Extent to Which Crude Protein May Be Reduced in Corn-soybean Meal Broiler Diets Through Amino Acid Supplementation 1

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 3 (): 46-50, 004 Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion 004 Extent to Whih Crue Protein My Be Reue in Corn-soyen Mel Broiler Diets Through Amino Ai Supplementtion 3 Jinlin Si, C.A. Fritts, D.J. Burnhm n P.W. Wlroup Poultry Siene Deprtment, University of Arknss, Fyetteville, AR 770, USA 3 Ajinomoto Hertln Lysine In., Chigo, IL 6063, USA E-mil: Wlroup@urk.eu Astrt: This stuy ws onute to explore the extent to whih CP n e reue in orn-soyen mel roiler strter iets y mino i supplementtion while mintining equte performne. Using orn n soyen mel of known omposition, iets were formulte y liner progrmming using minimum of 07.5% of NRC (994) mino i reommentions. No minimum CP ws require; s eh mino i eme limiting rystlline soures were provie to meet the minimum speifition. In sequene these were Met, Thr, Lys, Vl, Ile, Arg, Phe, n Trp, resulting in eight tretments rnging from 6.6 to.48% CP. All iets ontine 0.3% soium ironte n 0.% luminum hyroxie s uffer n nti. Three itionl tretments utilize potssium sulfte to mintin minimum ietry eletrolyte lne (N + K - Cl) of 50 meq/kg. Eh tretment ws fe to twelve replite groups of six mle roiler hiks from to. Reuing CP elow 0% while proviing inispensle mino is resulte in signifint reution in oy weight (BW) n fee onversion rtio (FCR). Crue protein ontent of freeze-rie rsses eline n ft ontent inrese s iet CP erese. Fether ontent (tul weight or % of BW) ws not ffete until the CP ws reue to less thn 8%. Mintining ietry eletrolyte lne t 50 meq/kg in reue CP iets h no signifint effet on ny prmeter. Key wors: Broilers, rue protein, nitrogen pollution, rss ontent Introution Over the ourse of time, mino i supplements hve een wiely epte for use in poultry inustry. Beginning with the introution of methionine in the 950 s, followe lter y lysine n more reently threonine n tryptophn, nutritionists hve inorporte these mino is into poultry fees to provie these essentil mino is. As result, there hs een grul reution in the overll rue protein ontent of the iet. All initions point to further evelopment of fee-gre mino is tht my result in greter reution in rue protein ontent. One of the onerns fing the niml inustry is tht of wste isposl. Reution of nitrogen n phosphorous in niml wstes will e one of the primry onsiertions in the iet formultion in the ner future. This stuy ws esigne to explore the extent to whih overll ietry rue protein my e reue in ornsoyen mel se poultry iet y mino i supplementtion while mintining equte performne. Mterils n Methos Diet formultion: Diets were formulte se on severl ssumptions. First, we ssume tht the NRC (994) reommene mino i levels were equte. Seonly, we ssume tht ommeril nutritionists woul resonle mrgin of sfety to these reommentions. We lso ssume, se upon stuies with rystlline mino i iets, tht iets high in supplementl mino is woul enefit from supplementtion with soium ironte n luminum hyroxie s uffer n nti (Den n Sott, 965). With tht in min, iets were formulte to meet minimum of 07.5% of the NRC (994) mino i reommentions for the 0 to - roiler. All iets were supplemente with 0.3% soium ironte n 0.% luminum hyroxie s uffer n nti. No CP minimum ws speifie; iets were formulte with mino i supplementtion offere in turn to provie the minimum speifition s eh mino i eme limiting. In sequene these were Met, Thr, Lys, Vl, Ile, Arg, Phe, n Trp. This resulte in totl of eight ietry tretments (Tle ). Three itionl tretments were e in whih liquots of iets F, G, n H were supplemente with potssium sulfte to inrese the (N + K) - Cl rtio to pproximtely 50 meq/kg s suggeste y Mongin (98). Eh of these Pulishe with pprovl of the Diretor, Arknss Agriulturl Experiment Sttion, Fyetteville AR 770. Mention of tre nme, proprietry prout, or speifi equipment oes not onstitute gurntee or wrrnty y the University of Arknss n oes not imply its pprovl to the exlusion of other prouts tht my e suitle. 46

2 Tle : Composition (g/kg) of iets with reue rue protein levels CP (%) n st limiting mino i of eh iet A B C D E F G H Met Thr Lys Vl Ile Arg Phe Trp Ingreients (g/kg) Yellow orn Soyen mel (47.5%) Poultry oil Dilium phosphte Limestone Soium ironte Slt Broiler vitmins Aluminum hyroxie Tre minerls DL methionine L-Threonine L-Lysine Hl L-Vline L-Isoleuine L-Arginine L-Phenyllnine L-Tryptophn Provies per kg of iet: vitmin A (from vitmin A ette) 774 IU; holeliferol 04 IU; vitmin E (from l-lph toopheryl ette) 6.53 IU; vitmin B 0.03mg; rioflvin 6.6 mg; niin 39 mg; pntotheni i 0 mg; holine 465 mg; menione (from menione imethylpyrimiinol).5 mg; foli i 0.9 mg; thimin (from thimine mononitrte).54 mg; pyrioxine (from pyrioxine hyrohlorie).76 mg; -iotin mg; ethoxyquin 5 mg; Se 0. mg. Provies per kg of iet: Mn (from MnSO 4 H O) 00 mg; Zn (from ZnSO 4 7 H O) 00 mg; Fe (from FeSO 4 7 HO) 50 mg; Cu (from CuSO 4 5 H O) 0 mg; I (from C (IO 3) HO) mg. tretments ws fe to replite pens of six mle n en of the stuy. Mortlity ws heke twie ily; hiks of ommeril roiler strin. Diets were irs tht ie were weighe with the weight use to pellete n rumle to enhne fee intke. just fee onversion [FCR = totl fee onsume (weight of live irs + weight of e irs)]. At 8, Chiks n Housing: Dy-ol mle hiks of fees were ollete for one y on luminum foil n 4 ommeril roiler strin were otine from lol ple in freezer. The smples were then freeze-rie, hthery where they h een vinte in ovo for groun using mm sreen, n llowe to equilirte Mrek s virus n h reeive vintions for to mient temperture n humiity. Moisture n Newstle Disese n Infetious Bronhitis post hth nitrogen ontent of the smples were then etermine. vi orse spry. They were rnomly ssigne to Mixe iets were nlyze for rue protein, totl mino omprtments in eletrilly hete rooers with is, supplementl mino is, soium, hlorie, n rise wire floors. Six hiks were ple in eh of 3 potssium ontent. omprtments. The test iets n tp wter were Smples of irs (two per pen) from eh iet were provie for liitum onsumption. Continuous 4 hr sujete to n eight hr fst (wter ville uring fst) fluoresent lighting ws provie. n then proesse. Weight of the irs ws etermine just prior to slughter, fter fether removl Mesurements: Birs were group weighe y pen t (to estimte weight of fethers), n fter evisertion. n. Fee onsumption uring the perio ws Weight of viser n ominl ft p ws etermine y weighing the fee ontiner t the strt etermine (totl viser weight; weight of hert, liver, 4 Co 500. Co-Vntress, In., Silom Springs AR

3 Tle : Nutrient nlysis of iets with reue rue protein levels Dietry oe n st limiting mino i of eh iet A B C D E F G H Nutrient (%) Met Thr Lys Vl Ile Arg Phe Trp Crue protein (C) Crue Protein (A) Met (C) Met (A) Lys (C) Lys (A) Trp (C) Trp (A) Thr (C) Thr (A) Ile (C) Ile (A) His (C) His (A) Vl (C) Vl (A) Leu (C) Leu (A) Arg (C) Arg (A) Phe (C) Phe (A) Gly (C) Gly (A) Ser (C) Ser (A) Met + Cys (C) Met + Cys (A) Gly + Ser (C) Gly + Ser (A) Phe + Tyr (C) Phe + Tyr (A) N + K - Cl, meq/kg Clulte vlue. Anlyze vlue. n gizzr; weight of smll intestine). The efethere, eviserte rss ws frozen, groun, n susmples freeze-rie. The freeze-rie smples were nlyze for nitrogen n ft ontent. Dt nlysis: Pen mens serve s the experimentl unit. Dt were sujete to nlysis of vrine (SAS Institute, 99) s single ftor rrngement using the Generl Liner Moels proeure. The mens for tretments showing signifint ifferenes in the nlysis of vrine were ompre using the lest signifint ifferene proeure. The t of fel nitrogen ontent were sujete to regression nlysis using the PROC REG funtion of SAS (SAS institute, 99). All sttements of signifine re se on the 5% level of proility. Results n Disussion Anlyze vlues for CP n iniviul mino is were in goo greement with lulte vlues (Tle ). The effet of reue CP levels on live performne n rss hrteristis re summrize in Tle 3. The CP level h signifint effet on oy weight, fee onversion rtio, n rss omposition, ut not on mortlity. Reuing CP elow 0% while proviing reommene levels of inispensle mino is resulte in signifint reution in BW n inrese FCR. Further growth retrtion ws oserve when ietry CP ws erese lower thn 8%. The FCR remine unhnge when ietry CP reue from 8 48

4 Tle 3: Effets of iets with reue levels of rue protein on oy weight, fee onversion rtio (FCR), mortlity, n rss ontent of mle roiler hiks Diet Limiting Crue BW 0-0- Crss omposition Amino Protein (g) FCR mortlity i (%) (g:g) (%) Crue Crue protein (%) ft (%) A Met B Thr C Lys D Vl E Ile F Arg G Phe H Trp I As F + K J As G + K K As H + K Proility > F CV Perent of freeze-rie rss. Potssium e to provie ietry eletrolyte lne (N + K) - Cl) of 50. Meq/kg. 3 CV of trnsforme mens. Mens in olumn with unlike supersripts iffer signifintly (P < 0.05). Tle 4: Effet of iets with reue rue protein levels on evelopment of fethers n rss omponents Diet Limiting Crue Crss omponents Amino Protein i (%) Fethers Smll Intestine Gizzr Aominl Ft p Weight % of Weight % of Weight % of Weight % of (g) BW (g) BW (g) BW (g) BW A Met B Thr C Lys D Vl E Ile F Arg G Phe H Trp Proility > F CV Mens in olumns with unlike supersripts iffer signifintly ( P < 0.05) to 6% while theoretilly ll essentil mino is were inrese with the reution of ietry CP. Neither the equte. Crue protein ontent of freeze-rie weight nor the perentge of BW of other internl orgns rsses eline n ft ontent inrese s iet CP suh s hert n liver ws ffete y ietry CP level erese. Mintining the ietry eletrolyte lne t (t not liste). 50 meq/kg file to show ny signifint enefit on ny Fel nitrogen ontent signifintly erese in liner prmeters exmine exept for ominl ft (Tle 3). mnner with the reution of ietry CP with the ietry Dietry CP lso h signifint impt on fether CP rnging from 6.6 to.48% (Fig. ). No higher evelopment, viser evelopment, n ft p orer thn liner regression ws emonstrte to fit the formtion (Tle 4). Fether ontent (tul weight or % t. The regression moel is s follows: of BW) ws not signifintly ffete until the CP ws Y = 0.99X reue to less thn 8%. Though the perentge of where Y is fel nitrogen ontent (%); X is the ietry CP smll intestine n gizzr ws unffete y ietry CP, (%). For every one perent erese of ietry CP, there their weight erese signifintly when ietry CP ws out 0.3% less nitrogen exrete in the fees. As ws reue elow 8%. The ominl ft p, result, 3% reution of nitrogen exretion ws expresse s perentge of BW, ws signifintly oserve without ffeting growth performne, whih is 49

5 when ietry CP ws reue from.48 to 6.6%. Further work is neee to ientify speifi prolems ssoite with use of iets low in rue protein. Aknowlegments The ontriution of mino is n mino i ssys y Ajinomoto Hertln Lysine, In., Chigo IL is gretly ppreite. in lose greement with Shutte (994). He onlue tht in roiler hik iets se on orn-soyen mel with equte lysine n methionine, the protein level oul e reue.5 to % n the nitrogen exretion woul e reue y 5-0%. Reuing ietry CP to 0% while stisfying ll the essentil mino i requirements (NRC, 994) seeme to e threshol point for strting roiler hikens uner the onitions of this stuy, in greement with previous reports (Pinhsov et l., 990; Shutte, 994). There re mny ftors tht my ontriute to the filure of otining equivlent performne, inluing reue levels of potssium n/or ltere ioni lne, lk of suffiient nitrogen pool to provie for synthesis of nonessentil mino is, n imlne mong ertin mino is. However, mintining DEB t 50 meq/kg y ing potssium sulfte file to overome the growth retrtion t lower CP levels. Therefore n i-se imlne woul not pper to e n explntion for the reue performne. Inrese rss n ominl ft ws prolem ssoite with these lower CP iets fortifie with rystlline mino is, in greement with Lipstein et l. (975); Fnher n Jensen (989); Prr n Summers (99). One of the explntions for this phenomen is ssoite with the wiening of the energy:protein rtio (Brtov et l., 974; Summers n Leeson, 979). In this stuy, the energy: protein rtio rnge from 4 to 90 Referenes Brtov, I., S. Bornstein n B. Lipstein, 974. Effet of lorie to protein rtio on the egree of ftness in roilers fe on prtil iets. Br. Poult. Si., 5: Den, W.F. n H.M. Sott, 965. The evelopment of n mino i referene iet for the erly growth of hiks. Poult. Si., 44: Fnher, B.I. n L.S. Jensen, 989. Influene on performne of three to six-week-ol roilers of vrying ietry protein ontent with supplementtion of essentil mino i requirements. Poult. Si., 68: 3-3. Lipstein, B., S. Bornstein n I. Brtov, 975. The replement of some of the soyen mel y firstlimiting mino is in prtil roiler iets. 3. Effets of protein onentrtions n mino i supplementtion in roiler finisher iets on ft eposition in the rss. Br. Poult. Si., 6: Mongin, P., 98. Reent vnes in ietry niontion lne in poultry. Pges 09-9 in: Reent Avnes in Animl Nutrition. W. Hresign, e. Butterworths, Lonon, UK. Ntionl Reserh Counil, 994. Nutrient th Requirements of Poultry. 9 rev. e. Ntionl Aemy Press, Wshington, DC. Prr, J.F. n J.D. Summers, 99. The effet of minimizing mino i exesses in roiler iets. Poult. Si., 70: Pinhsov, Y., C.X. Menon n L.S. Jensen, 990. Broiler hik response to low protein iets supplemente with syntheti mino is. Poult. Si., 69: SAS Institute, 99. SAS User s Guie. SAS Institute In., Cry, NC. Shutte, B., 994. Controlling nitrogen pollution- Prtil pplition of free mino is in poultry iets. Fee Mix., : 8-3. Summers, J.D. n S. Leeson, 979. Composition of poultry met s ffete y nutritionl ftors. Poult. Si., 58: