Evaluation of Toasted, Cooked and Akanwu-Cooked Sword Bean Meal in Place of Soya Bean Meal in Broiler Starter Diets

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 7 (5): , 2008 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2008 Evlution of Tosted, Cooked nd Aknwu-Cooked Sword Ben Mel in Ple of Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets A.H. Akinmutimi, G.S. Ojewol, S.F. Asiekong nd O.C. Onwudike Deprtment of Non-Ruminnt Animl Prodution, College of Animl Siene nd Animl Prodution, Mihel Okpr University of Agriulture, Umudike, P.M.B 7267, Umuhi, Ai Stte, Nigeri Astrt: In 4-week feeding tril, evlution of vriously proessed sword en (tosted, ooked nd knwu-ooked) mel in ple of soyen mel ws rried out using 120 dy old Ank roiler hiks. They were rndomly ssigned to 4 experimentl diets, given 30 irds per tretment group in ompletely rndomized design. Eh tretment hd 3 replites of 10 irds eh. Diet 1 ws soyen sed (ontrol), while the test feed stuffs quntittively repled 18.18% of soyen mel mking 5% of the totl diets in diets 2, 3, nd 4. Feed intke, weight gin, rss qulity, lood onstituents nd histopthologil effets were evluted. Broiler hikens pled on tosted nd knwu-ooked diets (diets 3 nd 4 respetively) hd poor growth performne tht ws signifintly (P<0.05) different from those fed ooked diet (diet 2) nd ontrol diet (diet 1). Feed-intke vlues were (36.43, 36.13, 33.88, 27.18), weight gin vlues were (16.75, 15.08, 11.01, 11.45), feed-to-gin rtio (2.18, 2.4, 2.94, 2.54) nd gross mrgin (N137, N141.04, N74, N100.93). Cut-prts showed no signifintly (P>0.05) differene exept for k ut in fvour of diet 2. Signifint differenes were otined only mong vlues for kidney nd liver, with diet 2 ompring fvourly with the ontrol diet. For hemtologil vlues, the PCV for D3 nd D4, HB for D3, RBC for D3, MCV for D3 nd D4, MCHC for D3 nd D4, nd MCH for D3 nd D4 were not within the norml rnge estlished for roiler hikens. Wheres diet 2 vlues for these prmeters were within the norml rnge nd ompred fvourly with the ontrol diet. Vlues for ure, retinine nd gloulin were signifintly (P<0.05) different from one nother. Diet 2 hd the lowest vlue (12.33mg/dl) for ure nd diet 3 hd the highest vlue (30.467mg/dl), the retinine vlues for diet 1 nd 2 were signifintly lower thn tht of diets 3 nd 4. The gloulin vlue fvoured diet 2. Bsed on the ove result, ooked sword en mel ompred fvourly with ontrol diet nd hene, diet 2 is reommended. Key words: Evlution, proessed sword ens, roiler irds, soyen mel Introdution In Nigeri, the stte of nutrition of the popule is predominntly mrked y indequte protein intke oth in quntity nd qulity (Tiwo et l., 2005). Food nd griulturl orgniztion (FAO, 1992) reommended 27g s the niml protein dily requirement for humn eing. However, the intke per verge Nigerin is grossly indequte (3.24g niml protein / dy) (FAO, 1992). This shortge hs given rise to high pries of niml protein. Therefore, efforts should e direted towrds exploring ll resonle options to meet the reommended level t redued ost. Poultry prodution hs een suggested s mens of mssively produing niml protein euse of its short genertion intervl nd high growth rte (Essen et l., 2005). Nevertheless, the high ost of prodution involved due to high ost nd ompetition with mn nd industry for onventionl ingredients hs not mde this possile (Tiwo et l., 2005). This hs stimulted huge reserh interest fousing on the serh for lterntive low-ost feedstuffs. Suh reserh work hs een intensified in the lst dede with view to determine the effiieny of lterntive ingredients in terms of growth nd prodution (Agede, 2005). One of suh lterntive ingredients rih in protein nd whih is envisged would proly e ple of sustituting for the expensive soyen mel in the diet for poultry is sword en mel (NAS, 1979; Udediie, 1990; Akinmutimi et l., 2004). It thrives well on poor soils where most rops fil due to exellent dptility to extreme limti onditions. It yields out 4600kg seeds per hetre with rude protein ontent of out perent. It hs firly good mino id profile, rrely edile y mn nd of no industril usge (Udediie, 1990; Akinmutimi nd Asiekong, 1997; Akinmutimi et l., 2004). However like other grin legumes, nti-nutritionl ftors suh s phytin, tnnin, nvlin, on-nvlin-a, gierellins, hydroynide (Cynogeni glyosides), trypsin inhiitors et. hve een reported in rw sword en (NAS, 1979; Udediie 1990; Akinmutimi, 2003). This lls for detoxifition efore usge. Tosting, ooking nd ooking in knwu solution re ommon detoxifition methods mong rurl dwellers (Ew, 1999, Akinmutimi, 2001). This forms the sis of their usge in this study. The Ojetive of this study is to investigte the response of roiler irds fed diets ontining tosted, ooked nd 480

2 Akinmutimi et l.: Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets knwu-ooked sword en mel in ple of soy en mel with the im of hoosing the proessing tehnique whose end-produt seeds will ompre most fvourly with the onventionl soyen mel in ll prmeters onsidered. Mterils nd Methods Experimentl site: The experiment ws onduted t the live stok unit of the Mihel Okpr University of Agriulture, Umudike, Ai Stte, Nigeri. Feedstuffs nd proessing: The rw sword en seeds were purhsed from Agwntshi in Nssrw Stte of Nigeri while other feedstuffs nd mterils were ought from Umuhi nd A, ll in Ai stte of Nigeri. One prt ws ooked in wter for ninety minutes, prt ooked in 5% knwu solution for ninety minutes, prt tosted for out 10 minutes while the remining prt ws used in rw stte. They were oven o dried t out 60 C efore eing milled nd used for nlyses nd diets formultion. Experimentl diets nd omposition: Four diets were formulted (Tle 1) Diet 1 ws soyen sed nd it served s the ontrol. Cooked, tosted nd knwu ooked sword en mel repled soyen mel (weight to weight) in diets 2, 3 nd 4 t 18.18% (5% respetively). Experimentl Birds nd their Mngement: A totl of one hundred nd twenty dy old Ank reed roiler hikens purhsed from Owerri Imo Stte, Nigeri were rndomly llotted to the four tretment diets. There were 30 irds per tretment nd 10 irds per replite in ompletely rndomized design. The hiks were rooded in deep litter pen using wood shving s litter mteril. Soure of het ws kerosene stove under glvnized metl hovers nd dditionl light ws supplied using kerosene lnterns during the night to serve s soure of het nd illumintion. In order to prevent old during the rooding period whih lsted for 2 weeks, lk trpulin loth ws used to over the wire netting prt of the uilding. Neessry routine vintions nd meditions were dministered. Dt olletion: The irds were weighed t the eginning of the experiment nd susequently weekly in order to mesure verge weight. Feed-to-gin rtio ws lulted y dividing the verge feed intke y the verge weight gin while perent mortlity ws lulted y dividing the numer of ded irds y the numer of irds strted with, ll multiplied y hundred. Eonomis of the diet/gross mrgin ws evluted using the method of Soniy et l. (1986). Crss qulity ws evluted s desried y Akinmutimi et l. (2004). For lood hemtology nd Tle 1: Composition of the tretment diets ontining sme levels of differently proessed sword en fed t strter phse levels of proessed sword en 5% 0% 5% 5% Aknwu Ingredients Contro Cooked Tosted ooked Mize Soyen Sword ens Blood mel Plm Kernel Cke Fish mel Bone mel Oyster shell Vitmin premix Slt Methionine Lysine Totl Clulted omposition Crude Protein (%) Metolizle energy (kl/kg) *1kg of premix ontins: Vitmins A (5, l.u), Vitmin D3 (1, I.U), Vitmin E (16,000mg), Vitmin K3 (800mg), Vitmin B1 (1,200mg), Vitmin B2 (22,000mg), Niin (22,000mg), Clium pntothente (4,600mg), Vitmin B6 (2,000mg), Vitmin B12 (10mg), Foli id (400mg), Biotin (32mg), Choline hloride (200,000mg), Mngnese 948,000mg), Iron (40,000mg), Zin (32,000mg), Copper (3,400mg), Iodine (600mg), Colt (120mg), Selenium (48mg), Anti-oxidnt (48,000mg) lood hemistry evlution, ird per replite ws rndomly seleted nd led t the end of the tril y severing the jugulr vein. A set of lood smples were olleted into ottles ontining EDTA for hemtologil evlution while nother set of lood smples were olleted (without ntiogulnt) for lood hemistry evlution. Blood onstituent prmeters were determined s desried y Die nd Lewis (1991).. Chemil nd dt nlysis: Rw nd proessed sword en mel nd the experimentl diets were nlyzed for proximte omposition nd gross energy ording to methods of A.O.A.C (1990). All dt were sujeted to nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) while mens with signifint differenes were seprted using Dunn s Multiple Rnge Tests (Dunn, 1955). Results nd Disussion The results of the proximte omposition nd gross energy of the experimentl diets nd the test feedstuffs is s shown in Tle 2. There were oservle differenes in the omposition of the experimentl diets nd the test feedstuffs. The differenes oserved mong the experimentl diets re not surprising sine the diets were not formulted to e iso-lori nd iso-nitrogenous. The differenes oserved in the proximte omposition of the test feedstuffs is due to proessing (Apt, 1990). The result of growth performne of oiler irds fed differently proessed sword en (5% ooked, 5% 481

3 Akinmutimi et l.: Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets Tle 2: Proximte omposition of experimentl diets nd test feedstuffs Determined 0% 5% 5% 5% Cooked Tosted Aknwu omposition(%) Control ooked tosted Aknwu seeds seeds ooked Crude Protein Ether Extrt Crude Fire Ash Nitrogen-Free Extrt Dry mtter GE (kl/g) Tle 3: Growth performne of roiler irds fed differently proessed sword en mel in roiler strter diet Proessing tehniques D1 ontrol D2 ooked D3 tosted D4 knwu ooked ±SEM Initil weight/ird (g) Finl weight/ird (g) Feed intke/ird/dy (g) Weight gin/ird/dy (g) Feed onversion rtio (g feed/g gin) % Mortlity Gross mrgin (N) tretment mens in the sme row with different supersript re signifintly different (P<0.05). tosted, nd 5% knwu ooked) is presented In Tle tehniques. The residul nti-nutrient ounts for the 3. slight inferiority of the feed intke of the irds pled on There ws signifint (P<0.05) differene etween the ooked sword en mel when ompred with the irds tretment mens for ll prmeters, with the exeption pled on ontrol diet. The signifintly different (P<0.05) of the feed onversion rtio nd perentge mortlity. vlue of the ontrol diet from diets ontining tosted The feed intke for the ontrol diet ws signifintly seeds nd knwu ooked seeds even t 5% dietry (P<0.05) different from tht of diet 4 (knwu-ooked) level of inlusion for weight gin ould e ttriuted to while the weight gin ws signifintly different from poor feed intke for irds pled on ount ooked oth diets 3 nd 4 (feed intke, , 33 88, 27.8) mel (Melnsho et l., 1987; Akinmutimi, 2001) nd the (weight gin, 16.75, nd 1145). The lower effet of residul nti-nutritionl ftors suh s tnnin, feed intke of irds fed knwu-ooked sword en is in ynogeni glyosides trypsin inhiitors nvnine, line with the report of Akinmutimi (2001) who reported on-nvnine-a et. on the nutrient utiliztion nd signifint derese in feed intke of young roiler irds growth for irds pled on oth knwu ooked mel fed Aknwu ooked lim en mel even t 5% dietry nd tosted mel. (Mrlett, 1989; Ologhoo et l., 1993; level of inlusion. He ttriuted this to the inility of D mello nd Devndr, 1995). knwu to ompletely detoxify the nti-nutrient Cynide for exmple, hs een reported to depress omponents of the seed to sfe\tolerle level. protein utiliztion nd hene, poor weight gin, euse Tnnin for exmple, hs een reported to redue feed dietry methionine ould e moilized vi the rhodnese intke even t 2% onentrtion (Vohr et l., 1966; pthwy for ynide detoxifition, to the innouous Griffiths nd Thoms, 1981; Olumu, 1995). Bsed on the thioynte. In suh irumstnes dietry protein degree of detoxifition of nti-nutrients (tnnin, phytin, qulity is ompromised, resulting in poor performne trypsin inhiitor nd ynogeni glyosides) in rw (Ologun et l., 1998). Also, trypsin inhiitors hve een sword en s reported y Akinmutimi (2004), the diet ssoited with growth retrdtion (Aiol nd Sogunke, ontining tosted sword en seed ws supposed to 1998). The lower weight gin for diet ontining tosted hve the lest feed intke, ut the higher vlue of feed seeds despite resonle feed intke vlue ould e intke (33.88) thn the vlue of the diet ontining minly ttriuted to poor nutrient utiliztion s result of knwu-ooked sword en (27.18) ould e ttriuted ineffetiveness of tosting in detoxifition of to low metolizle energy vlue of the diet ontining nti-nutrients to tolerle level. (Akinmutimi, 2004) tosted sword en, nd hene high feed intke, sine This is onfirmed y its highest vlue for feed onversion the irds et to meet their energy requirements rtio. The level of poor performne of the irds is in line (Emenlon nd Udediie, 1998). Cooked sword en with Udediie nd Oji (1992); Emenlon nd seeds were etter detoxified reltive to other proessing Udediie (1998); who reported poor weight gin of irds tehniques s reported y Akinmutimi (2004), whih fed with tosted Jk en nd Muun Puriens perhps explins etter feed intke thn other diets respetively. This ws ttriuted to ineffetiveness of formulted from the produts of other proessing tosting in detoxifition of the nti-nutrients in the sid 482

4 Akinmutimi et l.: Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets Tle 4: Cut-prts expressed s perentge dressed weight of differently proessed sword en mel in roiler strter diet Control Cooked Tosted Aknwu Cooked ±SEM Live weight (g) Dressing perentge Thigh Drum stik Wing Brest ut Bk ut tretment mens in the sme row with different supersript re signifintly different (P<0.05). legumes. The poor performne of irds pled on The orgn weight expressed s perentge dressed knwu ooked sword en mel (diet 4) even t 5% weight of roiler hikens fed differently proessed dietry level of inlusion is t vrine with the report of ens is s represented in Tle 5. Akinmutimi (2001) who reported 5% dietry level of There ws no signifine differene (P>0.05) mong ll knwu ooking eing sfe for lim en, nother grin prmeters mesured, with the exeption of liver nd legume. The differene my e due to different kidney. This ould e ttriuted to the effet of nti-nutritionl ftors present in the ens nd hene, proessing on the nti-nutrients. The ffeted orgns different degree of nutrient- utiliztion. Birds fed with 5% liver nd kidney re mjor detoxifition orgns dietry level of ooked sword en diet ompred (Ologhoo et l., 1993; Ukhukwu, 2000) nd hene fvourly with those pled on soyen diet. This my enlrgement nd inrese in weight s result of e due to etter vilility of mino id s result of inrese in tivity of the orgns to detoxify residul moist heting sine moist het tretment mkes mino nti-nutrients due to poor detoxifition of nti-nutrients id more ville in Muun onhinhinesis nother y the proessing tehniques employed in the sword grin legume (Onwukwe, 2000). This result is lso in en seed s reported y Akinmutimi (2004). For liver, line with the work of Udediie (1990) who reported ontrol diet nd the diet ontining ooked seeds were good