Growth Rate, Some Plasma Biochemical and Amino Acid Concentrations of Barki Lambs Fed Ground Date Palm at Siwa Oasis, Egypt

Transcription

1 Americn-Eursin J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2012 DOI: /idosi.ejes Growth Rte, Some Plsm Biochemicl nd Amino Acid Concentrtions of Brki Lms Fed Ground Dte Plm t Siw Osis, Egypt M.S. Adel-Ftth, Aff A. Adel-Hmid, Ashgn M. Ellmie, M.M. El-Sherief nd M.S. Zedn Deprtment of Animl Physiology, Animl nd Poultry Production Division, Desert Reserch Centre, Al-Mtrey, Ciro, Egypt Astrct: The study ws designed to evlute the effect of prtil sustitution of ground yellow corn (GYC) in concentrte feed mixture (CFM) with ground dte plm (GDP) t 50% level weight y weight, s cheper energy source, on live ody weight (LBW), thyroid ctivity nd some plsm iochemicl prmeters of eighteen wened mle Brki lms tht were rised under Siw Osis conditions. Lms were dys of ge with verge ody weight 20.96±1.31 kg. Experimentl lms were llocted into two groups (9 in ech), the first group served s control while the other served s the treted one. The study lsted 244 dys during the period of April till Decemer. Live ody weight (LBW) ws recorded monthly. In plsm, glucose, mino cids (AA) profile, ALT nd AST enzymes, thyroid hormones (T 3nd T 4), totl plsm proteins (TP) nd plsm ure nitrogen (PUN) were determined monthly. The results indicted tht, lms fed diet contining GDP in CFM hd lower (P<0.01) men finl ody weight thn control ones eing vs kg. The corresponding verges of dily gin were vs g/d, respectively. As expected, the inclusion of GDP in CFM incresed (P<0.01) plsm glucose concentrtion to e in verge for the whole experimentl period mg/dl in treted lms while ws only mg/dl in control ones. Plsm glucose level incresed with dvncing ge nd incresing live ody weight in oth control nd treted groups, ut the rte of chnge ws 7.96 nd 20.76% for control nd treted groups, respectively. The vlue of lnine mino trnsferse nd sprtte mino trnsferse might e considered norml nd hd little reltionship with tretment. Results indicted tht inclusion of GDP in CFM while cused little increse in finl verge of TP concentrtion, it resulted in significnt decrese in PUN. There ws positive correltion etween thyroid hormones (T 3nd T 4) nd oth the ge of niml nd ody weight gin (P<0.01). However, tretment ws found to hve no effect on thyroid ctivity. The results reveled tht plsm totl essentil mino cids (TEAA), totl non-essentil mino cids (TNEAA) nd totl mino cids (TAA) were higher (P<0.01) for treted lms thn control ones. These trends were cler during the med nd end of experimentl period. The differences recorded were 23.37, 28.5 nd 26.25% t med period nd were 15.62, nd 15.95% t end of experimentl period. The effect of tretment ws mximized t med nd end of experimentl period on some individul AA, like vline, leucine, phenyllnine, lysine, proline, glutmic nd lnine. Key words: Brki lms Dte plm Live ody weight Thyroid hormones Liver function Plsm glucose nd mino cids INTROUCTION niml's feed conversion efficiency [1]. Dte fruit cn provide 2.67 Mcl/kg of digestile energy. In comprison, Dte wste contins crohydrtes nd minerls nd rley provides 3.06 Mcl/kg of digestile energy. is good source of energy, thus it my e possile to use Dtes contin pproximtely 78.5% dry mtter, 2.2% dte wste s n energy source for ruminnts. The vlue crude protein, 0.5% ft, 2.3% crude fier, 72.9% of energy in the diet nd the source of energy ffect the crohydrte nd 1.9% sh, So it cn supply 87% of Corresponding Author: Ashgn M. Ellmie, Animl Physiology Deprtment, Animl nd Poultry Production Division, Desert Reserch Centre, Al-Mtrey, Ciro, Egypt. 1166

