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1 Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations Simón Méndez-Ferrer *, Daniel Lucas *, Michela Battista * and Paul S. Frenette * Mount Sinai School of Medicine, *Departments of Medicine, and Gene and Cell Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Immunology Institute, New York, NY Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1. G-CSF-induced progenitor mobilisation is altered by photic input. a, Colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C). n = 4. b, Lin - Sca1 + c-kit + (LSK) cells. n = 9. Both CFU-C and LSK cell numbers were significantly reduced in mice kept under constant light for 2 weeks compared to mice under standard 12 h light / 12 h darkness cycles (LD). Results are shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p < 0.05 (unpaired two-tailed t-test). 1

2 Supplementary Figure 2 Supplementary Figure 2. Reduced stem cell activity in blood from sympathectomized mice. a, Long-term competitive reconstitution unit (LT-CRU, 17 weeks) assay shows a higher percentage of animals that failed reconstitution after transplantation of blood collected at ZT5 from adult C57BL/6 male mice treated with 6OHDA (red) compared to control animals injected with saline (green). The estimated blood concentration of CRU is indicated. b, Percentage of engraftment 4-17 weeks after transplantation of 600 µl of peripheral blood from the same animals. n = 4 mice per time point. Results are shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 (unpaired two-tailed t-test). 2

3 Supplementary Figure 3 Supplementary Figure 3. β 3 -adrenergic receptor stimulation downregulates Cxcl12 in MS-5 cells. Time course (0-4 h) study of Cxcl12 expression measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in MS-5 stromal cells treated with the non-selective β- adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, or selective agonists for β 3 - (BRL37344) and β 2 -adrenergic receptors (clenbuterol). Cxcl12 was downregulated following treatment of MS-5 cells with isoproterenol or BRL37344, but not with clenbuterol. 3

4 Supplementary Figure 4 Supplementary Figure 4. Isoproterenol downregulates Cxcl12 in primary stromal cells deficient in the β 2 -adrenergic receptor. Cxcl12 mrna was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in primary stromal cells obtained from wild-type or Adrb2 -/- mice, cultured for 2 weeks, and treated for 2 h with 100 µm isoproterenol (iso) or vehicle (control). Cxcl12 was significantly downregulated after isoproterenol treatment despite the absence of β 2 -adrenergic receptors (n = 4). Results are shown as mean ± s.e.m.; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (unpaired two-tailed t-test). 4

5 Supplementary Figure 5 a b CFU-C per ml of blood * FVB/NJ ZT5 Adrb3 -/- ZT13 c d * CFU-C per ml of blood Strain Adrb3 -/- Adrb3 -/- Adrb3 -/- Inj saline butoxamine propranolol Supplementary Figure 5. Circadian oscillations of circulating progenitors and CXCL12 levels in the bone marrow are abolished in Adrb3 -/- mice and preserved in Adrb2 -/- animals. a, The number of circulating CFU-C was significantly reduced at ZT13 compared to ZT5 in control FVB/NJ mice (* p = 0.03, unpaired two-tailed t-test; n = 6) but not in Adrb3 -/- animals (p = 0.26; n = 4-5). b, The content of CXCL12 protein in the bone marrow extracellular fluids of Adrb3 -/- mice was unchanged between ZT5 and ZT13 (p = 0.71; n = 4-5). c, Rhythmic HSC/progenitor trafficking in Adrb2 -/- mice (of C57BL/6 background; * p = 0.02, unpaired two-tailed t-test; n = 3-4). d, The number of circulating CFU-Cs at ZT1 was similar in Adrb3 -/- animals injected at ZT23 with butoxamine or propranolol (5 mg kg -1, i.p.), compared to saline. One-way ANOVA: F 2,9 = 1.654; p =

6 Supplementary Figure 6 Supplementary Figure 6. Changes in photic input may alter the expression of clock genes in the bone marrow. The expression of core genes of the molecular clock was analyzed every 4 h over 24 h by quantitative real-time RT-PCR from bone marrow samples of adult C57BL/6 male mice kept under normal 12 h light / 12 h darkness (12L-12D, blue or dotted lines, n = 8 mice per time point), subjected to constant light, or a 12 h jet lag (red lines, n = 4 mice per time point). Values normalized per ZT1; black rectangles indicate darkness and white rectangles light hours. Time points ZT/CT 17 and 21 in 12L-12D and constant light plots have been duplicated to facilitate viewing of the time curve. Results are shown as mean ± s.e.m. The tracings in standard 12L-12D conditions showed a characteristic pattern, but it was not statistically significant (one-way ANOVA) due to variable expression in the bone marrow. 6

7 Supplementary Figure 7 Supplementary Figure 7. Expression of adrenergic receptors in stromal cells. The expression of adrenergic receptors was profiled using RT-PCR from mrna extracted from whole murine bone marrow (BM), stromal adherent cells (MSCs) plated for two days in Mesencult, fibroblastic reticular (MS-5), pre-osteoblastic (ST-2) and osteoblastic (MC3T3-E1) cell lines, MSC-derived primary osteoblasts, and primary osteoclasts. Primary osteoclasts were differentiated from mononuclear cells in BioCoat TM Osteologic TM as described in the Supplementary Methods. MSC-derived primary osteoblasts were isolated using an automated cell sorter according to Col1a1- LacZ expression (M, DNA ladder). 7

8 Supplementary Table 1. Primer sequences used for Q-PCR Primers Sequence Product (bp) Annealing ( o C) Bmal1_Fw AGAGGTGCCACCAACCCATA Bmal1_Rv TGAGAATTAGGTGTTTCAGTTCGTCAT Clock_Fw CAAAATGTCACGAGCACTTAATGC Clock_Rv ATATCCACTGCTGGCCTTTGG Per1_Fw TGAGAGCAGCAAGAGTACAAACTCA Per1_Rv CTCGCACTCAGGAGGCTGTAG Per2_Fw GTCCACCTCCCTGCAGACAA Per2_Rv TCATTAGCCTTCACCTGCTTCAC Cry1_Fw CTCGGGTGAGGAGGTTTTCTT Cry1_Rv GACTTCCTCTACCGAGAGCTTCAA Rev-erb-α_Fw GATAGCTCCCCTTCTTCTGCATCATC Rev-erb-α_Rv TTCCATGGCCACTTGTAGACTTC Cxcl12_Fw CGCCAAGGTCGTCGCCG Cxcl12_Rv TTGGCTCTGGCGATGTGGC Adra1a_Fw TGCACTCGGTGACTCACTACTACA Adra1a_Rv CCGCCCAGATGTTGCAGAAC Adra1b_Fw TTGGCGCTCCTCAGTGTGT Adra1b_Rv GGAGGAAAAGAGGGCGTAGAA Adra1d_Fw GACCGCTACTAGGTTGGAAGG Adra1d_Rv GGTAGAAGGAGCATACGGAAGA Adra2a_Fw CAAGATCAACGACCAGAAGT Adra2a_Rv GTGCGACGCTTGGCGATCT Adra2b_Fw GCAGAGGTCTCGGAGCTAA Adra2b_Rv GCCTCTCCGACAGAAGATA Adra2c_Fw GTGCGGCCTCAACGATGA Adra2c_Rv CTTGGCCACGCGGTAGAT Adrb1_Fw AGTGCTGCGATTTCGTCACCAACA Adrb1_Rv GCTCGCAGCTGTCGATCTTCTTTA Adrb2_Fw ATCTGAAGGAAGATTCCACGCCCA Adrb2_Rv AGAGGGTGAATGTGCCCATGATGA Adrb3_Fw TGCGCACCTTAGGTCTCATTATGG Adrb3_Rv AAACTCCGCTGGGAACTAGAGAGG Gapdh_Fw TGTGTCCGTCGTGGATCTGA Gapdh_Rv CCTGCTTCACCACCTTCTTGA