weight gin of young roiler irds fed 10% sword signifintly different (P<0.05) from diets ontining ens. It is lso in ordne with the reports of tosted seeds nd knwu-ooked seeds, still Udediie nd Nkwoh (1990), Udediie (1990) nd onfirming the effet of the degree of perentge Oywoye et l. (1999), who reported tht 10% dietry redution of nti-nutrient y the proessing tehnique. level of ooked jk en (Cnvli ensiformis), Aknji et l. (2003) reported tht ny proessing method losely relted legume produed no deleterious effet tht ould not ompletely remove trypsin inhiitors on weight gin. tively ould lso not led to omplete removl of The 0% (zero perent) mortlity for the proessed seeds hemglutinin (on-nvnine-a) het stle reveled tht the residul nti-nutrients is within nti-nutrient nd of ourse nvnin, nother relted tolerle level. The gross mrgin for ontrol diet ws het stle nti-nutrient (Oywoye et l., 1999). higher thn tht of diets 3 nd 4 ut lower thn tht of Cnvnin hs een reported to use liver hypertrophy, diet 2. This my e the produt of fvorle weight gin, this eing n nlogue of rginine, it n t s n moderte feed ost nd good mrket prie of irds fed ntgonist in the metolism of rginine nd interferes diet ontining 5% ooked sword en mel. The ove with norml prodution of liver proteins, impiring liver result shows tht in evluting the different proessing funtioning nd produing hypertrophi effet, leding to tehniques, ooking (diet 2) ompred fvorly with the n inrese in weight (Oywoye et l., 1999). The vlues ontrol diet (diet 1). Hene, ooking is hosen s the of kidney for diets 1, 2 nd 4 were signifintly different est proessing tehnique. from tht of diet 3, whih showed higher nti-nutritionl Tle 4 shows the ut prts s perentge dressed ftors in the diet formulted from seeds sujeted to weight of roiler strter irds fed vriously proessed tosting proessing tehnique. The weight of the kidney sword en. of irds fed diet 2 were slightly lower tht of diet 4 There ws signifint (P<0.05) differene for the vlues though not sttistilly different, still inditing the effet of k ut only nd this did not follow ny speifi of the degree of differene in the nti-nutrients in the pttern tht ould e ttriuted to the effet of the test seeds sujeted to these proessing tehniques. diets. This shows tht ny of the diet ould e The inrese in weight of the kidney grees with the reommended for ut prts. This is onfirmed y the report of Ologhoo et l. (1993) who reported inrese good dressing perentge for ll the diets, signifying in the weight of kidney of roiler hiken fed rw lim good edile portion of live weight s opposed to inedile en nd lim en frtions. They ttriuted this to the offls (Oluyemi nd Roerts, 2000). On the verge, diet ft tht the key enzyme in ynide detoxifition ontining ooked seeds gve the est performne (Rhodense) is loted minly in the kidney. Therefore prtiulrly when solute vlues of thigh drumstik, the inresed tivities of the kidney might hve led to n wing nd k ut were onsidered. inrese in the weight of the kidney. From the ove 483

5 Akinmutimi et l.: Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets Tle 5: Orgn weight expressed s perentge dressed weight of differently proessed sword en mel in roiler strter diet Control Cooked Tosted Aknwu Cooked ±SEM Kidney Liver Spleen Hert Gizzrd Proventiulus Intestine tretment mens in the sme row with different supersript re signifintly different (P<0.05). result, diet 2 ontining ooked sword en mel The white lood ell vlues for ird pled on diet 1 ompred fvorly with diet 1 (ontrol diet) in ll prmeters onsidered nd hene it is reommended for orgn weight vlues. The hemtologil vlues of strter roiler fed the differently proessed en re s shown in Tle 6. There were signifint (P<0.05) differenes for ll the tretment mens for