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 the digestile energy provided y the sme unit of trditionl grin feed [2]. The nlysis of mino cids composition y HPLC instrument showed tht the dte plm extrct contins high concentrtion of Asprtic cid, Proline, Glycine, Histidine, Vline, Leucine nd Arginine, ut low concentrtion of Therionine, Serine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Phenyllnine nd Lysine nd very low concentrtion of Alnine [3]. In ddition, dtes contin ft comprising 14 types of ftty cids [4]. The flesh of dte contins % oil, where the seeds contin % oil. Unsturted ftty cids include Plmitoleic, Oleic, Linoleic nd Linolenic cids were found. The Oleic cid content of the seeds vries from 41.1 to 58.8% which suggest tht the seeds nd dte could e used s source of Oleic cid [5]. El-Nkhl et l. [4] stted tht dtes contin 15 types of slts nd minerls, protein with 23 different mino cids, six vitmins nd high percentge of dietry fier. Al-Doi et l. [6] stted tht discrded dtes re chrcterized y hving high totl digestile nutrients nd eing pltle for livestock. Feeding Sudnese desert lms on 5 nd 10% of dte pits for 45 dy period give good niml performnce s well s it hd lower cost [7]. Thus, the present study performed to evlute the effect of prtil sustitution (50%, weight/weight) level of ground yellow corn (GYC) with ground dte plm (GDP) in concentrte feed mixture (CFM) on live ody weight, plsm metolites profile nd thyroid ctivity of mle Brki lms t Siw Osis, Egypt. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site: This study ws performed t Siw Reserch Sttion (Tegzerty Experimentl Frm for Animl Production) which elongs to Desert Reserch Center (DRC), Egypt, during the period of April till Decemer (244dys). Geogrphiclly, Siw Osis lies etween longitudes nd E nd ltitudes nd N. It lies 330 km southwest of the Mediterrnen shoreline nd t 65 km est of Liyn orders. Siw Osis is chrcterized y desert climte. Mngement nd Experimentl Design: Eighteen of wened ( dys of ge) mle lms of Brki reed with verge live ody weight (LBW) of 20.96±1.31 kg, were used. The nimls were divided into two min groups (9 in ech). Animls were seprted in two sheltered enclosures nd fed in group feeding system. The first group served s control group (C) nd fed sl diet consisting of concentrte feed mixture (CFM), Tle 1: The composition of experimentl CFM for mle Brki lms during the study period Ingredients (%) Control Treted Ground yellow corn Ground dtes Cotton seed mel Whet rn Limestone Sodium chloride Minerl mixture Tle 2: Chemicl nlysis (%) of experimentl rtions Nutrients C T hy Dry mtter (DM) Orgnic mtter (OM) Crude protein (CP) Ether extrct (EE) Crude fier (CF) Ash C = control group T = treted group plus erseem hy (Alflf). The second group served s treted one (T) nd fed dte plm incorported in CFM in ddition to erseem hy. In Siw Osis, one of the dte plm vrieties (Phoenix dctelyfer L.) nmely Azzwi is clssified s unfit for humn consumption or in the nutritionl industries. It ws used in feeding frm nimls (sheep, got, cttle nd donkeys). Azzwi dte ws sun dried nd given to the nimls in intct form or crushed (with the seeds). In the present study, dried Azzwi dte ws ground nd used in prtil replcement (50%, weight/weight) of ground yellow corn (GYC) in CFM to e fed for treted group. Rtions were prepred monthly for oth control nd treted groups nd kept in continers mde of jute-sck (50kg cpcity). The two types of CFM contined essentil nutrients recommended for growing lms [8] nd their compositions re shown in Tle 1. The nutritionl requirements were djusted monthly ccording to Kerl [9]. Drinking wter ws offered d li twice dily. Control nd treted groups were offered their type of CFM llownce in two prts t 09:00.m. nd 04:00 p.m. dily. Rtions Chemicl Composition: Composite feedstuffs smples were tken nd undergone proximte nlysis ccording to the methods of A.O.A.C [10]. The chemicl nlysis showed tht Azzwi dte contined DM, OM, 7.19 CP, 6.65 EE, 4.56 CF nd 2.67 shes. Dt in Tle 2 showed men chemicl nlysis of the two types of rtions. 1167

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 Live Body Weight: Wening weight (WW) ws recorded for ll lms t the commencement of the study, then monthly nimls were weighed to the nerest 100 gm nd ody weight gin (expressed in grms per hed per dy) ws clculted. Blood Collection nd Biochemicl Anlysis: Blood smples were collected monthly vi jugulr venipuncture into 10ml test tues contined potssium oxlte nd sodium fluoride. Plsm smples were otined y centrifugtion t 3500 rpm for 20 min within n hour of collection. Plsm ws stored t - 20 C until chemicl nlysis. For metolites ssy, totl plsm proteins (TP, g/dl), plsm glucose (GLU, mg/dl), plsm ure nitrogen (PUN, mg/dl), lnine mino trnsferse (ALT, u/l) nd sprtte mino trnsferse (AST, u/l) ctivities were nlyzed using ville kits supplied y io Me'ricux-frnce. The mino cids were otined y cid hydrolysis nd determined y the method of Spckmn et l. [11] using Beckmn 119 CL mino cid nlyzer. The dt were computed utomticlly [12]. Plsm mino cids were determined on the initil, med. (t 4 months) nd end (t 8 months) of experimentl period. Five plsm smples from ech experimentl group were intended to hormonl ssy. The concentrtion of triiodothyronine (T 3, ng/ml) nd thyroxin (T 4, µg/ml) in plsm were determined monthly ccording to Brker nd Silverton [13] y using commercil kits supplied y Monoind Inc. Veterinry Cre: Throughout the experimentl period, nimls proved to e free from internl nd externl prsites. All nimls were kept under close clinicl oservtion nd were not exposed to either stresses or pthogens. Sttisticl Anlysis: Dt ws sttisticlly nlyzed using Completely Rndomized Design Model (CRD) procedure y SAS [14]. Duncn s multiple rnge tests ws used to determine the significnce of differences etween tretments mens [15]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Live Body Weight: Dt presented in Tle 3 summrizes the men vlues ± SE of live ody weight (LBW, kg) t respective ge, totl gin (TG, kg) nd the verge dily gin (ADG, g/h/d) for control nd treted groups of mle Brki lms throughout the study period (244 dys). The results showed tht the verge LBW t the Tle 3: Mens ± SE of live ody weight (LBW) chnges for mle Brki lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis LBW (kg) Age C T The difference, kg 4 months 21.17± ± months 28.36± ± months 33.06± ± months 39.33± ± months 43.83± ± months 46.78± ± months 50.22± ± months 53.50± ± months 58.13± ± TG,kg ADG, g/d C = control group; T = treted group, TG = totl gin, ADG = verge - dily gin : Vlues mrked with different letters in rw re significntly different ( = P<0.01). =P<0.01 etween C nd T, GDP = ground dte plm, CFM = concentrte feed mixture eginning ws 21.17±1.93 nd 20.75±2.07 nd reched to 58.13±2.82 nd 52.39±3.57 t the end of study for control nd treted groups, respectively. Accordingly, the computed ADG in LBW ws nd g/h/d for control nd treted groups, respectively. This result indicted tht, control group ws the etter in TG nd ADG compred with treted group. These results re not in line with numer of previous studies reported y Alhomidy et l. [16], Almitiry et l. [17], Al-Dee [18] nd El-Gsim et l. [19] this my e due to the difference in diet chrcteristics (Tle 2). For exmple; the crude protein (CP) of the diet offered to control group ws higher compred with the diet offered to treted group (16.14 vs %). This reduce in CP of diet given to treted group ws due to reduce of CP for GDP (7.91%) compred with CP for GYC (9.10%). The results indicted tht the elow level of crude protein in treted diets ws no ostcle to improve the weight gin in treted group during the experimentl period. Another reson for this difference my e due to the difference in initil weight (wening weight) etween control nd treted groups with round 420 grms. This difference in initil ody weight resulted significnt (P<0.01) increse with round 5.32 kg nd g/h/d in TG nd ADG, respectively for control group compred with treted group. Therefore, the difference in monthly gin of LBW remined lower for treted group thn control group throughout the experimentl period (Tle 3). Similr results for ody weight t wening were reported y Fehr [20], Ugur et l. [21] nd Memisi et l. [22] who found tht, kids wened with higher weights did not show ny hlt of growth fter wening, while the weight gin of the lightest lms lgged considerly. 1168

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 Previous studies, Alhomidy et l. [16], Al-Dee [18], El-Gsim et l. [19], Richter nd Becker [23], Shure [24], Al-Ani et l. [25], Hemeidn et l. [26] nd Al-Yousef et l. [27] reported tht, the inclusion of 11% nd 35% discrded dtes in the fttening rtion of lms nd 20% nd 60% dtes in the feed of young cmels [28] did not negtively ffect niml helth or productivity in sheep. Al-Dee [18] replced 10% nd 20% of the concentrte of Njdi lm diets with discrded dted nd significnt differences in the ody weight of the lms were not oserved. The discrepncies etween the results otined in the present study nd those reported in previous studies my e ttriuted to differences in the proportion of dtes, vrieties of dtes nd/or the individul components of feed concentrtes in the diets used, s well s to differences in the reed of nimls used nd in the durtion of study. Thyroid Glnd Activity: The min hormones secreted y the thyroid glnd re Thyroxin (T 4) nd Triiodothyronine (T 3). These hormones hve verstile role in regultion of tissue differentition, sl metolic rte vi the metolism of crohydrtes, lipids nd proteins [29]. As result, thyroid hormones re mong the importnt fctors tht hve gret impcts on metolism nd growth. The mens ± SE of plsm T 3 nd T4 concentrtions throughout the experimentl period re presented in Tle 4. The results indicted tht plsm T nd T concentrtion egn with similr vlues, eing ±0.29 vs. 1.26±0.32 ng/ml for T nd 5.46±0.44 vs ±0.45 µg/ml for T in control nd treted groups, 4 respectively. Concentrtions of oth hormones were within the rnge of pulished vlues for mmmls [30, 31]. The rte of chnge from strt to the end of experimentl period (Tle 4) in T concentrtion ws nd % for control nd treted groups, respectively. The corresponding vlues for T were nd 20.65%, 4 respectively. This increse in T might e due to the 3 deiodintion of T4into T 3 which would hve n dditive effect on T concentrtions. These results re in 3 ccordnce with Whisnnt et l. [32] who found tht higher serum T3concentrtions re proportionlly positive with growth in lms. Time course chnges in plsm T 3 nd T 4 concentrtions of control nd treted groups re shown in Figures 1 nd 2 nd indicted tht T3 concentrtion peked t the eleventh month of ge (Novemer) with verge 2.7±0.58 ng/ml for control group, while treted group hd i-phse pttern with peks t the seventh nd eleventh (July nd Novemer) months of ge (2.46±0.46 nd 2.36±0.32 ng/ml, respectively). Tle 4: Mens ± SE of triiodothyronine (T 3, ng/ml) nd thyroxin (T 4, µg/ml) concentrtions for mle Brki lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis Hormone concentrtion T 3 (ng/ml) T 4 (µg/ml) Age C T C T 4 months 1.38± ± ± ± months 1.2± ± ± ± months 1.5± ± ± ± months 1.58± ± ± ± months 1.5± ± ± ± months 1.66± ±0.18 c 3.36± ± months 2.4± ± ± ± months 2.7± ± ± ± months 1.82± ± ± ±0.46 Chnge % c C = control group; T = treted group; : Vlues mrked with different letters in rw re significntly different ( =P<0.05). GDP = ground dte plm, CFM = concentrte feed mixture Plsm T3 (ng/ml) Plsm T4 ( g/dl) April April My My June June Control July July Augst Augst Septemer Septemer Month Octoer Octoer Tretment Fig. 1: Effect of prtil replcement of CDP in CFM on plsm T 3 concentrtion of mle Brki lms t Siw Osis Fig. 2: Effect of prtil replcement of CDP in CFM on plsm T 4 concentrtion of mle Brki lms t Siw Osis Novemer Novemer Decemer Decemer 1169

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 Plsm T 4 concentrtion peked t the sme ge (eight months, August) with similr vlues (9.8±0.71 nd 9.38±1.65 µg/ml) for control nd treted groups, respectively. From these results, there ws positive correltion etween thyroid hormones (T 3 nd T 4) nd oth the ge of niml nd ody weight gin (P<0.01). Similr results were reported y Mous nd Al-Sidy [30] who found tht there ws positive correltion etween thyroid hormones levels in serum nd ody weight during the growing period of Somli cmels fed different levels of commercil feeds nd in sheep [33]. Plsm Glucose Concentrtion (GLU, mg/dl): The men vlues ± SE for plsm glucose concentrtion for control nd treted groups presented in Tle 5. Regrdless the effect of tretment, time course chnges in plsm concentrtions of GLU ws found to reduce ruptly fter one month (My) from the eginning of study for control nd treted groups, then egn to rpidly increse in oth groups till the end of experimentl period (244 dys). This result is in greement with those otined y El-Brody et l. [34] who reported tht plsm GLU level incresed with the increses in live ody weight during the months from irth to mturity in lms. Also, Kempton nd Leng [35] found tht glucose entry rtes tht ssocited with higher plsm glucose concentrtion were linerly relted to the rte of ody weight gin in growing lms. Occsionlly, the sme trend ws found in thyroid hormones (Tle 4). Concerning the effect of tretment, the treted group hd higher (P<0.01) increse long the experimentl period in plsm GLU concentrtion compred with control one. The rte of chnge ws 7.96 nd 20.76% for control nd treted groups, respectively. Mny reserchers reported tht the differences in diet composition could ffect lood glucose levels [36, 37, 38]. Inclusion of GDP which rich in crohydrtes in treted lms' diet incresed circulting glucose, which in turn could e expected to increse relesing of insulin hormone nd inhiiting the relese of glucgons from the pncres glnd [39]. Chrcteristic effects of insulin re stimultion of uptke nd utiliztion of glucose y peripherl tissues; inhiition of gluconeogenesis nd glucose relese y the liver nd stimultion of uptke nd incorportion of mino cids into protein [40]. Thus, incresing plsm GLU (either y infusion or fter-rumen fermenttion to propionte nd susequent propionte conversion to glucose fter sorption) could e expected to increse the relese of insulin (nolic hormone) for mino cid trnsport into tissues. Tle 5: Mens ± SE of plsm glucose concentrtion, (GLU, mg/dl) for mle Brki lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis GLU (mg/dl) Age C T 4 months 56.52± ± months 48.03± ± months 62.43± ± months 57.11± ± months 57.69± ± months 62.81± ± months 61.11± ± months 59.44± ± months 61.02± ±0.90 Group men 58.46± ±2.53, C = control group; T = treted group, =P<0.01 etween C nd T : vlues mrked with different letters in rw re significntly different ( =P<0.05). GDP = ground dte plm, CFM = concentrte feed mixture Tle 6: Mens ± SE of plsm totl proteins (TP, g/dl) nd plsm ure nitrogen (PUN, mg/dl) concentrtions for mle Brki lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis TP (g/dl) PUN (mg/dl) Age C T C T 4 months 8.84± ± ± ± months 8.06± ± ± ± months 7.33± ± ± ± months 6.63± ± ± ± months 8.94± ± ± ± months 8.76± ± ± ± months 8.27± ± ± ± months 8.32± ± ± ± months 8.99± ± ± ±3.75 Group men 8.24±0.27 NS 8.43±0.30 * 49.21±2.48 * 47.15±2.84 C = control group; T = treted group, GDP = ground dte plm, CFM =, concentrte feed mixture : Vlues mrked with different letters in rw re significntly different ( =P<0.05) =P<0.01 etween C nd T Totl Plsm Proteins (TP) nd Plsm Ure Nitrogen (PUN): Tle 6 summrizes the mens ± SE of plsm totl proteins (TP, g/dl) nd plsm ure nitrogen (PUN, mg/dl) concentrtions during the study period. The results reveled tht, plsm TP decresed (P<0.01) in oth control nd treted groups from wening ge (4 months) to 7 months of ge nd incresed (P<0.01) t 8 months of ge then remined unchnged till the end of experimentl period. Tretment did not hve ny effect on TP. Treted lms were le to mintin their plsm TP concentrtion similr to those of control lms from the 8 th month of ge till the end of experimentl period (Tle 6). This result suggests the occurrence of dpttion process in rumen to the tested diet. Regrding, the effect of tretment on PUN, the results presented in Tle 6 indicted tht initil concentrtions of PUN estlished 1170

6 Tle 7: Mens ± S.E of lnine mino trnsferse (ALT, u/l) nd sprtte mino trnsferse (AST, u/l) concentrtions for mle Brki lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis Liver function enzymes ALT (u/l) AST (u/l) Age C T C T 4 months 4.35± ± ± ±0.39 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 Tle 8 shows mens ± SE of essentil (EAA, µmol/dl), 5 months 5.03± ± ± ±0.44 non-essentil (NEAA, µmol/dl) mino cids nd totl 6 months 4.34± ± ± ± months 4.18± ± ± ± months 4.57± ± ± ± months 5.55± ± ± ± months 5.08± ± ± ± months 4.05± ± ± ± months 4.36± ± ± ±0.46 Group men 4.55± ± ± ±1.23, C = control group; T = treted group, =P<0.01 etween C nd T : Vlues mrked with different letters in rw re significntly different ( =P<0.05). GDP = ground dte plm, CFM = concentrte feed mixture 40.75±3.50 nd 43.75±1.64 mg/dl for control nd treted groups, respectively. However, t the end of experimentl period treted lms hd lower (P<0.05) vlue of PUN. The rte of chnge in PUN long the experimentl period ws nd 17.74% for control nd treted groups respectively. In spite of tht the vlues of PUN were within the norml rnge of sheep s reported y Rdostitis et l. [41]. Plsm ure nitrogen induced y the increse in the conversion of mmoni into ure in the liver. Chnges in serum ure concentrtion reflect the chnges in dietry nitrogen nd dietry protein utiliztion [42]. Serum ure concentrtion is good indictor of protein sttus in sheep [43]. Accordingly, the present results of PUN eing within the norml vlues signified the good ility of treted rtion to supply the protein requirements for lms. Liver Enzymes Activity: The results otined in Tle 7 shows the liver function through ALT nd AST vlues. The overll mens of the whole period showed highly significnt (P<0.01) increse in oth enzymes for treted lms. Oni et l. [44] mentioned tht liver enzymes re known to e higher in the lood when the nutrient intke is low. However, the otined results were congruent with the reference vlues given y Jerry et l. [45], Drmol et l. [46] nd Tmuwl et l. [47]. The pttern of chnges in the vlue of lnine mino trnsferse (ALT) nd sprtte mino trnsferse (AST) might e considered norml nd hd little reltions with the niml helth prticulrly liver function s stted y Kneko [48]. Accordingly, inclusion of CDP in CFM did not ffect the ctivities of ALT nd AST nd susequently on liver function of growing lms. Plsm Individul Amino Acids Profile: In veterinry medicine the free mino cids concentrtions were used to detect deficiencies nd excesses of dietry mino cids. mino cids (TAA, µmol/dl) concentrtions for lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis. The results stted tht, overll EAA, NEAA nd TAA concentrtions t the initition of the experimentl period were similr etween control nd treted groups. The results indicted tht the sorption of mino cids in plsm pprently ws proceeding rpidly t med nd the end of experimentl period. Concerning the effect of tretment on individul AA, like vline, leucine, phenyllnine nd lysine (EAA), proline, glutmic nd lnine (NEAA) for treted group were mximized t med nd the end of experimentl period compred with control group. Therefore, there were highly (P<0.01) significnt effect due to tretment nd tretment x period interctions on EAA nd NEAA. Plsm individul mino cids pttern reflected mino cid composition of the treted diet. These results re in greement with those otined y Nordstrom et l. [49]. Previous studies performed y Den nd Scott [50] nd Longennecker nd Huse [51] hd estlished the reltionship etween plsm mino cid concentrtions nd weight gin or growth rte. Two explntions re possile for these lrge differences etween control nd treted groups in overll EAA, NEAA nd TAA concentrtions t med nd the end of experimentl period. Firstly, treted group might were fed rtion contining high levels of ville mino cids for sorption from the smll intestine, or secondly, these differences were proly due to greter vilility of energy in forms of glucose nd fructose which is fster in sorption from the limentry trct to e used for mino cid utiliztion. Therefore, it could e concluded tht GDP hd strong effect (P<0.01) on plsm EAA, NEAA nd TAA concentrtions. In contrst, Bergin et l. [52] reported tht in ruminnts, plsm mino cid ptterns cn not e directly relted to the dietry mino cid content ecuse of ruminl fermenttion nd microil protein re-synthesis. Accordingly, ssessment of protein sttus using plsm mino cid s the sole prmeter ppers fruitless in ruminnts under norml circumstnces. Moreover, Goetsch et l. [53] stted tht rteril levels of essentil mino cids influenced y intercting fctors of mino 1171

7 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (9): , 2012 Tle 8: Mens ± SE of essentil (EAA); non-essentil (NEAA) nd totl mino cids (TAA) concentrtions (µmol/dl) for mle Brki lms fed GDP in CFM t Siw Osis Time of experimentl period Initil (4months) Med.(8months) End (12months) Amino cid C T C T C T Essentil mino cids (EAA) Vline 26.31± ± ± ± ± ±1.68 Methionine 4.97± ± ± ± ± ±0.98 Leucine 7.97± ± ± ± ± ±1.74 Histidine 3.57± ± ± ± ± ±0.78 Threonine 3.69± ± ± ± ± ±1.44 Phenyllnine 4.11± ± ± ± ± ±1.29 Lysine 6.61± ± ± ± ± ±1.48 Totl EAA NS Difference (23.37%) (15.62%) Non essentil mino cids (NEAA) Asprtic 5.41± ± ± ± ± ±1.07 Glutmic 10.33± ± ± ± ± ±1.77 Serine 4.19± ± ± ± ± ±1.05 Arginine 13.25± ± ± ±2.17 UEL UEL Glycine 13.98± ± ± ±1.57 UEL UEL Alnine 4.98± ± ± ± ± ±1.97 Proline 6.55± ± ± ± ± ±1.77 Tyrosine 4.53± ± ± ± ± ±1.77 Totl NEAA NS Difference 1.28 (2.02%) (28.50%) 9.72 (16.42%) Totl AA NS Difference 1.23 (1.02%) (26.25%) (15.95% ), Mens with different superscripts letters in sme rw within min effect differ ( = P<0.01) UEL = underestimte level, NS: not significnt (P>0.05), : (P<0.01) etween C nd T GDP = ground dte plm, CFM = concentrte feed mixture cid intke nd ruminl microil degrdtion, energy due to its presence in greter concentrtion in intke, the profile of ll mino cids sored nd erythrocytes thn in plsm [55]. In ccordnce, cpcity of the niml to utilize mino cids in synthesis Loley et l. [56] reported tht if mino cid movements of protein. cross the liver involved removl from plsm nd/or As shown in Tle 8, pronounced effect of lms ddition to the erythrocytes then disppernce from mturity hs een oserved on plsm rginine nd plsm should exceed tht from lood. glycine mino cids (NEAA) t the end of the There ws pprent increse in the levels of vline, experimentl period for control nd treted groups where leucine nd lysine (EAA), Glutmic nd Alnine (NEAA) oth two mino cids were underestimte. This proly t med nd the end of experimentl period for oth control relted in prt to the reltively high stge of mturity of nd treted groups. This result indicted tht the lms. Firstly, the disppernce of rginine might e sorption of these mino cids perhps ws the fster explined y the fct tht this mino cid trnsported in compred with the others nd proportions of sored of red lood cells into genitli where it is mjor these mino cids would e used in other functions thn component of ejculte (seminl fluid nd sperm) nd it is protein synthesis including heptic demintion importnt for mintining helthy ejculte volume nd to regrdless of quntities sored. We cn conclude tht help in stimulting nd mintining penile erection [54]. sustitution of GYC with GDP in CFM t 50% level Thus, net plsm rginine ppernce might (wet/wet) improved the qulity nd quntity of mino underestimte level. Secondly, the disppernce of cids reching the smll intestine for sorption nd plsm glycine t the end of experimentl period might e utiliztion for growth. 1172

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