Feed Intake and Growth Performance of Indigenous Chicks Fed Diets with Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal as a Protein Supplement During Early Brooding Stage

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 13 (3): , 2014 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2014 Feed Intke nd Growth Performnce of Indigenous Chicks Fed Diets with Moring oleifer Lef Mel s Protein Supplement During Erly Brooding Stge 1 2 C.T. Gdziryi nd J.F. Mupngw Fculty of Agriculture nd Environmentl Science, Bindur University of Science Eduction, P. Bg 1020, Bindur, Zimwe 2 Deprtment of Livestock nd Psture Science, University of Fort Hre, P. Bg X1314, Alice Cmpus, Alice-5700, South Afric 1 Astrct: The high cost of conventionl feed ingredients in poultry diets hs necessitted the investigtion into unconventionl redily ville feedstuffs. The study ws designed to investigte the effects of feeding different levels of Moring oleifer lef mel (MOLM) on feed intke nd growth performnce of indigenous chicks. Eighty four unsexed indigenous chicks were ssigned to four tretment diets, with ech tretment eing replicted three times. The dietry tretments were s follows; control diet (T1) without MOLM nd diets contining MOLM were t the rte of 5% (T2), 10% (T3) nd 15% (T4) to supplement the CP of the control diet. Chicks fed on 0% MOLM hd higher verge weekly feed intke thn the other three tretments (T2, T3 nd T4). The highest weight gin ws experienced etween weeks 4 to 6 except for tretment 3 tht hd its pek weight gin on week 5. FCR ws similr for ll dietry tretments. Weekly live ird weight (WLBW) dvntge of chicks fed 0% MOLM diet ws mintined followed y those fed diet contining 5% MOLM. The chicks on 10 nd 15% MOLM diet recorded similr, ut significntly (p<0.05) lower WLBW from the 5 to 8th week thn chicks on 0-5% MOLM. The study recommended MOLM inclusion levels of 5% in chicken diets during erly rooding stge. Key words: Indigenous chicks, Moring oleifer, rooding, feed intke, growth rte INTRODUCTION The mjor constrint towrds incresed niml protein supply in su-shr Afric hs remined the exoritnt nd ever-incresing cost of commercil poultry feeds rising minly from the high cost of feedstuffs nd ingredients. The impct of indigenous chickens in improving the nutritionl sttus, income, food security nd livelihood of smllholders is significnt owing to their low cost of production (FAO, 1997). Indigenous chickens contriute to the overll well-eing of the households through employment cretion nd income generting (Moreki et l., 2010). Indigenous chickens convert kitchen leftovers nd wstes into vlule nd high qulity protein (Doviet, 2005). Rurl people hve very few lterntive niml protein sources ville to them, including chicken nd eggs (Odunsi, 2003). Therefore indigenous chickens could e prticulrly importnt in improving the diet of young children, old people nd HIV/AIDS infected nd ffected households especilly in the su-shrn Afric (Alm, 1997). Indigenous chickens re identified nd nmed ccording to their phenotypic ppernce. The common phenotypes eing frizzled fethered, nked neck, rred fethered, fethered shnks, erded nd dwrf sized (Muchdeyi, 2007). The irds re hrdy nd survive under mrginl conditions with miniml inputs. They scvenge for food nd my occsionlly enefit from kitchen left overs/wstes. Indigenous chicken productivity in developing ntions such s Zimwe is very low minly due to, poor nutrition, diseses nd poor mngement. Supplementtion of high protein feed, provision of housing nd disese control ws found to improve productivity of chickens (Tdelle et l., 2003; Kingori et l., 2007). Greter thn 90% of smll holder frmers in Zimwe rer indigenous chickens (Agriculturl Reserch Council, 1999) which contriutes vlule source of niml protein to most households. Indigenous chickens constitute vitl pillr of food security improvement, socio-culturl nd economic development for most rurl people. Indigenous chickens hve specil culturl vlue, contriute to household income nd droppings provide rich source of nitrogen which cn e used for top dressing in crops. The need for high qulity protein is constntly incresing mong chicken consumers owing to incresing stndrds of living nd improved incomes resulting from urniztion (FAO, 2002). Indigenous chickens, under free rnge production system, re now widely kept in rurl nd urn res (Moreki et l., 2010). According to FAO Corresponding Author: C.T. Gdziryi, Fculty of Agriculture nd Environmentl Science, Bindur University of Science Eduction, P. Bg, 1020, Bindur, Zimwe 145

2 (1986) indigenous chickens constituted 70% of the soils re modertely well drined hevy grey clys with totl Africn chicken popultion. The key chllenge soil ph of 5.5 (CCl2). The re receives n verge ssocited with indigenous chicken production is the rinfll tht rnges etween 600 nd 800 m/nnum. high mortlity rte which could rech s high s 80-90% Summer nd winter tempertures verge is round 28 within the first two weeks fter htching, due to diseses nd 20 C, respectively. nd predtion (Wilson et l., 1987). The other mjor Brnches ering leves were cut from the Bindur limiting fctor of indigenous chicken production, mong University s experimentl site t Astr cmpus where other fctors is feed in terms of oth quntity nd qulity they were spred evenly under semi-open shed for 6 (Mohmed nd Ate, 1995). The nutritionl sttus of dys. The rnches nd twigs were then hnd removed indigenous lying hens from chemicl nlysis of crop through shking nd the dry soft crispy leflets of the contents indicted tht protein ws elow the leves were retrieved while still retining the greenish requirement for optimum egg production nd the colortion. The leves were thinly spred out during the deficiency is more serious during the dry sesons drying process in order to fcilitte even drying. The ir (Alemu nd Tdelle, 1997; Kingori et l., 2007). Other dried leves were then processed into lef mel y constrints to indigenous chicken production include grinding through 4 mm screen. The lef mel ws poor extension services nd indequte credit fcilities, pckged in plstic gs of 20 kg nd stored until use. vilility of few or limited reserch ctivities, lck of The other ingredients, yellow mize nd soy en cke orgnized mrketing system, sesonl fluctution of were ought from Bindur University nd Mgoo price nd lck of processing fcilities. commercil frm, respectively. Chickens rered under free-rnge system do not Smples of the vrious ingredients including Moring receive sufficient feed ut survive through scvenging. lef mels were sujected to proximte nlysis. Bsed Both energy nd protein nutrients re found limiting s on the nlysis results of the different ingredients, four the food ville on the rnge contins lot of crude iso-nitrogenous nd iso-energetic diets were formulted fier (Kingori et l., 2007). Grin supplementtion with to contin respectively 0, 5, 10 nd 15% of Moring lef mize nd sorghum is common mong smll holder mel (MOLM) in prtil sustitution to soy en cke. frmers, ut leving out protein source. There is The diet with 0% inclusion level ws the control which therefore the need to evlute those non-conventionl ws the commercil chick strter feed. Diets sed on feed ingredients tht re ville t villge level nd Moring leves, 5, 10 nd 15%, were supplemented with tht cn e used in plce of soyens or sunflower to mjor vitmins nd trce minerls ought from Agrisupplement protein. The ojective of the study ws to foods Pvt. (Ltd) Hrre. The ingredients composition nd investigte the effects of feeding different levels of clculted nutrient content of the experimentl diets re Moring oleifer lef mel (MOLM) on feed intke nd presented in Tle 1 nd 2, respectively. growth performnce of indigenous chicks. Mngement of chicks nd dt collection: The MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site: The study ws crried out in the Animl House of the Deprtment of Animl Science, University of Zimwe, which is situted in Hrre. The site lies on 17 51'50 S nd longitude 31 1'47 E, receives n verge rinfll tht rnges etween 600 nd 800 m/nnum. Summer nd winter tempertures verge is round 28 nd 17 C, respectively. experimentl cges, wtering nd feeding troughs were thoroughly clened nd disinfected with pproprite disinfectnts two weeks efore the commencement of the experiment. On rrivl the chicks received nti-stress tlets in the drinking wter nd were dpted to their new environment nd to feed y dipping their eks in feed nd wter. After the cclimtiztion the, chicks were distriuted to their corresponding four tretment diets of 0, 5, 10 nd 15% Moring inclusion levels, respectively. Experimentl design: The experimentl design ws rndomized complete lock design with the tier level of the cges eing the locking fctor. Eighty four unsexed indigenous chicks were ssigned to the four dietry tretments, with ech tretment eing replicted three times with seven chicks. The dietry tretments were; the control diet (T1) without MOLM nd diets contining MOLM t the rte of 5% (T2), 10% (T3) nd 15% (T4). The chicks were fed n experimentl chick strter diet from first dy to eight weeks. Wood shvings were plced in the trys for droppings in order to sor ny fecl moisture tht could ttrct flies. An initil mesured mount of feed, 33 g/chick/dy, ws offered to irds. On ech susequent dy, feed refusls in ech cge were collected, weighed nd recorded t 2pm. Dily offer of ech replicte ws top up of refusls to 33 g/ird/dy nd fresh clen wter ws Experimentl diets: The Moring leves used for this study were collected from Agro-ecologicl region 2 of Mshonlnd Centrl province in Zimwe. The re lies on ltitude S nd longitude E nd the provided d liitum. Mortlity nd normlity ws recorded throughout the experimentl period. The irds were weighed t the eginning of the study nd therefter they were weighed weekly efore feeding in 146

3 Tle 1: Percentge composition of chick strter diets Level of Moring lef mel in the diets Feed ingredients T1 (0%MOLM) T2 (5% MOLM) T3 (10% MOLM) T4 (15% MOLM) Yellow mize Soy cke MOLM Additives Totl Tle 2: Clculted nutrient content of chick strter msh Nutrient T1 (0% MOLM) T2 (5% MOLM) T3 (10% MOLM) T4 (15% MOLM) CP (%) Fire (%) ME (MJ/kg) order to determine the growth rte. Weight gin ws clculted s finl weight minus initil weight nd Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) s feed intke divided y weight gin. Sttisticl nlysis: Dt were sujected to nlysis of Vrince (ANOVA) for completely rndomized lock designs using the Generl Liner Models (GLM) procedure of Sttisticl Anlysis System (SAS, 2010). Significnt mens were seprted using the Tukey's studentized rnge (HSD) test. All sttements of sttisticl differences were sed on p<0.05 unless noted otherwise. The following mthemticl model ws used: Yijk = µ+ti+bj+eijk where: th th Yij is the record on the j ird from the i dietry tretment µ is the generl men common to ll oservtions th Ti is the effect of the i dietry tretment (I = 1,2,3,4) Bj is the fixed effect of lock (j = 1, 2, 3) eijk re the rndom effects peculir to ech tretment RESULTS Nutrient composition: The nutrient contents of the four experimentl diets re presented in Tle 3. The diets were close in terms of their nutrient contents. As for DM, sh, clcium nd phosphorous, the nutrient contents were similr. Feed intke: Chicks given diet with 0% MOLM hd higher (p<0.05) weekly feed intke thn the other three tretments (T2, T3 nd T4). Weekly feed intke for tretments T3 nd T4 were similr (p>0.05) nd were lower thn tht for T2 tretment (Fig. 1). Weekly FCR/chick: The FCR ptterns for tretment 1 to 3 were lmost similr. T4 experienced negtive FCR etween eleven dys nd thirteen dys. T1 nd T2 mintined firly constnt FCR from week 3 to week 8. There ws more vrition in FCR in T3 nd T4. Weekly ody weight gin: There were fluctutions in weekly ody weight gin s chicks suffered weight losses t some stges of growth. All tretments experienced some weight losses during the first week nd gined some weight, except for tretment 4, etween week 2 nd 3 (Fig. 2). The effects of Moring oleifer lef mel inclusion in the diets on weekly live ody weight (WLBW) of growing indigenous chicks s illustrted in Fig. 2, shows tht from the 1st to 4th week of ge, the WLBW of chicks in ll dietry tretments incresed similrly, with no significnt (p>0.05) differences in chicks fed different diets. From the 5th week until the end of the experiment (8 weeks old), the WLBW dvntge of irds fed 0% MOLM diet ws mintined followed y those fed diet contining 5% MOLM. The chicks on 10 nd 15% MOLM diet recorded similr ut significntly (p<0.05) lower WLBW from week the 5 to 8th week thn chicks on 0-5% MOLM. Feed hd significnt effect (p<0.05) on weekly weight gin nd feed intke (Tle 4). T1 hd significntly higher weight gin compred to T2, T3 nd T4. Similrly, there ws significnt difference in weekly feed intke from T1 when compred with the rest of the other three tretments. There ws however no significnt difference in FCR mongst the three tretments, T1, T2 nd T3. However, the FCR from T4 ws significntly lower thn the rest of the tretments. Stge of growth hd significnt effect (p<0.05) on weekly weight gin. The rte of weekly weight gin from week one to week four ws lower thn tht of week five to seven where irds hd greter weight gin. The rte of weight gin slowed down during week eight. Weekly feed intke ws lmost similr throughout except for week four to five which hd significntly high (p<0.05) feed intke compred to the rest of the weeks. There ws no significnt difference in weekly FCR throughout the growth period of eight weeks. DISCUSSION Nutrient composition of experimentl diet: The CP content of Moring oleifer tht ws used in the experimentl diet (28%) ws slightly lower thn CP 147

4 Tle 3: Chick strter msh nutrient composition Smple Dietry Nutrient vlues code tretments DM ASH CP CF Clcium Phosphorus T1 (0%MOLM) T2 (5%MOLM) T3 (10%MOLM) T4 (15%MOLM) Tle 4: Effects of feed on performnce of indigenous chicks fed on four grded MOLM supplements Prmeters 0% MOLM (SE) 5% MOLM (SE) 10% MOLM (SE) 15% MOLM (SE) Averge weekly weight gin (g) (6.467) (4.497) (4.7710) (5.286) Averge weekly FCR (FI/WG) 4.53 (3.205) 4.47 (3.12) 2.82 (3.13) (3.151) Averge weekly feed intke (g) (11.734) (8.16) (8.657) (9.592) NB: Mens in the sme row with different superscripts re significntly different t p<0.05 Fig. 1: Averge weekly feed intke/chick Feed intke: Feed intke ws significntly higher in tretment one which hd 0% MOLM thn in the other three tretments (T2, T3 nd T4). Tht ws in contrst to findings y Kkengi et l. (2007) who reported tht dietry M. olifer lef mel levels of up to 5% did not show ny significnt effect on feed intke. The vrince in intke etween this study nd other studies could e ttriutle to the fct tht the MOLM CP content used in this study ws slightly lower thn the one used in y Kkengi et l. (2007) nd tht could hve hd n influence on the feeding centres of chicks. Weekly feed intke for tretments T3 nd T4 were similr since they fell within the sme rnge. Tht grees with Kkengi et l. (2007) who oserved, in relted studies, no difference in feed intke in lyer hens fed diets contining 10 nd 20% levels of M. oleifer lef mel, ut rther incresed feed intke ws noted in oth inclusion rtes. There ws however incresed feed intke for ll tretments s from week five. Tht could hve een sign tht chicks hd cclimtized to the feed nd lso tht MOLM hve low nti- nutritionl fctors nd toxic sustnces tht could reduce feed intke over time. The leves of M. oleifer re reported to hve negligile mounts of tnnins (14 g/kg DM) nd condensed tnnins were not detectle (Mkkr nd Becker, 1996). The mesured levels of tnnins in MOLM diet ws 1.3 to 2.7%. Moreover cynogenic glycoside nd glucosinoltes were not detected in leves of M. oleifer (Mkkr nd Becker, 1997). Averge weekly weight gin: Significnt differences in weekly weight gin were oserved etween chicks fed on diet with 0% MOLM nd the rest of the tretments. T2, T3 nd T4 did not show significnt differences in weekly weight gin. The findings of the present study greed with those of Du et l. (2007) who reported no significnt Fig. 2: Weekly totl weights per tretment difference in growth performnce of 3 weeks old roilers (Aror Acres) tht were fed on diets supplemented with vlues found y Soliv et l. (2005) of 32.1% of CP for 5, 10 nd 20% levels of M. oleifer lef mel. There ws M. olifer leves. The CP contents for the diets vried show ever fluctutions in weekly weight gin which etween 19 to 20.15%. As for DM, sh, clcium nd indicted weight losses t some stges of growth. All phosphorous, the nutrient contents were similr for ll chicks suffered some weight losses during the first tretments. week nd showed n upwrd weight gin, except for 148

5 tretment 4, etween week 2 nd 3. The insignificnt discrepncies oserved in the weekly weight gin of chicks fed on diets contining MOLM lef mel supplements might e explined, ccording to Mkkr nd Becker (1997), y the presence of high pepsin solule nitrogen (82-91%), low cid detergent insolule protein (1-2%) nd low nti-nutritionl fctors (1.3 to 2.7% tnnins) in Moring lef mel. Tht suggests tht the protein in Moring oleifer lef is redily ville to most nimls nd more suitle to monogstric nimls (Kkengi et l., 2003). Some steep weight gin ws experienced etween weeks 4 to 6 except for T3 on 10% MOLM. The rpid weight gin my e ttriuted to incresed voluntry feed intke. Weekly FCR: There ws no significnt difference in weekly FCR throughout the rooding period for eight weeks. The FCR ptterns for T1, T2, T3 nd T4 were lmost similr despite the fct T4 experienced some negtive FCR etween eleventh nd thirteenth dy of growth. Insignificnt vrition in FCR might lso e due to the influence of other sustnces such s the high levels of vitmins in MOLM diet, which help to improve the efficiency of feed utiliztion of chicks (Coon, 2002). Relted to findings of this study, Nworgu nd Fsogon (2007) oserved incresed FCR in growing pullets fed diets contining 2, 4 nd 6% C. puescens lef mel. Reduced FCR were recorded in diets contining greter thn 20% lef mel s ws reported y Kkengi et l. (2007) tht low feed utiliztion ws noted in lyers fed 20% levels of M. oleifer lef mel. Tht could e ttriuted to reduced voluntry feed intke with incresing inclusion levels of lef mels tht tends to contin high energy levels. Tht is in line with Mkkr nd Becker (1996, 1997) who indicted tht voluntry feed intke is explined firstly y ME content nd secondly y the pltility of diets. Voluntry feed intke eing primrily energetic in poultry, Moring oleifer lef mel sed diets re more energetic nd re therefore less consumed thn control diets. The slight nt nutritionl fctors give slight itter tste with incresed lef mel inclusion nd therefore reduce pltility nd susequent voluntry feed intke. Weekly totl weights: Totl weekly weight gin during the first four weeks ws significntly different from week five to seven, ut similr to week eight. There ws grdul growth rte during the first four weeks s chicks prtitioned their nutrients towrds skeletl development insted of putting much weight through muscle development. A steep growth rte ws oserved from week five to week seven, which ws followed y reduced growth rte in week eight. However, weekly feed intke ws lmost similr throughout the growth period. Tht helps to explin the reson for n lmost sigmoid growth curve tht ws otined. The weekly totl weights otined t week eight in 0 nd 5% MOLM of 400 nd 200 g re closer to 505 nd 296 g live weight otined t week eight in indigenous chickens in Senegl y Missohou et l. (2002). Conclusions: Indigenous chicks fed on Moring oleifer lef mel t n inclusion level of 5% nd 10% performed eqully well when compred to chicks fed on conventionl feed up to four nd hlf weeks. After four nd hlf weeks, the conventionlly fed chicks outperformed T2, T3 nd T4. Tretment 2 gve etter performnce thn T3 nd T4, therefore 5% MOLM could e fed to indigenous chicks nd give good chick growth performnce. Recommendtions: Indigenous chicks fed MOLM diet contining 5% inclusion level performed eqully well in terms of feed intke nd growth performnce when compred to those fed on conventionl diet contining soyen only s protein source. The study therefore recommends 5% MOLM inclusion level in indigenous chicks diet. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors re gretly indeted to the University of Zimwe s niml science deprtment for providing metolic cges for the experiment, l fcilities for feed nlysis nd technicins for dt collection. Mny thnks goes to the fmily of Mr nd Mrs Rng who provided indigenous dy old chicks from their poultry project nd Bindur University of Science Eduction for supporting this project finncilly. REFERENCES Agriculturl Reserch Council, Five yers rolling strtegic pln ( ). Agriculturl Reserch Council, Hrre, Zimwe. Alm, J., Impct of smllholder livestock development in some selected res of rurl Bngldesh. Livest. Res. Rurl Dev., 9. Alemu, Y. nd D. Tdelle, The sttus of poultry reserch nd development in Ethiopi. Reserch Bulletin No. 4. Poultry Commodity Reserch Progrm Dere Zeit Agriculturl Reserch Center, Alemy University of Agriculture, Ethiopi. pp: 62. Coon, N.C., Digestion nd metolism. In: Bell, D.D. nd Wever, W.D. (eds). Commercil chicken met nd egg production, 5th Ed. Springer Sci. Bus. Med. Inc. USA., Doviet, M., Effect of supplementtion, reed, seson nd loction on feed intke nd performnce of scvenging chickens in Vietnm. PhD thesis. Swedish Univ. Agri. Sci., 45. Du, P.L., P.H. Lin, R.Y. Yng, Y.K. Fn nd J.C. Hsu, Effects of dietry supplementtion of Moring oleifer on growth performnce, lood chrcteristics nd immune response in roilers. J. Chinese Soc. Anim. Sci., 36:

6 FAO, Humn nutrition in the developing world. Moreki, J.C.R. Dikeme nd B. Porog, The role of Lthm M.C. FAO food nd Nutr., 29. villge poultry in food security nd HIV/AIDS FAO, Production Yer Book, FAO, Rome, 40: 226. mitigtion in Choe District of Botswn. Livest. FAO, World griculture towrds 2015/2030. Rome, Res. Rurl Dev., 22. Itly. Muchdeyi, C., Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Kkengi, A.M.V., M.N. Shem, S.V. Srwtt nd T. Fujihr, Zimwe Villge Chicken Eco-types. KAAD, Cn Moring olifer e used s protein Germny, supplement to ruminnts? Asin Aust. J. Anim. Sci., Nworgu, F.C. nd F.O. Fsogon, Centrosem 18: (Centrosem puescens) lef mel s protein Kkengi, A.M.V., J.T. Kijge, S.V. Srwtt, S.K. supplement for pullet chicks nd Growing pullets. Mutyo, M.N. Shem nd T. Fujihr, The Int. J. Poult., 6: effect of Moring olifer lef mel s sustitute for Odunsi, A.A., Assessment of Ll lef mel s unflower seed mel on performnce of lying hens feed ingredient nd yolk colouring gent in the diet in Tnzni Livest. Res. Rurl Dev., 19. of lyers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2: Kingori, A.M., J.K. Tuitoek, H.K. Muiruri, A.M. Wchir nd SAS, SAS User guide: Sttistics (Version 10) SAS E.K. Birech, Protein Intke of Growing institute Inc., Cry, NC. USA. Indigenous Chickens on Free- Rnge nd Their Soliv, C.R., M. Kreuzer, N. Foidl, G. Foidl, A. Mchmüller Response to Supplementtion. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: nd H.D. Hess, Feeding vlue of whole nd extrcted Moring olifer leves for ruminnts nd Mkkr, H.P.S. nd K. Becker, Nutritionl vlue their effects on ruminl fermenttion in vitro. Anim. nd ntinutritionl components of whole nd Feed Sci. Technol., 118: ethnol extrcted Moring oleifer leves. Anim. Tdelle, D., C. Kijor nd K.J. Peters Indigenous Feed Sci. nd Technol., 63: chicken ecotypes in Ethiopi, growth nd feed Mkkr, H.P.S. nd K. Becker, Nutrient nd nti utiliztion potentil. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2: qulity fctors on different morphologicl prts of Wilson, R.T., A. Trore, H.G. Kuit nd M. Slingerlnd, Moring tree. J. Agri. Sci., 128: Livestock production in centrl Mli: Missohou, A., P.N. Dieye nd E. Tlki, Rurl Reproduction, growth nd mortlity of domestic fowl poultry production nd productivity in Southern under trditionl mngement. Trop. Anim. Helth Senegl. Livest. Res. Rurl Dev., 14. nd Prod., 19: Mohmed Sleem, M.A. nd Ate Tedl, Feed improvement to support intensifiction of ruminnt production system in Ethiopin highlnds. In: Proceedings of the 3rd nnul Conference of the Ethiopin Society of Animl Production (ESAP), April 27-29, 1994 Addis A, Ethiopi. 150