Omega-3 Enrichment of Broiler Meat by Using Two Oil Seeds

Transcription

1 J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2011) Vol. 13: Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met by Using Two Oil Seeds S. Rhimi1, S. Kmrn Azd1, nd M. A. Krimi Torshizi1 ABSTRACT A 42-d study ws conducted to evlute the influence of full-ft flxseed (FS) nd cnol seed (CS) on broiler performnce, ftty cid (FA) profile of met, nd the oxidtive stbility of met during frozen storge. A totl of 324 one-dy old broiler chicks were rndomly ttributed to 6 experimentl groups nd fed iso-energetic nd isonitrogenous diets s follows, C: control (soyben-corn); CS1: 7.5% CS; CS2: 15% CS; CS-FS: 10% FS+10% CS; FS1: 7.5% FS; FS2: 15% FS. Negtive effect on performnce prmeters were found by diets contining FS nd CS i.e. feeding oil seeds resulted in significntly (P< 0.01) lower body weight gin nd higher feed conversion rtio, compred to the control. However, no significnt differences of feed consumption were shown (P> 0.05) mong tretments. Inclusion of FS nd CS significntly incresed (P< 0.01) the concentrtion of omeg-3 ftty cid (α-linolenic cid= ALA) nd decresed the content of the rchidonic cid (AA). Totl omeg-6 to omeg-3 polyunsturted ftty cid (PUFA) rtio ws significntly lower for ll FS nd CS fed groups compred with the control (P< 0.01). Inclusion of FS nd CS decresed the oxidtive stbility of rw met (brest nd thigh) during frozen storge period bsed on thiobrbituric cid (TBA) vlues (P< 0.01). In conclusion, by dding vegetble sources of omeg-3 to the broiler chicken diets, the omeg-3 ftty cid content of broiler met cn be incresed, which my hve beneficil effects on humn helth. Keywords: Broiler, Ftty cid, Omeg-3, Oxidtive stbility, Performnce. broiler chicks in order to increse n-3 PUFA content nd decrese n-6/n-3 rtio in poultry met. This is desirble becuse of the ction of The ftty cid composition of poultry muscle n-6 PUFA s pro-inflmmtory fctor nd is n importnt qulity prmeter especilly the ction of n-3 PUFA s n ntiwith respect to potentilly ffecting humn inflmmtory fctor on immune functions nd helth from poultry met consumption. In this inflmmtory processes in nimls nd regrd, n-3 group of poly-unsturted ftty humns (Clder, 2001). Regrding the helthcids (PUFA) is one of the most importnt relted effects of n-3 PUFA, it seems ftty cid (FA) groups. Dietry n-3 FA hs pproprite to provide n-3 enriched products been reported to id in the prevention of for humn consumption. The PUFA rich oil certin diseses, especilly crdiovsculr seeds cn ply n importnt role in enrichment disorders (De Lorgeril et l., 1994; Hrtmn, of broiler muscles with n-3 FA. Flxseed nd 1995; Lef nd Kng, 1998). It hs been cnol seed re the min sources of α demonstrted tht the FA composition of linolenic cid (ALA) of terrestril origin. broiler met cn be ltered by chnging the Severl ttempts hve been successfully mde content of the broiler s diet (Yu et l., 1991). to enrich ALA nd its elongted n-3 FA in Therefore, mny studies re directed towrds broiler muscle tissues or products by using the mnipultion of the FA composition of vegetble sources in their diet (Mntzioris et INTRODUCTION 1 Deprtment of Poultry Science, Fculty of Agriculture, Trbit Modres University, Tehrn, Islmic Republic of Irn. * Corresponding uthor, emil: rhimi_s@modres.c.ir 353

2 Rhimi et l. l., 2000; Ayerz et l., 2002). However, due to the high un-sturtion levels, chicken muscles re esily oxidized. In generl, oxidtion is influenced by dietry fctors such s ft composition (Hung et l., 1990), storge times (Gru et l., 2001) nd by the type of muscle involved (Ajuyh et l., 1993). In ddition, for poultry production FS nd CS might serve s n lterntive source of dietry energy. However, the drwbcks with dietry inclusions of FS nd CS re the presence of nti-nutritionl fctors nd the low vilble nutrient content, which my limit its in poultry diets. The literture shows tht more thn 10-15% dietry inclusion of FS my depress broiler growth (Ajuyh et l., 1993b; Njib nd Al-Khteeb, 2004). Since cnol seed nd flxseed re widely produced in Irn, it is expected tht they hve the potentil to become mjor non-conventionl feedstuff for poultry due to their high energy, omeg-3 FA content nd the lower cost ssocited with their inclusion compred to the conventionl energy sources. The objective of this study ws to compre the effects of diets contining vrious levels of oil seeds with high proportions of n-3 PUFA on the performnce, ftty cid pttern of chicken muscles, nd stbility of broiler met s indicted by mlondildehyde (MDA) levels. dys), respectively. Diets were formulted ccording to the recommendtions of the Ntionl Reserch Council (1994). Feed nd wter were provided d libitum throughout the experiment. Diets were modultion in isoenergetic nd iso-nitrogenous. The following six dietry tretments were used: C: control diet (soyben- corn); CS1: 7.5 % ground cnol seed; CS2: 15% ground cnol seed; CS-FS: 10% ground flxseed+10% ground cnol seed; FS1: 7.5% ground flxseed; FS2: 15% ground flxseed. Composition of the diets is shown in Tble 1. Two birds were rndomly selected from ech replicte (6 birds per tretment) for tissue smpling on dy 42. After slughtering, the birds were pportioned into commercil cuts. Brest muscle (white met) nd leg muscle (drk met) were collected from ech bird nd two tissue smples were tken from ech. The first set of smples ws used for oxidtion determintion of thiobrbituric cid rective substnces (TBARS). The smples were stored t 4 C for 1, 7, 14 or 21 dys until TBARS vlue determintion. The second set of smples ws stored t -20 C, nd used for FA nd TBARS determintion fter storge for 1, 2, nd 3 months. Performnce Record Body weight of ll birds in ech pen ws recorded on dys 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 nd 42, without withdrwing feed before tking the weight. Feed consumption ws recorded weekly for birds in ech pen. Weight gin nd feed conversion rtio were clculted on pen bsis t the end of ech feeding period. MATERIALS AND METHODS All niml cre ws conducted ccording to the University pproved methods. Three hundred nd twenty four 1-d old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were divided rndomly into six dietry tretments. Ech of the six tretments ws replicted 3 times with 18 chicks per ech. Birds were housed in deep litter pens (1 2 m). Environmentl temperture ws set t 32 C on d-1 nd lowered stepwise to C for the rest of the experiment. Reltive humidity nd ventiltion were rrnged under stndrd conditions. Birds were fed with the experimentl diets from dy 1 until 42 d with two-time periods included: the strting nd finishing periods (1 to 21 dys nd 22 to 42 Ftty Acid Content The FA composition of the feed, thigh, nd brest smples ws determined by gs chromtogrphy ccording to the method described by Metclfe et l. (1996). The FA content ws determined using gs chromtogrph (Unicm 4600, USA) 354

3 Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met Tble 1. Ingredients nd composition of experimentl diets. Ingredients C Corn Soyben mel Corn gluten 2.30 mel Flxseed Cnol seed Tllow 3.22 Diclcium phosphte Slt Oyster Vit nd Min premix1, 2 DL-Met L-Lys Fine snd Clculted nlysis CS1b Strter CS2c CS-FSd FS1e FS2f C CS CS Finisher CS-FS FS FS ME (kcl kg-1) CP (%) Dry mtter Fiber C Avilble P Crude ft Bsl diet; b Diet with 7.5 % cnol seed; c Diet with 15 % cnol seed; d Diet with 10% cnol seed nd 10% flxseed; Diet with 7.5% flxseed, f Diet with 15 % flxseed. 1 Vitmin premix provided per kilogrm of diet: vitmin A, 7,040 IU; vitmin D3, 2,000 IU; vitmin E, 8.8 IU; vitmin K3, 1.76 mg; biotin, 0.12 mg; thimine, 1.2 mg; riboflvin, 3.2 mg; pntothenic cid, 6.4 mg; pyridoxine, 1.97 mg; nicin, 28 mg; vitmin B12, 8 mg; choline, 320 mg; folic cid, 0.38 mg. 2 Minerl premix provided per kilogrm of diet: Mn, 60 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Zn, mg; Cu, 4.8 mg; I, 0.69 mg; Se, 0.16 mg. e equipped with BPX70 fused silic cpillry column nd flme ioniztion detector. The column hed pressure of the crrier gs (Helium) ws 20 psi nd smple volume injected ws 0.2 µl. Pentdecnoic cid (Sigm, St. Louis, MO) ws used s internl stndrd. The FA s were identified by mtching their retention times with those of their corresponding stndrds. MDA concentrtion, s secondry oxidtion product, in the smples. Tetrethoxypropne (1, 1, 3, 3- Tetrethoxy propne, T9889, 97%, Sigm, USA.) ws used s MDA precursor in the stndrd curve. The TBARS ws expressed s microgrms of MDA per kilogrm of smple. Sttisticl Anlyses Determintion of TBARS The experiment ws crried out s completely rndomized design with 3 replictions. The pen ws the experimentl unit. Ech vrible ws compred using the ANOVA procedure of SAS (1990) to ssess tretment differences on FA composition nd MDA levels of thigh nd brest muscle. Differences mong tretment mens were The extent of lipid peroxides in brest nd thigh muscle smples ws ssessed by mesuring TBARS ccording to the method described by Botsoglou et l. (1994) using third derivtive spectrophotometry. The height of the third-order derivtive pek tht ppered t nm ws used for clcultion of the 355

4 Rhimi et l. seprted using Duncn s multiple rnge test. The following model ws used: X ij= µ + τ j + ε ij Where, X ij= The observtion of the jth tretment in the ith pen, µ= The overll mens of the smpled observtion, τ j= The effect of tretment, ε ij= The experimentl error component. by number of investigtors (Roth-Mier et l., 1998; Njib nd Al-Khteeb, 2004; Tlebli nd Frzinpour, 2005). Ajuyh et l. (1993b) reported 17% reduction in body weights when birds were fed diets contining 15% flxseed (42 dys period), nd becuse feed consumption ws similr to the control birds, significntly higher feed conversion ws reported. The negtive effects of feeding diets contining FS nd CS hve been ttributed to the lower vilbility of their ft frction (Lee et l., 1991), nd the presence of ntinutritionl fctors (Chdh et l., 1995). The existence of phytic cid in cnol seed nd flxseed will cuse reduction in clcium bsorption in lyers (Summers et l., 1988) nd inhibit proteolitic enzymes (Cldwell, 1992; Rvidrn et l., 1995). In ddition, the usefulness of flxseed nd cnol seed s energy dense ingredients in monogstric diets hs been hmpered by the level of soluble fibre which increses intestinl viscosity nd leds to reduced nutrient vilbility by incresing pssge rte (Rodriguez et l., 2001). Also, the negtive effect of feeding diet contining FS nd CS on performnce prmeters my be due to higher ft content of the diet (Tble 1), which reduces digestion nd bsorption process nd ftty cid synthesis, nd increses rte of lipid ctbolism (Snz et l., 2000). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Performnce In terms of weight gin nd feed conversion efficiency, birds fed with the control diets performed significntly better (P< 0.01) thn those fed with other diets (Tble 2). Broilers fed with CS2 nd CS-FS diets hd 11% lower body weight t the end of the test thn the birds of the control diet. The finl 42d feed consumption of the birds fed with the experimentl diets during the test period ws not ffected by diet. Lower body weights nd similr feed consumption resulted in significntly higher (P< 0.01) feed: gin rtio for birds fed with the diets contining FS nd CS. The highest feed conversion ws recorded for the birds fed with CS-FS diet. The inverse effect of high FS nd CS inclusion in broiler diets on body weight gin nd feed conversion hs been reported Tble 2. Broiler chicken performnce in response to experimentl diets1. performnce Age (dys) C CS1 CS2 CS-FS FS1 FS2 Weight gin Feed consumption Feed conversion efficiency b 2.01b 1.70c 33.32b 80.87bc 57.09b b 2.12b 1.76bc 30.55b 76.98c 53.76c 47.58c b b b c c b b 82.45b 57.50b 49.59b b 2.12b 1.78bc 31.04b 81.47bc 56.25bc 48.50bc b b Significnce Ns Ns SEM f Vlues in the sme column with no common superscript differ significntly. 1 C: Bsl diet; CS1: Diet with 7.5 % cnol seed; CS2: Diet with 15 % cnol seed; CS-FS: Diet with 10% cnol seed nd 10% flxseed; FS1: Diet with 7.5% flxseed; FS2: Diet with 15 % flxseed. Ns: P> 0.05; * P 0.05, P

5 Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met The decresed weight gin with flxseed nd cnol seed my be the result of higher dietry fiber nd clcium content in these diets reltive to the control diet. During digestion of ft, free ftty cids my produce complex with clcium nd formed sop, under which condition ftty cids re unvilble to the birds (Lesson nd Summers, 2005). Fiber content of soyben mel is lower thn the flxseed nd cnol seed, wheres fiber is not very digestible by poultry (Mngold, 1934), nd, therefore, its presence my impir the digestibility of other nutrients. In ddition, other ntinutritionl fctors like toxic cinoglicosides (limrin) nd vitmin B6 ntgonistic fctors in flxseed nd lysine-rginine imblnce in cnol seed my be relted to the reduction of productive performnce (Klostermn et l., 1967; Summers nd Leeson, 1978; Oomh et l., 1992). Tble 3. Ftty cid composition of flxseed nd cnol seed (%). Ftty cid C14 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:4 SFA MUFA PUFA n-3 n-6 S/U n3/n6 Crude ft Flxseed Cnol seed C18:1= Oleic cid; C18:2= Linoleic cid; C18:3= Linolenic cid ; C20:4= Archidonic cid; n-3= Omeg-3 FA; n-6= Omeg-6 FA; SFA= Sturted ftty cid; MUFA= Monounsturted ftty cid; PUFA= Polyunsturted ftty cid; n3/n6= The rtio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA. : Not detected. Ftty Acid Composition of Mets nd Diets The FA composition of the oil seeds nd the experimentl diets is shown in Tbles 3 nd 4. In reltion to feed FA composition, when oil seeds, especilly flxseed, were dded to the feed, ALA incresed compred to the control group. Also, dietry PUFA to SFA rtio incresed with the increse of dietry oil seed level. Ftty cid compositions of the white nd drk muscle re presented in Tble 5, respectively. As shown in the present study, ftty cid composition of the chick s tissues generlly reflected the FA profile of the diets. Dietry supplementtion with n-3 PUFA increses the content of these FA in poultry met (Ozpinr et l., 2002; Khrmn et l., 2004; Shen et l., 2005). Incorportion of flxseed nd cnol seed in the diet incresed the proportions of the n3 PUFA in the form of ALA. Alph linolenic FA, n n-3 PUFA, ws significntly higher (P< 0.01) in the white nd drk muscles of the broilers fed with oil seeds thn in the muscles from birds fed with the control diet. Also, ALA concentrtion in the drk nd white muscles incresed with incresing level of oil seed in the diet. Cnol seed hs limited potentil for ALA enrichment compred with flxseed becuse flxseed contins more ALA thn cnol seed. The ltter is rich in oleic cid nd contins lso more linoleic cid (LA) thn flxseed. Similrly, Lopez-Ferrer et l. (1999), who used diets with 8.2% flxseed nd cnol seed, observed moderte levels of ALA in crcsses using 8.2% cnol seed in contrst to flxseed supplementtion. The AA, long-chin n-6 PUFA, ws significntly lower (P< 0.05) in the muscle obtined from the broilers fed with oil seed diets when compred with those fed with the control diet (Tble 5). Higher concentrtion of ALA in muscle tissues my hve decresed the formtion of AA. Both LA nd 357

6 Rhimi et l. Tble 4. Ftty cid composition of diets (%). Tretment Ftty cid C14 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:4 SFA MUFA PUFA n-3 n-6 S/U n3/n6 Crude ft content C c f c 13.53c 0.90f b CS1b CS2c bc bc bc bc e 28.50bc 57.23b 14.27bc e b 6.17b 6.66 b c d 26.63cd b 3.20d b 3.77bc 8.07 CS-FSd c d b b 25.47d 57.30b b b 2.43c 7.59 b FS1e b 21.70b bc c 29.20b 55.77bc 15.03b 3.52c b 3.26c 6.15 b FS2f bc c c bcd 55.40bc b 2.07c 7.08 b significnce SEM ns ns * ns * ns * * f Vlues in the sme row with no common superscript differ significntly. Bsl diet; b Diet with 7.5 % cnol seed; c Diet with 15 % cnol seed; d Diet with 10% cnol seed nd 10% flxseed; e Diet with 7.5% flxseed, f Diet with 15 % flxseed. C18:1= Oleic cid; C18:2= Linoleic cid; C18:3= Linolenic cid; C20:4= Archidonic cid; n-3= Omeg-3 FA; n-6= Omeg-6 FA; SFA= Sturted ftty cid; MUFA= Monounsturted ftty cid; PUFA= Polyunsturted ftty cid; n3/n6: the rtio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA. : Not detected, Ns: P> 0.05; * P 0.05, P ALA compete for the sme enzyme system responsible for their elongtion nd desturtion to form the long-chin metbolites. The criticl enzyme in these rections is -6 desturse, for which the gretest ffinity ppers to be conferred by the gretest number of double bonds in the C18 substrte (Srdesi, 1992). Becuse of higher concentrtions of ALA nd lower concentrtions of AA in the lipid of the muscles, ddition of oil seeds to the diet significntly (P< 0.01) lowered the n -6: n -3 rtios of white nd drk muscles. These findings re similr to the results reported by Gonzlez- Esquerr nd Leeson (2000) nd Shen et l. (2005). The ALA deposition vlues tend to be higher in thigh thn in brest. These results could be explined by the higher triglyceride frction in the thigh in which ALA is normlly deposited (Huln et l., 1988; Ahn et l., 1995). Differences in FA deposition between brest nd thigh muscle hve been reported. For exmple, Cortins et l. (2004) reported deposition vlues for ALA of 26.7% nd 22.2% for thigh nd brest muscle, respectively, when 45 g kg-1 PUFA ws dded in the diet. In the present study, no FA with more thn 22 crbon toms ws detected. Some reserchers hve reported tht lthough the chicks re ble to desturte nd elongte ALA, their bility ppers to be limited, nd the deposition rte of these metbolites in muscle tissues is very limited (Lopez-Ferrer et l., 2001; Chnmugm et l., 1992). The totl sturted ftty cid (SFA) nd monounsturted ftty cid (MUFA) content of brest muscle remined constnt while the SFA content of thigh muscle ws lower when chickens were fed oil seeds diets. In ddition, the bility of broiler chickens to lter the SFA content of the brest muscle is limited. The FA in the white muscle tissue serve s structurl components tht limit its levels of deposition in order to mintin its physicl chrcteristics to ensure fluidity nd permebility of the cell to different compounds (Snz, 1999). Concentrtions of PUFA were significntly (P< 0.01) incresed when the oil seeds were supplemented. On 358

7 Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met 359

8 Rhimi et l. the other hnd, brest muscle exhibited higher deposition of PUFA thn thigh muscle due to the higher proportion of phospholipid frction in brest muscle (Rtnyke et l., 1989). Bsed on the results reported in different studies, the MUFA re deposited in the gretest mount in the triglyceride frction (Ajuyh et l., 1993), therefore, s expected, MUFA concentrtions were higher in the thigh muscle thn in the brest muscle. Thus, differences in tissue FA profile could be ttributed to different roles of FA in these tissues or to their different phospholipid contents. in brest muscle my hve been the reson for lower TBARS vlues in brest in comprison to thigh muscle, since the oxidtion of the heme pigment probbly hs ctlysed the lipid oxidtion (Akmiitth et l., 1990). The results of oxidtive stbility of brest nd thigh muscle show tht oxidtion of the brest nd the thigh muscle incresed with length of storge, which is in greement with other reports (Gru et l., 2001; JeunHorng et l., 2002; Znini et l., 2006). Furthermore, the susceptibility towrd oxidtion of the muscle ws detected when the levels of oil seeds were incresed. This finding indictes tht oil seeds, prticulrly flxseed, re probbly mjor contributor to oxidtion, becuse they contin high levels of PUFA tht is prone to oxidtion. The pttern of FA deposition in muscle tissue of poultry cn be mnipulted by chnges in the FA composition of dietry fts. Additionlly, the origin of dietry fts significntly influences the FA composition nd concentrtion of broiler chicken crcsses reflecting the predominnt FA of the diet. Modifying the FA composition in muscle tissues towrd higher degree of unsturtion decreses the oxidtive stbility of muscles. The susceptibility of stored muscle lipids to oxidtion depends on the concentrtion of unsturted FA in the muscles. In generl, the rte nd extent of lipid oxidtion in muscle could be influenced by the ft level, profile of ftty cids, nd the storge conditions. Totl Ft Content TBARS Concentrtion The MDA levels of the drk nd white muscles re summrized in Tble 6, respectively. Oil seed mel inclusion in broiler diets decresed the oxidtive stbility of rw met with TBARS vlues in brest nd thigh muscle from these groups being significntly (P< 0.01) higher thn in muscle tissues of the birds fed with the control diet. At ny storge time, thigh nd brest muscle smples from the chickens fed with oil seed diets gve the highest TBA vlues except for brest muscle smpled 1 dy fter slughtering (P< 0.01). The gretest rte of oxidtion during frozen storge ws produced by feeding the CS-FS diet. There hve been other reports of higher TBA vlues for chicken muscle from unsturted ft sources (Du et l., 2000; Gru et l., 2001; Cortins et l., 2005). This is consequence of the higher PUFA content in met from unsturted diets. As mentioned erlier, TBARS formtion is minly incresed with the peroxidtion of FA with more thn two double bonds. Hence, the TBARS vlues were higher in the thigh met thn in the brest met of broilers probbly due to its higher unsturted FA concentrtion nd higher lipid content. The incresed MDA levels of birds fed n-3 PUFA in thigh muscle compred with brest muscle hs been observed by Ruiz et l. (1999) nd Znini et l. (2006). In ddition, the lower concentrtions of the heme pigment The crude ft content (Tble 7) of brest nd thigh met ws not ffected by tretments (P> 0.05). However, birds fed with the control diet deposited more lipids in brest muscle. Some uthors hve shown tht totl ft content in tissues reduced s the dietry PUFA level incresed (Cortins et l., 2004; Shen et l., 2005). It seems tht the lower ft deposition ws due to n incresed rte of lipid ctbolism nd decresed ftty cid synthesis (Snz et l., 2000). These observtions re consistent 360

9 Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met 361

10 Rhimi et l. Tble 7. Totl ft content of diets, brest nd thigh (%)1. Tretments2 Feed C CS1 CS2 CS-FS FS1 FS2 significnce SEM b b b 6.15b 7.08b 0.30 Brest Thigh Ns Ns c Vlues in the sme column with no common superscript differ significntly. 1 Vlues re the mens of six observtions per tretment. 2 C: Bsl diet; CS1: Diet with 7.5 % cnol seed; CS2: Diet with 15 % cnol seed; CS-FS: Diet with 10% cnol seed nd 10% flxseed; FS1: Diet with 7.5% flxseed; FS2: Diet with 15 % flxseed. Ns: P> 0.05, P with our results. The lck of effect of ft source on crude ft cn be relted to the moderte enrichment of muscles. Some uthors hve shown tht the dietry polyunsturtion level of ft does not influence intrmusculr lipid content of brest (Scife et l., 1994; Crespo nd Esteve-Grci, 2002). Furthermore, higher dietry fibers content reduces heptic lipogenesis nd triglyceride synthesis nd ccelertes lipoprotein lipse ctivity in the dipose tissue (Akib nd Mtsumoto, 1982) REFRERNCES Ahn, D. U., Wolfe, F. H. nd Sim, J. S Dietry α-linolenic Acid nd Mixed Tocopherols, nd Pckging Influences on Lipid Stbility in Broiler Chicken Brest nd Leg muscle. J. Food Sci., 60: Ajuyh, A. O., Ahn, D. U. Hrdin, R. T. nd Sim, J. S Dietry Antioxidnts nd Storge Affect Chemicl Chrcteristics of ω3 Ftty Acid Enriched Broiler Chicken Mets. J. Food Sci., 58: Ajuyh, A. O., Hrdin, R. T. nd Sim, J. S. 1993b. Effect of Dietry Full-ft Flx Seed With nd Without Antioxidnt on the Ftty Acid Composition of Mjor Lipid Clsses of Chicken Mets. Poult. Sci., 72: Akmiitth, J. G., Brekke, C. J. nd Schnus, E. G Lipid Oxidtion nd Color Stbility in Restructured Met Systems during Frozen Storge. J. Food Sci., 55: Akib, Y. nd Mtsumoto, T Effects of Severl Types of Dietry Fibers on Lipid Content in Liver nd Plsm, Nutrient Retentions nd Plsm Trnsminse Activities in Force-fed Growing Chicks. J. Nutr. 110: AOAC Officil Method of Anlysis. 15th Edition, Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists, Wshington, DC. Ayerz, R., Cotes, W. nd Luri, M Chi Seed (Slvi hispnic L.) s n ω-3 Ftty Acid Source for Broilers: Influence on Ftty Acid Composition, Cholesterol nd Ft Content of White nd Drk Mets, Growth Performnce, nd Sensory Chrcteristics. Poult. Sci., 81: Botsoglou, N. A., Fletouris, D. J., Ppgeorgiou, G. E., Vssilopoulos, V. N., Mntis, A. J. nd Trcktellis, A. G Rpid, Sensitive, nd Specific Thiobrbituric Acid Method for Mesuring Lipid Peroxidtion in Animl Tissue, Food nd Feedstuff Smple. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42: Clder, P. C Polyunsturted Ftty Acid, Inflmmtion, nd Immunity. Lipids, 36: Cldwell, R. A Effect of Clcium nd Phytic Acid on the Activtion of Trypsinogen nd the Stbility of Trypsin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40: Chdh, R. K., Lwrence, J. F. nd Rtnyke, W. M. N Ion Chromtogrphic Determintion of Cynide Relesed from Flxseed Under Antohydrolysis Conditions. Food Addit. Contm., 12: Chnmugm, P., Boudreu, M., Boutte, T., Prk, R. S., Hebert, J., Berrio, L. nd Hwng, D. H Incorportion of Different Types of Ftty Acids into Tissue Lipids of Poultry. Poult. Sci., 71: Cortins, L., Brroet, A., Villverde, C., Globrt, J., Gurdiol, F. nd Bucells, M. D Influence of the Dietry Polyunsturtion Level on Chicken Met Qulity: Lipid Oxidtion. Poult. Sci., 84:

11 Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met 14. Cortins, L., Villverde, C., Globrt, J., Bucells, M. D., Codony, R. nd Brroet, A. C Ftty Acid Content in Chicken Thigh nd Brest s Affected by Dietry Polyunsturtion Level. Poult. Sci., 83: Crespo, N. nd Esteve-Grci, E Nutrient nd Ftty Acid Deposition in Broilers Fed Different Dietry Ftty Acid Profiles. Poult. Sci., 81: De Lorgeril, M., Renud, S., Mmelle, N., Slen, P., Mrtin, J. L., Monjud, I., Guidollet, J., Touboul, P. nd Delye, J Mediterrnen Alph-linolenic Acid-rich Diet in Secondry Prevention of Coronry Hert Disese. Lncet, 343: Du, M., Ahn, D. U., Nm, K. C. nd Sell, J. L Influence of Dietry Conjugted Linoleic Acid on Voltile Profiles, Color nd Lipid Oxidtion of Irrdited Rw Chicken Met. Met Sci., 56: Gonzlez-Esquerr, R. nd Lesson, S Effect of Menhden Oil nd Flxseed in Broiler Diets on Sensory Qulity nd Lipid Composition of Poultry Met. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: Gru, A., Gurdiol, F., Grimp, S., Brroet, A. C. nd Codony, R Oxidtive Stbility of Drk Chicken Met through Frozen Torge: Influence of Dietry Ft nd αtocopherol nd Ascorbic Acid Supplementtion. Poult. Sci., 80: Hrtmn, I. S Alph-linolenic Acid: A Preventive in Secondry Coronry Vents? Nutr. Rev., 55(7): Hung, Z., Leibovitz, H., Lee, C. M. nd Millr, R Effect of Dietry Fish Oil on Omeg-3 Ftty Acid Levels in Chicken Eggs nd Thigh Flesh. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38(3): Huln, H. W., Ackmn, R. G., Rtnyke, W. M. N. nd Proudfoot, F. G Omeg- 3 Ftty Acid Levels nd Performnce of Broiler Chickens Fed Redfish Mel or Redfish Oil. Cn. J. Anim. Sci., 68: Jeun-Horng, L., Yun-Hui, L. nd Chun-Chin, K Effect of Dietry Fish Oil on Ftty Acid Composition, Lipid Oxidtion nd Sensory Property of Chicken Frnkfurters during Storge. Met Sci., 60: Khrmn, R., Ozpinr, H., Abs, I., Kuty, I., Eseceli, H. nd Grshorn, M. A Effect of Different Dietry Oil Sources on Ftty Acid Composition nd Mlondildehyde Levels of Thigh Met in Broiler Chickens. Arch. Geflugelk, 68(2): Klostermn, H. J., Lmoureux, G. L. nd Prsons, J. L Isoltion, chrcteriztion, nd synthesis of lintine. A. Vitmin B6 Antgonist from Flxseed (Linum usittissimum). Biochem., 6: Lef, A. nd Kng, J. X N- 3 Ftty Acids nd Crdiovsculr Disese. World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 83: Lee, K., Olomu, J. M. nd Sim, J. S Live Performnce, Crcss Yield, Protein nd Energy Retention of Broiler Chickens Fed Cnol nd Flx Full-ft Seeds nd the Restored Mixtures of Mel nd Oil. Cn. J. Anim. Sci., 71: Leeson, S. nd Summers, J. D Commercil Poultry Production. 2nd Edition, University Books, Guelph, Ontrio, PP Lopez-Ferrer, S., Bucells, M. D., Brroet, A. C. nd Grshorn, M. A N-3 Enrichment of Chicken Met Using Fish Oil: Alterntive Substitution with Rpeseed nd Linseed Oils. Poult. Sci., 78: Lopez-Ferrer, S., Bucells, M. D., Brroet, A. C. nd Grshorn, M. A N-3 Enrichment of Chicken Met. 2. Use of Precursors of Long-chin Polyunsturted Ftty Acids: Linseed Oil. Poult. Sci., 80: Mngold, E The Digestion nd Utiliztion of Crude Fiber. Nutr. Abs. Rev., 3: Mntzioris, E., Clelnd, L. G., Gibson, R. A., Neumnn, M. A., Demsi, M. nd Jmes, M. J Biochemicl Effects of Diet Contining Foods Enriched With n-3 Ftty Acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72: Metclfe, L. D., Schmitz, A. A. nd Pelk, J. R Rpid Preprtion of Ftty Acid Esters from Lipids for Gs Chromtogrphic. Anl. Chem., 38: Njib, H. nd Al-Khteeb, S. A The Effect of Incorporting Different Levels of Loclly Produced Cnol Seeds (Brssic npus, L.) in the Diet of Lying Hen. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: Ntionl Reserch Council Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Oomh, B. D., Mzz, G. nd Kenschuk, E. O Cynogenic Compounds in Flxseed. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40: Ozpinr, H., Khrmn, R., Kuty, H. C., Eseceli, H. nd Grshorn, M. A Effect of Dietry Ft Source on n-3 Ftty Acid

12 Rhimi et l Srdesi, V. M Nutritionl Role of Polyunsturted Ftty Acids. J. Nutr. Biochem., 3: SAS Institute SAS/STAT User's Guide. Relese 6.03 Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC. 47. Scife, J. R., Moyo, J., Glbrith, H., Michie, W. nd Cmpbell, V Effect of Different Dietry Supplementl Fts nd Oils on the Tissue Ftty Acid Composition nd Growth of Femle Broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 35: Shen, Y., Feng, D., Fn, M. Z. nd Chvez, E. R Performnce, Crcss Cut-up nd Ftty Acids Deposition in Broilers Fed Different Levels of Pellet-Processed flxseed. J. Sci. Food Agric., 85: Summers, J. D. nd Leeson, S Feeding Vlue nd Amino Acid Blnce of Low Glucosinoltes B. npus (cv. Tower) Rpeseed Mel. Poult. Sci., 57: Summers, J. D., Leeson, S. nd Sprtt, D Cnol Mel nd Egg Size. Cn. J. Anim. Sci., 68: Tlebli, H. nd Frzinpour, A Effect of Different Levels of Full-ft Cnol Seed s Replcement for Soyben Mel on the Performnce of Broiler Chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4(12): Yu, J. C., Denton, J. H., Biley, C. A. nd Sms, A. R Customizing the Ftty Acid Content of Broiler Tissues. Poult. Sci., 70: Znini, S. F., Colngo, G. L., Bstos, M. R., Pessotti, B. M. S., Csgrnde, F. P. nd Lim, V. R Oxidtive Stbility nd Totl Lipids on Thigh nd Brest Met of Broilers Fed Diets with Two Ft Sources nd Supplemented With Conjugted Linoleic Acid. LWT, 39: Enrichment of Broiler Met. Arch. Geflugelk, 67(2): Rtnyke, W. M. N., Ackmn, R. G. nd Huln, H. W Effect of Redfish Mel Enriched Diets on the Tste nd n-3 PUFA of 42-dys Old Broiler Chickens. J. Sci. Food Agric., 49: Rvidrn, V., Bryden, W. L. nd Cornegy, E. T Phyttes: Occurrence, Biovilbility nd Implictions in Poultry Nutrition. Poultry Avin Biol. Rev., 6: Rodriguez, M. L., Alzuet, C., Rebole, A., Ortiz, L. T., Centeno, C. nd Trevino, J Effect of Inclusion Level of Linseed on the Nutrient Utiliztion of Diets for Growing Broiler Chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 42: Roth-Mier, D. A., Eder, K. nd Kirchgessner, M Live Performnce nd Ftty Acid Composition of Met in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets with Vrious Amounts of Ground or Whole Flxseed. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 79: Ruiz, J. A., Perez-Vendrell, A. M. nd EsteveGrci, E Effect of β-crotene nd Vitmin E on Oxidtive Stbility in Leg Met of Broilers Fed Different Supplementl Fts. J. Sci. Food Agric., 47: Snz, M., Flores, A. nd Lopez-Bote, C. J Effect of Ftty Acid Sturtion in Broiler Diets on Abdominl Ft nd Brest Muscle Ftty Acid Composition nd Susceptibility to Lipid Oxidtion. Poult. Sci., 78: Snz, M., Lopez-Bote, C. J., Menoyo, D. nd Butist, J. M Abdominl Ft Deposition nd Ftty Acid Synthesis Are Lower nd β-oxidtion Is Higher in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Contining Unsturted rther Thn Sturted Ft. J. Nutr., 130: ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دو ﺑﺬر روﻏﻨﻲ 3- ﻏﻨﻲ ﺳﺎزي ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻃﻴﻮر از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﭼﺮب اﻣﮕﺎ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺰي. ا. ﻛﺎﻣﺮان آزاد و م. س رﺣﻴﻤﻲ. ش ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ( ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد CS: Cnol seed) ( و ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻻ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﺰا FS: Flxseed) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺬر ﻛﺘﺎن روز اﻧﺠﺎم 42 ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ اﺳﻴﺪ ﭼﺮب ﮔﻮﺷﺖ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺗﻴﻮ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻃﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 364

13 Omeg-3 Enrichment of Broiler Met ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺗﻌﺪاد 324 ﺟﻮﺟﻪ ﻳﻚروزه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺶ ﺟﻴﺮه ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ) C ﮔﺮوه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ( 7/5) CS1 درﺻﺪ 15) CS2 (CS درﺻﺪ ) CF-FS ( CS ﻣﺨﻠﻮط 10 درﺻﺪ CS و (FS 7/5) FS1 درﺻﺪ (FS و 15) FS2 درﺻﺪ (FS ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮدي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار ) (P<0/01 اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ وزن ﺑﺪن و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻲ در ﻣﻴﺰان ﻏﺬاي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪ ).(P>0/05 اﻓﺰودن ﺑﺬر ﻛﺘﺎن و ﺑﺬر ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻻ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري در ﻣﺤﺘﻮي اﺳﻴﺪ ﭼﺮب اﻣﮕﺎ ) 3- ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮم اﺳﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻟﻨﻴﻚ( و ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ در ﻣﺤﺘﻮي اﺳﻴﺪ آراﺷﻴﺪوﻧﻴﻚ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ).(P<0/01 ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﺳﻴﺪ ﭼﺮب اﻣﮕﺎ 6- ﺑﻪ اﻣﮕﺎ 3- ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻴﻮر ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺑﺬور ﻛﺘﺎن و ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻻ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد ).(P<0/01 اﻓﺰودن ﺑﺬور ﻛﺘﺎن و ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻻ پ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺗﻴﻮ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﺧﺎم )ﺳﻴﻨﻪ و ران( ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﺎرﺑﻴﺘﻮرﻳﻚ اﺳﻴﺪ ) (TBA ﻃﻲ زﻣﺎن ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪ ).(P<0/01 ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ اﻣﮕﺎ 3- ﺑﻪ ﺟﻴﺮه ﻃﻴﻮر ﻣﺤﺘﻮي اﺳﻴﺪ ﭼﺮب اﻣﮕﺎ 3- ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻃﻴﻮر اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺛﺮات ﻣﻔﻴﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. 365 ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻴﺮهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﺑﺬر ﻛﺘﺎن و ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺬور روﻏﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