The effect of diet that contained fish oil on performance, serum parameters, the immune system and the fatty acid composition of meat in broilers.

Transcription

1 Int.J.Vet.Res. 3,:69-75,9 69 The effect of diet t contined fish oil on performnce, serum prmeters, e immune system nd e ftty cid composition of met in roilers. Sleh, H., Rhimi, Sh.*,Krimi Torshizi, M. A. Deprtment of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Trit Modres University, Tehrn-Irn. (Received 8 July 8, Accepted 7 Mrch 9) Astrct: A study wi durtion of 4 dys ws conducted to evlute e influence of fish oil inclusion on performnce prmeters,serum lipid content, ntiody responses to sheep red lood cells (SRBC) nd e composition of ntigen nd met ftty cids in roilers.two hundred nd sixteen -dy-old roiler chicks from commercil hyrid (Co 5) were llocted rndomly to four groups, which received feed supplemented wi.5%, 3.% nd 6% fish oil or feed t ws not supplemented (control group). The differences mong e groups were significnt wi regrds to eir performnce, so t low level of fish oil (.5%) led to higher feed intkes nd n improvement in e efficiency of feeding in comprison to e control group (p<.). The results of e omeg-3 ftty cid evlution indicted significnt differences mong groups (p<.) nd e irds in e 6% fish oil-fed group hd e highest level of n-3 ftty cid in eir met. The n-6:n-3 rtio of polyunsturted ftty cids ws lower in e fish oil-fed groups compred to e control group (p<.). Broilers t were fed wi diets rich in omeg-3 ftty cid hd higher levels of nti-srbc titers nd lower levels of serum cholesterol nd triglycerides n ose fed wi e control diet (p<.5). Keywords: Performnce, immune response, roiler met, omeg-3 ftty cid, serum lipid content. Introduction Feeding poultry wi diets t contin ft cn confer severl economic dvntges y providing incresed energy levels nd ftty cid composition (Newmn et l., ). If e poultry is expected to show high performnces, eir high energy nd protein needs should e provided rough eir feed. Providing eir high energy needs requires e use of different ft sources (López-Ferrer et l., ; Snz et l., ). If diets wi similr energy nd protein re compred, chickens fed wi rtions t contin oil showed etter performnces n irds fed diets wiout e inclusion of oil (Mour, 5). It hs een demonstrted t e ftty cid (FA) composition of roiler met cn e ltered y e type of e ftty cid (FA) content in eir diet (Yu et l., 99). Dietry long-chin n-3 polyunsturted ftty cids (LC-PUFA; n-3), eicospentnoiec cid (EPA; :5) nd docoshexnoeic cid (DHA; :6) hve een reported prevent crdiovsculr disese, improve e immune response, nd reduce e serum cholesterol concentrtion (Simopoulous, 99). The differentil ction of n-6 PUFA s proinflmmtory fctor nd n-3 PUFA s n ntiinflmmtory fctor in nimls nd humns hs een reported due to e effects of n increse in e concentrtion of n-3 ftty cid nd consequent decrese in e n-6:n-3 rtio in poultry met (Clder, ). Newmn et l., () showed t dietry PUFA reduced plsm triglycerides (TG) nd *Corresponding uor: rhimi_s@modres.c.ir Tel: +98() Fx: +98()489

2 7 Sleh, H. cholesterol (CHL) in roiler chickens when compred to groups fed wi sturted FA. Omeg-3 FA suppresses e synesis of triglycerides nd polipoprotein B, increses e removl of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) y peripherl tissues or e liver, nd increses e excretion of ile in feces (Lef nd Weer, 988), which cn lso reduce e serum concentrtions of cholesterol nd triglycerides. In generl, fish oils re rich sources of omeg-3 FA nd poor sources of omeg-6, nd e contents of linoleic cid (LA) re lso low. The FA profile of e different oils vries wi e time of yer, e processing meod nd e predominnt fish species from which ey were extrcted (Alprsn et l., 5). Mny studies hve exmined e effects of dietry LC-PUFA, supplied s fish oil or fish mel, on e FA composition of e roiler crcss (Nsh et l., 995 nd Scife et l., 994; Lopez-Ferrer et l., 999, ). Fish oil hs severl positive effects, such s e physiologicl or metolic effects of due to LC-PIFA on e performnce prmeters of roiler chickens. The role of omeg-3 FA on e hel of humns nd nimls (Pike, 999), e effect of niml products t contin omeg-3 on humn hel (López- Ferrer et l., 999, ), nd comprison of e effects of unsturted nd sturted diets on performnce (Alprsn et l., 5) re ll topics of intense furer reserch. The ojective of is study ws to investigte e effects of diet t contined.5%, 3% nd 6% fish oil on e ody weight (BW), ody weight gin (BWG), feed intke (FI), feed conversion rtio (FCR), mortlity, lood fctors, immune system nd FAcomposition of e met of roilers. Mterils nd Meods Birds nd diets Two hundred nd sixteen Co 5 -dy- old mle nd femle chicks were weighed individully. Eighteen chicks (nine mles nd nine femles) were plced rndomly into floor plns. Birds were housed in deep litter pens ( m ). The irds were housed in n environmentlly-controlled room nd ey hd free ccess to feed (msh) nd wter d liitum. The room temperture ws set t 3 C on Dy One, which ws lowered in stepwise mnner to 3-4 C for rest of e experiment. There were four dietry tretments, which were crried out in triplicte. Birds were given e strter diet for e first two weeks (strter period), e grower diet etween e ird nd four weeks, nd e finisher diet on e fif nd six weeks of experimentl period (4 dys in totl). The diets were formulted ccording to e recommendtions of e Ntionl Reserch Council (NRC, 994). Diets were clculted to e isocloric nd isonitrogenous. The fish oil ws provided y Mehreghn Khzr (Rsht, Irn). The fish oil ws used t levels of.5% (O diet), 3% (O diet) nd 6% (O3 diet; Tle ). The results were compred to e chicks t were fed wi n diet t ws not supplemented wi fish oil (O diet, e control group). Tle: Ingredients nd compositions of e sl diets from to 6 weeks of ge Ingredients (%) Clculted nutrient Corn Soyen mel Corn gluten mel Limestone Animl Ft Fish oil oyster DCP Slt Vitmin premix Vitmin minerl Lysine-L Meionine-D-L content Dry mtter (%) Crude ft (%) Crude protein (%) ME, kcl/kg Clcium Aville P Meionine + Cysteine Lysine Minerl premix provided per kg of rtion wi 5 mg Fe, 7 mg Mn, 5 mg Zn, 7mg Cu,.4 mg Co,.7 mg Se, nd.75 mg I. Vitmin premix provided per kg of rtion wi 6,, IU vitmin A,.5, IU vitmin D3, 5, IU vitmin E,.5 mg vitmin K3,. mg vitmin B, 3, mg rioflvin, 7 mg pntoenic

3 The effect of diet t contined... 7 Performnce prmeters nd lood fctors Feed intke (FI) nd e feed conversion rtio (FCR) were clculted in ech pen on weekly sis. The verge ody weight (BW), dily ody weight gin (BWG), nd e FCR were determined over e overll experiment. Mortlity ws recorded dily sis, nd FI dt were corrected for ody weight of ded irds. Blood smples were tken rndomly from e wing vein of ree irds in ech pen on e 7 nd 4 dy of ge. The lood smples were centrifuged t 4 rpm for five minutes, nd e serum ws collected for nlysis. The concentrtion of TG nd CHL were determined wi e use of spectrophotometry y commercil enzymtic kits (PrsAzmun Commercil Kit, Irn). Humerl immune response to SRBC Nonpogenic ntigens of sheep red lood cells (SRBC) were used to monitor e immune response of chickens. The nti-srbc titers for totl ntiodies were mesured y hemgglutintion test, ccording to Bo-Amponsem et l. ().SRBC were wshed ree times in phosphte uffered solution (PBS) nd diluted in PBS to 5% (vol/vol).three chicks per replicte were immunized wi. ml of.5% st suspension of SRBC vi e rchil vein t e nd 35 dy of ge. Antiserum cused y SRBC ws collected six dys fter e immune chllenge in 7 nd4dysofge. Ftty cid content nd On e 4 dy of ge, one mle nd one femle from ech pen (six irds per tretment) were eunized humnely y cervicl disloction. The crcss smples from ech ird were mixed nd pcked in plstic gs (pproximtely grm per º g) nd immeditely stored t - C for ree mons. The totl lipids of diets nd tissues were extrcted following e meod of Folch et l. (957). The FA compositions of diet nd tissue smples were determined y gs chromtogrphy following e meod of Metclf et l. (996). The lipid composition ws determined y gs chromtogrphy in UNICAM system equipped wi BPX7 fused silic cpillry column film (SGE cpillry column: leng 3 m, internl dimeter. mm; 7% cynopropyl polysilphenylene-siloxne sttionry phse) nd flme ioniztion detector. The operting conditions of e gs chromtogrph were s follows: e initil temperture ws 6 C, which incresed y 4 C/min to 8 C; fter ten minutes, e temperture ws incresed t e rte of C/min. The temperture of e injector ws 4 C nd e detector remined stle t 8 C. Ech FA ws identified in e form of meyl ester y compring e retention times wi e internl stndrd (pentdecnoic cid, Merck) (Lopez-Bote et l., ). Sttisticl nlysis Dt were nlyzed in completely rndomized design in triplicte, using e procedures descried y e SAS Institute (999). Significnt differences mong tretments were determined ccording to e Generl Liner Model (GLM) procedure. Mens were compred y using Duncn's multiple-rnge test nd significnce ws determined when e p-vlue ws less e.5. The following model ws used: X ij = μ + τj + εij where: X ij = is e oservtion of j tretment on i pen; μ = e overll mens of e smpled oservtion; τj= is e effect of tretment; εij= e experimentlerror component. Results The effects of different fish oil levels on roiler performnce re summrized in Tle. The results showed t e group wi.5 % fish oil hd e est vlues for FCR, BW nd BWG; is level of supplementtion incresed e FI nd erefore improved e BWG nd FCR. A significnt reduction in FI, BW nd BWG were oserved when e diet ws supplemented wi e highest level of fish oil (6%). Low levels of fish oil in e diet improved e productive prmeters in roilers. The ntiody titer ginst SRBC (Tle 3) ws ffected significntly y e dietry

4 7 Sleh, H. tretments. The fish oil groups hd higher ntiody titers compred to control group. Bsed on e results of is study, e lowest ntiody titers in e primry responses were found to e 4.7 in e control group, wheres e highest one ws 5. in group O 3. The lowest ntiody titers in e secondry responses were found to e 4.33 in e control group, while e highest titer ws 7. in group O. In conclusion, ntiody production ginst SRBC of chicks fed wi diet t contined low level of fish oil ws superior to ose of chicks fed y diet wi high level of fish oil nd e control group (p<.). Broilers t were fed wi fish oil hd lower levels of CHL nd TG concentrtions compred wi ose fed wi e control diet (Tle 4). The fish oil used in is study ws rich source of LC PUFA; n-3 nd contined EPA (4.55 mg/g) nd DHA (5.74 mg/g). The FA composition of e experimentl diets is shown in Tle 5.The FA composition of diet, prticulrly long-chin n-3 PUFA, ws modified ccording to e level of fish oil dded to e feed (O <O <O <). The totl n-3, PUFA nd monounsturted FA (MUFA) incresed wi incresing levels of fish oil in e diet, nd e rtio of n-6:n-3 nd sturted FA (SFA) lso decresed. The vlues of EPA, DHA, LNA nd n-3 PUFA were significntly higher (p<.) in e met of roilers fed wi fish oil compred to e control group. The irds in e 6% fish oil fed group hd e highest vlues of ese prmeters. As showed in Tle 6, e levels of LA nd longchin n-6 PUFA were not significntly in e met of roilers fed wi fish oil diets compred wi e control diet. The decrese in e totl level of MUFA nd e totl SFAcontent in met ws not sttisticlly significnt (Tle 6). Discussion These findings were in greement wi previous results reported y Alprsn et l. (5) nd Koreleski nd Switkiewiecz, (6). Huln et l. (988) reported t 6% fish oil in e diet cused Tle : Performnce prmeters of chicks ccording to different mount of fish oil in diet (Dy to 4) Vrile O O O P SEM Feed intke, g per ird per dy Weight Gin, g perird perdy Feed efficiency, g:g Finl weight, kg perird Mortlity (%) , Vlue in e sme row wi no common superscript re significntly different (P<.5) Tle 3: Totl nti-srbc (/log ) titre Tretment 7d of ge 4d of ge O O O Significnce SEM.43.5 e vlues re mens of triplicte per replicte determintions, Vlue in e sme column wi no common superscript re significntly different (P<.5). Tle 4: Lipid content of serum (mg/dl) Tretment TCOL TCOL TG TG O O O Significnce CHL TG SEM evlues remens oftriplicte per replictedetermintions, Vlue in e sme column wi no common superscript re significntly different (P<.5).

5 The effect of diet t contined Tle 5: Ftty cid composition of diets (mg/g diet), Tretment C 4 C 6: C 6: C 8: C 8: C 8: C 8:3 C:4 EPA DHA SFA 3 MUFA PUFA n-3 n-6 n-6/n-3 O trce O O trce e vlues re mens of triplicte determintions. fish oil ws provided y Mehreghn Khzr, Rsht, Irn. SAT=sturted ftty cid, MUFA=Mono unsturted ftty cid,pufa=poly unsturted ftty cid 3 Tle 6: Ftty cid composition of met roiler lipids (g/ g of met) Tretment C 4 C 6: C 6: C 8: C 8: C 8: C 8:3 C:4 EPA DHA SFA 3 MUFA PUFA n-3 n-6 n-6/n-3 O c.9 c c O O SEM Significnce -c Vlues in e sme column wi no common superscript differ significntly. P >.5, *P.5, P. dverse effects on e productive prmeter in roilers. The mnipultion of e PUFA to SFA rtio cn result in etter sorption of ese FA in intestine, nd so e ddition of PUFA to niml ft (s SFA) improves e pprent metolic energy vlue in e ft mixture. The lower levels of performnce prmeters in e 6% fish oil group were likely to e cused y n incresing sensitivity to e fishy smell in e diet nd consequent decrese in FI. As hs lredy een oserved (Phettleplce nd Wtkins, 99), e inclusion of fish oil in e diets did not cuse ny increse in e mortlity rte compred wi e control diet. The level nd sources of n-3 PUFAhd effects on ntiody production in chicks. The long chin FAn-3 PUFA (EPA nd DHA) hs e ility to increse e immune response (Clder, ). The results of is study were in ccordnce wi e results of previous findings suggested t low level of fish oil in e diet cn cuse n efficient improvement in roiler immunity nd e ntiody production of roilers (Torki et l., ; Kidd, 4). The results of lood fctors in is study greed wi e results of Newmn et l., (). Celei nd Utlu (6) showed t e lipid content of serum reduced s e levels of dietry PUFA incresed. However, in opposite results to our findings, Alprsn et l. (5) showed t e level of serum CHL ws not ffected noticely y dietry rich fish oil. The discrepncies etween studies on e lipid content of serum my e ttriuted to e genetic, sex nd dietry fctors. In generl, e est results for CHL nd TG vlues were seen in e groups t contined fish oil. As consequence of dding fish oil to e diet, fter ree mon extended period of storge, e FA profile of lipids from e met of roilers ws significntly chnged in reltion to some of e FA

6 74 Sleh, H. (Tle 5). The FA composition of chick tissue generlly reflected e FAprofile of e diet. Anumer of studies hve exmined e effects of dietry LC PUFA, such s ose contined in fish oil or fish mel, on e FA composition of e roiler crcss (Phettleplce nd Wtkins 99; Lopez- Ferrer et l., 999, ). Supplementtion of e sl diet wi.5%, 3.% nd 6% fish oil cused 3, 4 nd 6 folds increse in levels of LNA, EPA nd DHA, respectively, in e met of roilers compred to e control group. The incresed deposition of n-3 PUFAin e irds t were fed wi fish oil hs een oserved y Schreiner et l. (5) nd Cortins et l. (4). LA nd n-6 PUFA decresed wi incresing level of fish oil in diet. This contrdictory etween ftty cid of tissue nd diet could e explined y competing o LNA nd LA for enzyme system responsile for eir elongtion nd desturtion to form e long-chin metolites. The inclusion of fish oil in diets compred to e control diet significntly reduced e n-6: n-3 rtio of e met of roilers (p<.). These findings re similr to e results reported y Gonzlez-Esquerr nd Leeson () nd Schreiner et l. (5). This effect resulted from existence of higher levels of n-3 nd decresing levels of n-6 in e roiler met. The concentrtion of MUFA found in met decresed s e level of dietry n-3 PUFA incresed. As suggested y Ayerz et l. (), e decrese in oleic nd plmitoleic cids could e relted to e inhiitory effect of PUFA ginst e ctivity of Δ9- desturse, which prevents e formtion of MUFA from eir precursors. Δ-9 desturse is e key enzyme needed to convert plmitic to plmitoleic cid nd steric to oleic cid. This interction etween MUFA nd PUFA hs lso een reported in oer nimls (Ayerz et l., ). In conclusion, e results of is study showed t e supplementtion of feeds wi fish oil t.5% improved performnce prmeters in roiler chickens. The supplementtion of 3% fish oil in e diet improved e level of n-3 FA nd e immune system, nd decresed e levels of CHL nd TG in e plsm of roilers. The highest level of fish oil (6%) in e diet hd dverse effects on e performnce prmeters, which my e due to e unpltle smell of fish in e feed. References. Alprsln, G., Ozdogn, M. (6) The effects of diet contining fish oil on some lood prmeters nd e performnce vlues of roilers nd cost efficiency. Int. J. Poultry Sci. 5: Ayerz. W., Cotes, C., Luri, M. () Chi Seed ( Slvi hispnic L. ) s ω-3 ftty cid source for roilers: influence on ftty cid composition, cholesterol nd content of white nd drk mets, grow performnce, nd sensory chrcteristics. Poultry Sci 8: Bo-Amponsem, K., Price, S. E. H., Dunnington, E. A., Siegel, P. B. () Effect of route of inocultion on humorl immune response of White leghorn chickens selected for high or low ntiody response to sheep red lood cells. Poultry Sci. 8: Cndin Council on Animl Cre. (6) CCAC- CFHS mnul for community representtives, CCAC, Ottw, ON. Aville t Assessment/CCAC-CFHS_Mnul_e.pdf 5. Clder, P. C. ()Polyunsturted ftty cid, inflmmtion, nd immunity. Lipids, 36: Celei,S.,Utlu,N.(6)Influenceofniml nd vegetle oil in lyer diets on performnce nd serum lipid profile. Int. J. PoultrySci.5: Cortins, L.Villverde, C., Glort, J., Bucells, D., Brroet, A. (4) Ftty cid content in chicken igh nd rest s ffected y dietry polyunsturted level. Poultry Sci. 83: Huln, H.W., Ackmn, R.G., Rtnyke, W. M. N., Proudfoot, F. G. (988) Omeg-3 ftty cid levels nd performnce of roilers chickens fed redfish mel or redfish oil. Cn. J. Animl Sci. 68: Folch, J., Lees, M., Slone Stnley, G. H. (957) A simple meod for isoltion nd purifiction

7 The effect of diet t contined of totl lipids from niml tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 6: Kidd, M. T. (4) Nutritionl modultion of immune function in roiler. Poultry Sci. 83: Koreleski, J., Świątkiewicz, S. (6) The influence of dietry fish oil nd vitmin E on e ftty cid profile nd oxidtive stility of frozen stored rest met. J.Animl. Feed Sci.5: Gonzlez-Esquerr, R., Leeson, S. () Effect of menhden oil nd flxseed in roiler diets on sensory qulity nd lipid composition of poultry met. J. Br. Poultry Sci. 4: Lef,A.,Weer,P.C.(988)Crdiovsculr effects of n-3 ftty cids. N. Engl. J. Med. 38: Lopez-Bote, J. C., Sns, M., Flores, A. nd Crmn, S. () Effect of e inclusion time of dietry sturted nd unsturted fts efore slughter on e ccumultion ndcompositionofdominlftinfemle roiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 79: Lopez-Ferrer, S., Bucells, M. D., Brroet, A. C., Grshorn, M. A. (999) N-3 enrichment of chicken met using fish oil: lterntive sustitution wi rpeseed nd linseed oils. Poultry Sci. 78: Lopez-Ferrer, S., Bucells, M.D., Brroet,A. C., Grshorn, M. A. () N-3 enrichment of chicken met.. Use of very long-chin ftty cids in chicken diets nd eir influence on metqulity:fish oil. Poultry Sci. 8: Metclfe, L. D., Schmitz, A. A., Pelk J. R. (966) Rpid preprtion of ftty cid esters from lipids for gs chromtogrphic. Anl.Chem.38: Mour, B. H. S.(5) Desempenho e composição d crcç de frngos de cortelimentdos com differentesníveisenergéticos com e semóleo [dissertção]. Belo Horizonte: Escol de Veterinári, UFMG. Brzilin. J. Poultry Sci. 7: Nsh, D. M., Hmilton, R. M., Snford, K.A., Huln, H. W. (995) The effect of dietry menhden mel nd storge on e omeg-3 ftty cid nd sensory ttriutes of egg yolk in lyinghens.cn.j. Ani.Sci.76: Ntionl Reserch Council. (994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9 revised edition. Ntionl Acdemy Press. Wshington, DC, USA.. Newmn, R. E., Bryden, W. L., Fleck, E., Ashes, J. R., Buttemer, W. A., Storlien, L. H., Downing, J. A. () Dietry n-3 nd n-6 ftty cids lter vin metolism: metolism nd dominl ft deposition. Br. J. Nutr. 88: 8..Phetteplce, H. W., Wtkins, B. A. (99) Influence of dietry n-6 nd n-3 polyunsturted nd lipids in chickens divergently selected for ody weight. PoultrySci.7: Pike, I. H. (999) The role of long chin omeg-3 polyunsturted ftty cids in nimlfeeding.ifomtec.bull.3: Snz, M., Flores, A., Lopez-Bote, C. J. () The metolic use of energy from dietry ft in roilers is ffected y ftty cid sturtion. J. Brit. Poultry Sci. 4: SAS Institute. (99) SAS/STAT User's guide, relese 6.3 edition. SAS institute Inc., Cry, NC. 6. Schreiner, M., Huln, H. W., Rzzzi-Fzeli, E., Bohm, J., Moreir, R. (5) Effect of different source of dietry omeg-3 ftty cid on generl performnce nd ftty cid profiles of igh, rest, liver nd portl lood of roilers. J. Agri. Food Chem. 85: Simopoulos, A. P. (99) Omeg-3 ftty cids in hel nd disese nd in grow nd development.am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54: Torki, M., Golin, A., Arshmi, J.,Tvkkoli, J. () Effect of dietry ft source nd ftty cid composition on immune responses of mle growing roiler chicks.psaplce of Meeting. 9.Yu, J. C., Denton, J. H., Biley, C. A., Sms,A. R. (99) Customizing e ftty cid content of roiler tissues. Poultry Sci. 7: 67-7.