diets B e fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke nd C ws in consonnce wi e report of Jcquline nd nd soyen cke while e similrity etween diets Visser [20] who found t growing ody evidence A nd C show t fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs exists in support of improvement in niml productivity kernel cke could e used s sustitute to Soyen nd performnce when feed re treted wi enzymes prior cke t 100% inclusion level. The result could e due to to feeding it to e niml. e microil protein which e fungi lend could hve dded to e Jtroph curcs kernel cke. Additionlly, Blood Indices: The fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs e incresed crude protein intke of diets B nd C could cke hd no effect on e lood chemistry nmely: PCV, lso e ccounted for y e reltive crude protein H, WBC, RBC, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Oesinophil, content of e two diets. This greed wi report of Bsophil nd Monophils. All e lood indices evluted Chlhl, [18] t ere is direct reltionship etween showed t e nimls were in norml physiologicl crude protein of e feed nd crude protein intke y sttes nd e vlues were in norml rnges, which ruminnt nimls. reveled t feeding fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs The significnt intke of e crude fire content of kernel cke to gots did not dmge e liver nd yroid diet B could e due to e pre-digestion nd soluiliztion glnd. Similr finding ws reported y Belewu et l. [4] of e crude fire y e microes. The soluiliztion of who noted t inclusion of fungi treted sustrte in e crude fire is expected due to e synesized of mixed rtion for gots did not ffect e lood chemistry vrious enzymes nd cids y e microes (Citic cid, nd niml performnce. mylse myloglucoside, cellulose, lctse, invertse, There ws significnt difference in e PCV vlue pectinse, protese etc [19]. mong e diets however; e PCV vlue reported in is The eer extrct intke ws significntly higher study ws wiin e rnge reported y Tmuwl et l. in diet A (control) due proly to e presence of [27]. This could e due to Compenstory Accelerted eer extrct in e Soyen cke which could hve Production (CAP) of pcked cell volume which returns e een sujected to only mechnicl process. While PCV levels to norml level Gnong, [28], Tmuwl et l. e Jtroph curcs kernel cke ws sujected to [27]. 318

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): , 2013 The neutrophil vlue reported herein ws in 5. Aregheore, E.M., K. Becker nd H.P.S. Mkkr, greement wi e results of Tmuwl et l. [27] nd Belewu nd Ogunsol [29]. However, e higher neutrophil content of diet A indictes t e cellulr digestion of offending gents like cteri ws more in diet A (control) compred to diets B nd C. The WBC reported in is study ws wiin e vlue noted y Tmuwl et l. [27]. This indictes t e nimls possess protective system suggestive of well dpted immune system [27. The similrities in e RBC shows t e nimls re not nemic. Oer lood prmeters like H, eosinophil, lymphocytes etc) followed similr trend. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION The results of is study show t e cocktil of fungi lend on Jtroph curcs kernel cke holds very promising vlue s n effective meod of detoxifying e cke due to improved performnce t ws recorded for e West Africn dwrf gots fed e treted diets. Animls fed e 50% Soyen cke plus 50% Fungi lend treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke (diet B) gve e est performnce compred wi diets A nd C. It could e concluded t e 50% inclusion level of fungi lend Jtroph curcs kernel cke to compliment 50% Soyen cke should e encourged s it gretly incresed weight gin nd tissue deposition in gots. REFERENCES 1. Nduuisi, E.C., Poultry Production in Nigeri, Prolems nd Prospectus in e fce of e Structurl Adjustment Progrme. A. Anynwu, (Ed). Nigeri Structurl Adjustment (SAP). A Multi-Sectionl Anlysis. 2. Belewu, M.A., A Functionl Approch To diry st Science nd Technology. 1 edition. Pulished y Adlek Printers, Ilorin, Nigeri. 3. Mkkr, H.P.S. nd K. Becker, Jtroph curcs tocxicity: Identifiction of toxic principles. In: T. Grlnd nd I.A.C. Brr, 5 Interntionl Symposium on Poisonous Plnts. Sn Angelo, Texs, USA, pp: Belewu, M.A., K.Y. Belewu nd F.O. Ogunsol, Nutritive vlue of dietry fungi treted Jtroph curcs kernel cke: Voluntry intke, grow nd digestiility coefficient of got. Agric., Biology Journl of Nor Americ, 1(2): Detoxifiction of toxic vriety of Jtroph curcs using het nd chemicl tretment nd preliminry nutritionl evlution wi rts. S. Pc. J. Nt. Sci., 21: Mrtinez-Herrer, J., P. Siddhurju, G. Frncis, G. Dvill-Ortizy nd K. Becker, Chemicl composition, toxic/ntimetolic constitutents nd effects of different tretmentson eir levels in four provennces of Jtroph curcs from Mexico. Food Chem., 96: Illuyemi, F.B., M.M. Hnfi, H.O. Rdzi nd M.S. Kmruden, Fungl solid stte culture of plm kernel cke. BioResource Technol., 91: Au, O.A., O.O. Tewe, D.M. Losel, A.A Onifde, Chnges in lipids, ftty cids nd protein composition of sweet potto (Ipomoe tts) fter solid stte fungl fermenttion. BioResource. Technol., 72: Su, A., G.S. Kirn nd K. Pndey, Purifiction nd chrcteriztion of tnnin nd hydrolse from Aspergillus niger ATCC Food Technol. Biotechnol., 43: Belewu, M.A. nd O.C. Okhwere, Evlution of feeding Fungi treted rice husk to Rm. In Proceeding of e 25 Annul Conf. nd Silver Juilee. Nig. Soc. st Animl Prod.Held etween 21 nd 24 Mrch, Belewu, M.A. nd N.O. Bnjo, Biodelignifiction of rice husk nd sorghum stover y edile mushroom (Pleurotus sjor cju) Tropicl J. Animl Sci, 1(1): AOAC., Assocition of Anlyticl Chemists. Officil Meods of Anlysis 16 edition. Wshington DC. 13. Adewuyi, J.O., Mnul of Prcticl Hemtology Introductory nd First nd Second posting in Pology in e MBBS course t e Fculty of Hel Sci., University of Ilorin, Nigeri. 14. Steel, R.D.G. nd J.H. Torrie, Principle nd procedures of Sttistics. Mc-grw Hill Book Co. NY., pp: Duncn, D.B., Multiple rnge nd multiple F-tests. A Biometrics Approch, pp: Elliot, K.C. nd J.H. Topps, Studies of protein requirements of ruminnts. 2: Protein requirements for mintennce of rough reeds of cttle given diets dequte in energy nd low in protein. Brit. J Nutrition, 17: Zho, X.G., H.L. Jing, Z.H. Sun, G.O. Tyo nd Z.L. Tn, Effect of rice strw in e diet for growing gots on site nd extent of digestion nd N-lnce. J Ani. Feed Sci. Techn., 16:

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