ll the prmeters onsidered, with the exeption of mens orpusulr hemogloin onentrtion (MCHC). The pked ell volume (PCV) for ontrol diet vries signifintly (P<0.05) from ll other diets with the exeption of diet ontining 5% ooked seeds. The vlues for ontrol diet nd diet ontining ooked seeds fll with the norml rnge of hemtologil vlues for roiler irds, s estlished y Mitruk nd Rwnsley (1977) Ross et l. (1978). The vlues for diets 3 nd 4, whih were produts from the feeding of tosted nd knwu ooked seeds, fll elow the norml rnge suggesting poor qulity of protein of the diets (Awoniyi, 2000). This my e due to toxi ftors s reported y Oywoye et l., (1999) in losely relted legume, Jk en (Cnvli ensiformis). There ws signifint (P<0.05) differene etween the ontrol diet (diet 1) nd ll the test- diets for HB vlues. However, ll vlues for hemogloin for ll the diets with the exeption of vlues for irds on diet 3 (tosted seeds) fll within the norml rnge s estlished y Mitruk nd Rwnsley (1977) nd Ross et l. (1978). This is refletion of poor detoxifition of the proessed seed y tosting. Oywoye et l. (1999) reported redution in the hemogloin vlues due to on-nvnin-a when nvli ensifermis, losely relted legume ws fed to roiler hikens. The low level of hemogoin for diet 3 suggests poor effiieny of oxygen trnsporttion nd hene poor tissue respirtion (Solomon et l., 1998). The vlues of red lood orpuses (erythroyte vlues) (RBC) follow similr trend, in tht they ll fell within the norml hemtologil rnge s estlished y Mitruk nd Rwnsley (1977) nd Ross et l. (1978), with the exeptions of irds fed on diet 3 (tosted seeds). This still onfirms the poor ility of the diet ontining tosted seeds to support lood formtion, nd eventully leding to poor growth. 484 (ontrol) nd 2 (ooked) were signifintly lower tht those of irds on diet 3 (tosted) nd 4 (knwu-ooked). The higher vlues for white lood ells ould e due to the effet of toxiity of the diets 3 nd 4 due to poor detoxifition of tosted seeds nd knwu-ooked seeds (Akinmutimi, 2004) used for the formultion of diets 3 nd 4. Hene, prodution of white lood ells to fight ginst the foreign sustne in the ody (Roerts et l., 2003). The vlues otined for mens orpusulr vlues (MCV), men orpusulr hemogloin (MCH) nd men orpusulr hemogloin onentrtion (MCHC) followed similr trend, suh tht diets 1 nd 2 fll within the norml rnge s estlished y Mitruk nd Rwnsley (1977) nd Ross et l. (1978) suggesting good qulity protein of the diets (Adeyemi et l., 2000). Vlues otined for diets 3 nd 4 were either ove or elow the norml rnge, estlished y Mitruk nd Rwnsley (1977) nd Ross et l. (1978). This my e due to poor vlues of HB, PCV, nd RBC, s pplied to eh of the diets, sine the vlue of MCH, MCV nd MCHC re funtions of the ove. The norml vlues suggest nutritionl indequy of the diet (Au et l., 1999; Onwukwe, 2000). All these proly explin the poor growth performne oserved for the irds pled on these diets. Bsed on the ove points, diets 2 (ooked seeds) is therefore reommended. The result of lood hemistry of irds fed the differently proessed sword en mel is s shown in Tle 7. There ws signifint (P<0.05) differene for the tretment mens for ll the prmeters mesured, with the exeption of lumin, totl protein nd lkline phosphtse. The retinine vlues for diets 1 (1.100) nd 2 (1.100) were signifintly (P<0.05) differently from tht of diets 3 (1.433) nd 4 (1.300) this implies nutritionl inferiority of the protein qulity of diets 3 (tosted seeds) nd 4 (knwu-ooked seeds) sine the higher the vlue of serum retinine, the lower the protein qulity of the test ingredient (Aletor et l., 1998). The gloulin vlues for the test diets were not signifintly (P>0.05) different from nother, signifying similr ility to fight ginst disese (Roerts et l., 2003).

6 Akinmutimi et l.: Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets Tle 6: Hemtologil vlues of strter irds fed differently proessed sword en mels Control Cooked Tosted Aknwu Cooked ±SEM PCV (%) d HB (g/100ml) RBC (x106/m 3) WBC (x106/m 3) MCV (mm 3) MCHC (pg) MCH (%) d tretment mens in the sme row with different supersript re signifintly different (P<0.05). Tle 7: Blood hemistry of roiler hikens fed differently proessed sword en mel in roiler strter diet Control Cooked Tosted Aknwu ooked ±SEM Ure (mg/dl) Cretinine (mg/dl) Alumin (g/l) Gloulin (g/l) Totl protein (g/l) Alkline phosphtse (ì/l) tretment mens in the sme row with different supersript re signifintly different (P<0.05). Considering the vlues of ure, retinine nd ppreile level of gloulin for diets 2, on the verge, diets 2 (ooked seeds) is reommended. Conlusion: Judging from the ove results, diet 2 (ooked seeds) is reommended Referenes Aiol, S.G. nd M.O. Sogunke, Effets of repling soyen mel with hthery wste mel on performne nd lood onstituents of okerels Nigerins Soiety for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings Aeokut, Au, O.A., J.S. Ro, A.A. Onifde nd C.B. Dnny, Blood omposition nd histologil hnges in the gstro intedtinl; trt of rits fed untreted rie husk sed diets. Nigerins Soiety for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings, Ilorin, Adeyemi, O.A., O.E. Fsin nd M.O. Blogun, Utiliztion of full ft jtroph seeds in roiler diet: in hemtologil prmeters nd lood hemistry. Nigerins Soiety for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings. Mihel Okpr University of Agriulture, Umudike, Agede, J.O., Performne Chrteristis nd Hemtologil Vriles of roilers fed diets ontining frog mel in ple of Fish mel proeeding of the first Nig E. Aknji, A.M., A.D. Ologhoo, I.A. Emiol nd O.S. Adedeji, The effet of vrious proessing on hemgluttinin nd other nti-nutritionl ftors in jken, Nigerins Soiety for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings, IARST, Idn, Akinmutimi, A.H. nd S.F. Asiekong, The role leguminous seeds in Monogstri niml nutrition Nig. J. Agri. Teh., G: Akinmutimi, A.H., The effet of potsh ooked lim en (phseolus Luntu) on roiler strter diets. Nig. Agri. J., 32: Akinmutimi, A.H., The effet of vrious proessing methods on Proximte gross energy nd minerl omposition of muunn utilizes seeds. Nigerins Soiety for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings, held t IARST, Idn, Akinmutimi, A.H., 2004 Evlution of sword en (Cnvli gldit) s n lterntive feed resoures for roiler hiken Ph, D disserttion, Mihel Okpr University of Agriulture. Akinmutimi, A.H., A.O. Aligwr nd S.F. Asiekong, The effet of quntittive replement of soy en mel with ooked nd tosted lim en mel on growth performne nd rss qulity vlues of roiler finisher irds. J. Agri. Biote. Environment.4: (1/2). Akinmutimi, A.H., E.U. Ew, G.S. Ojewol, F.C. Okoye nd S.F. Asiekong, Effet of Repling Soyen Mel with Lim Ben mel on Finishing Broiler Chiken. Glol J. Agri. Si., 3: 1-4. Aletor, V.A., J.O. Agele nd R.A. Soy, Hemtologil nd Biohemil spets of feeding roiler hikens onventionl or under utilizes protein soures Nigerins Soiety for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings, held t gte wy hotel Aeokut: A.O.A.C., Assoition of Offiil nlytil hemists. Method of nlysis (15th Edition) Pulished y the ssoition on offiil nlytil hemists Wshington D.C. Apt, D.F Nutritionl Biohemil nd Hemtologil prmeters of some tropil grin legumes. PH.D. Thesis. University of Idn:

7 Akinmutimi et l.: Soy Ben Mel in Broiler Strter Diets Awoniyi, T.A..M, V.A. Aletor, Adeyo nd B.O. Oyekunke, Onwukwe, C.C., The effet of lim ens Oservtion on some Erythroyte indies of (pheolus luntus) ooked With potsh (knwu) roiler-hiken rised on mggot mel-sed diets. on roiler finisher diet B s. Thesis Mihel Okpr NSAP Pro, Umudike, University of Agriulture, Umudike, 6: 25. Die, J.V. nd S.M. Lewis, Prtil hemtology Oywoye, E.O., N. Ogunknle, A.M. Bmgose nd K.E. 8th Edition Longmn Group Ltd London, Tiyi, Response of roiler to het treted D mello, J.P.E. nd Devndr, Tropil legumes jk ens (Cnvli ensiformi Nigerins Soiety in Animl Nutrition United Kingdom, for Anml Prodution (NSAP) proeedings. Ilorin, Dunn, D.B., Multiple rnges nd multiple tests, Biometri 11: Roerts, K.M., K.G. Dryl, A.M Peter nd W.R. Vitor, Emenlon, O.O. nd A.B.I. Udediie, Effet of Hrper s Biohemistry. 25th Edition, MC Dietry Rw Cooked nd Tosted Muun prurient Grw-Hill, New York, 25: seeds (velvet en) on the performne of finisher Ross, J.G., E. Christie, W.G. Hollding nd R.M. Jones, roilers. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 25: Hemtologil nd lood hemistry Essen, N.A., A.D. Ologhoo, S.O. Akpet, E.A. Ayuk nd omprison vlues for Clin. Pth. Poult. Vet. Re., L.A. Iom, Invitro Properties of Phyttes from 102: two miroil origins. The proeedings of the first Solomon, I.P., A. Monsi nd F.I. Zitt, Nigeri Interntionl Poultry Summit (NIPS) 20-25, Physiologil, hemtologil nd iohemil Fe, Ot Ogun Stte, Nigeri: 109. evlution of grss utter nd rit Proeedings of Ew, U.E., Evolution of the metolized energy Nigerin Soiety for Animl prodution, held t nd true digestile Protein of jk en (Cnvli Aeokut, pp: ensiformis) using Muory Duks (Crin Soniy, E.B., A.R. Willims nd S.A. Oni, A mosht) B. S Thesis, Mihel Okpr University Biologil nd Eonomi pprisl of roiler of Agriulture Umuidke, prodution up to 16 weeks. J. Anim. Si. Res., 6: FAO, Food nd Agriulturl orgniztion of the United Ntion Rome. The Stte of Food nd Tiwo, A.A, A.A. Adejuyige, A.A. Olisegun, M.B. Agriulturl: 42. Gdmosi, O.J. Oe nd E.A. Adeowle, Griffiths, M.L. nd A.T. Thoms, phytte nd totl Effet of vring levels of inlusion of soyen phosphorus ontent of field ens (Viif). J. residue on the performne of oiler finisher irds; Si. Food Agri., 34: Proeedings of the 30th Annul Conferene of Mrlett, M.A., Nitri oxide iosvnthesis nd Nigerin Soiety for Animl Prodution (NSAPp iologil signifine. Trengs in iohemil sienes 14: s..Melnsho, L., G. Btter nd D.M. Crlson, Dietry 20-24th Mrh University of Nigeri, Nsukk, Udediie, A.BI. nd C.O. Nkwoh, Comprtive tnnin s nd Slivry prline rih proteins study of Jk en nd Sword en s protein intertions indution nd defense Mehnisms Ann. Rev. Nutr., 7: Mitruk, B.M. nd H.M. Rwnsley, Clinil, Biohemil nd Hemtologil Referene vlue supplements for young roiler hiks. Agri. J., 24: Udediie, A.B.I., Jk en (Cnvnli ensiformis) mel in poultry diet sustinle rurl in Norml Experimentl Animl. Mson Pulishing poultry prodution in Agri. Proeeding of Compny New York, interntionl workshop held on June t the NAS, Ntionl Ademy of Siene tropil Interntionl Livestok Reserh Institute legume resoures for the future Wshington D. C, Ologun, A.G., A. Onifde, K.G. Aning, G.E. Onii, A.M. Ajo nd J.A. Aletor, Effets of long term feeding of sorghum rootlets on growth performne nd nitrogen utiliztion NSAP proeedings Aeokut, Ologhoo, A.D., A. Apt, A. Oyejide nd R.O. Akinpelu, A Comprison of protein frtion prepred from lim ens (pheolus Luntus) in strter diets. Animl Resoures, 4: Olumu, Non-ruminnt Animl Prodution. Jhem pulition, Nigeri, Oluyemi, J.A. nd F.A. Roerts, Poultry prodution Adis-A Ethopi, Udediie, A.B.I., Nutritionl evlution of jk en (Cnvnli ensiformis) for the Nigerin poultry industry Amio, 19: Udediie, A.D.I. nd C.W. Oji, Preliminry oservtions on the use of dry ure tretment nd tosted for improving the nutritive vlue of jk en Cnvli ensformis for young roiler hiks. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 19: Ukhukwu, S.N., Chemil nd Nutritionl evlution of Muun olinhinesis (Lyon s Ben) s n lterntive protein ingredient in Broiler diets. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nigeri, Nsukk, Vohr, P., T.H. Krtzer nd M.A. Joslysi, The in wrm wet Climtes, Mmilln Press, Ltd, growth depressing nd Toxi Effets of Tnnins to London: Chiks. Poult. Si., 45: