Improving the Nutritive Value of Cottonseed Meal by Adding Iron on Growing Lambs Diets

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1 World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences 4 (5): , 2008 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2008 Improving the Nutritive Vlue of Cottonseed Mel y Adding Iron on Growing Lms Diets Aou Wrd, G.A. Twil, M.A. Swsn, M. Gd nd M.M. El-Moniry Deprtment of Animl Production, Ntionl Reserch Center, Dokki, Giz, Egypt Astrc: Eighteen growing Brki mle lms (5-6 months old nd weighed in verge 25±2 Kg) were rndomly ssigned ccording to their ody weight into three feeding groups (6 in ech) to investigte the effect of dding ferrous sulfte on the performnce of growing lms fed undecorticted cottonseed mel (UCSM) compred with lms fed UCSM or soyen mel (SBM) sed diets without ddition through growth tril for 150 dys followed y digestiility trils. The experimentl rtions contined 13 % SBM for group I nd 30 % UCSM (s min source of protein) either, without ddition s rtion II or with ferrous sulfte ddition (1 prt iron: 1 prt free gossypol), rtion III. Animls in ll groups were fed totl mixed rtion (concentrte nd Berseem hy) d litium. The results showed tht the ddition of ferrous sulfte significntly (P<0.05) improved ll nutrients digestiility nd nutritive vlues s TDN nd DCP compred with unsupplemented rtion (II).Averge dily gin ws significntly (P<0.05) improved y dding ferrous sulfte. Animls in rtion I hd the lowest feeding cost eing 7.3 followed y rtion III which hd 7.7 while rtion II recorded the higher feeding cost eing 8.2 L.E /Kg gin. It could e concluded tht the ddition of ferrous sulfte to UCSM might e improve the utiliztion of UCSM nd llevite the dverse effect of gossypol which reflected on the performnce of growing lms. Key words: Undecorticted cottonseed mel Soyen mel Ferrous sulfte Lms INTRODUCTION The use of undecorticted cottonseed mel s n niml feed is limited y the presence of gossypol. Feeding diets contining gossypol cn cuse negtive effects on growth, reproductive, performnce, s well s intestinl nd internl orgn normlities [1-4]. Gossypol in cotton seed exists in oth the free nd ound forms. Most gossypol found in whole cottonseed is in the free form ut some ecomes ound due to the het, moisture nd pressure ssocited with cottonseed mel extrusion nd other types of cottonseed processing [5, 6]. The ound form of gossypol is generlly considered to e nontoxic, lthough during digestion, some reserchers suggested tht more ound gossypol from processed whole cottonseed (WCS) or cotton seed mel (CSM) my e converted to free gossypol in the digestive trct [6-8]nd the free form is potentilly toxic [1, 3, 9]. Gossypol lso exists s mixture of (+) nd (-) stereoisomers [10], the (-) isomer hving the higher iologicl ctivity [11]. Adult cttle cn tolerte much lrger mounts of free gossypol ut toxicity hs een reported with levels 0.08 % of gossypol fed over long period of time [9]. Gossypol toxicity in functioning ruminnts depended on severl fctors, including the level of gossypol, the proportion of feeding gossypol in the free form, the reltive proportion of the (+) nd (-) isomers, the mount of cottonseed or cottonseed mel consumed nd the efficiency of the detoxifiction ction. The ojective of the present study is to improve the utiliztion of UCSM y dding ferrous sulfte which reduce the dverse effect of gossypol in UCSM nd compre this with SBM diet on the performnce of growing lms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Feeding experiments including digestiility trils were crried out on growing Brki mle lms. Experimentl rtions were used to study the effect of gossypol in cottonseed mel without or with iron ddition on dily gins, feed intkes, efficiency, nutrients digestiility nd nitrogen lnce of lms given these rtions. The current study ws crried out on 18 Brki mle lms of out 25±2 live ody weight nd 6 month old. Animls were rndomly ssigned to three experimentl group 6 ech. The three experimentl rtions were lmost isocloric, isonitrogenous nd the control group (I) ws sed minly on soyen mel s source of protein. The other two rtions were sed minly on undecorticted Corresponding Author: Dr. Aou Wrd, Deprtment of Animl Production, Ntionl Reserch Center, Dokki, Giz, Egypt 533

2 Tle 1: Ingredient composition Corn Soyen mel Cottonseed mel * Whet rn Whet strw Berseem hy Minerls Vitmins Slt Limeston *cottonseed mel supplemented y 15 gm ferrous sulfte/ 1 kg. cottonseed mel s min protein source clculted to supply n mount of protein equivlent to the soyen mel in the control group. A supplement of ferrous sulfte ws given for rtions III (1 prt iron: 1 prt free gossypol). The totl nd free gossypol were determined nd found to e 1.6% totl nd 0.24% free gossypol. The three experimentl rtions re presented in Tle 1. Ech group hd received one of the three experimentl rtions, for 150 dys, which were given d-li nd the residuls were dily weighed to determine the free choice intke of ech. Animls were llowed free ccess to clen wter. Chnges in ody weight were recorded i-weekly. During the lst month of the experiment, four nimls of ech group were used in metolic tril. Preliminry period is 15 dys, followed y 7 dys collection period. Diets were offered twice dily nd wter ws freely ville. Feces nd urine collected every 24 hours for 7 consecutive dys. Smples of oth feces nd urine were tke (10%) for ech niml nd kept frozen until chemicl nlysis. Chemicl Anlysis: A proximte chemicl nlysis ws crried out ccording to the stndrd methods of A.O.A.C [12] on representtive smples of the essentil nutrients in feeds, feces, residuls nd nitrogen of urine. Totl gossypol nd free gossypol determined ccording to A.O.C.S [13]. Sttisticl Anlysis: Dt collected were sttisticlly nlyzed using the generl liner model of SAS [14]. Significnt differences etween mens were tested y Duncn s multiple rnge tests [15]. One wy nlysis of vrince ws dopted using the following eqution: Yij = u + Ti + Eij Where: Yij = The oservtions of the prmeter mesured. U = Overll mens Ti = The effect of repliction Eij = The rndom error term. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemicl composition of the experimentl rtions which re presented in Tle 2 showed tht ll the tested rtions in the current experiment were lmost similr in their chemicl composition. Nutrients Digestiility: The results of nutrients digestiility in Tle 3 clerly showed tht lms fed rtion (I) which including soyen mel (SBM) nd rtion of undecorticted cottonseed mel supplemented with iron(iii) hd significntly (P<0.05) higher nutrients digestiility compred with feeding undecorticted cottonseed mel without iron (II). This is in greement with El Hg nd El Hg [16] who reported tht sheep fed cottonseed cke depressed DM nd OM digestiilities nd with Aou Doni [17], which reported tht protein digestiility depression relted to gossypol toxicity. Gossypol is comined with -mino groups in the digestive trct nd then e excreted y fcilitting ctolism nd detoxifiction of the sored gossypol. On the other hnd, the depression of nutrients digestiility of lms fed UCSM my e due to the effect of gossypol on digestive enzymes [18]. Adding iron sulfte to cottonseed mel improved significntly (P<0.05) ll nutrients digestiility s compred with those fed rtion contining UCSM. This my e due to the effective of iron on lleviting gossypol toxicity y inding it nd prtilly inhiit the dverse effect of gossypol on digestive enzyme [19, 20]. The TDN vlue of rtions I nd III hd no significnt differences etween them ut they were significntly higher thn rtion II. TDN is reflection of higher nutrient digestiility coefficients vlue of the different nutrients. As regrds to DCP, vlues recorded for rtions I nd III were significntly higher thn those otined for rtion II. Nitrogen Blnce: Dt of nitrogen lnce (NB) re presented in Tle 3. All rtions showed positive nitrogen lnce. The vlues of NB rnged etween 4.1 nd 6.4 g/h/d. Lms fed rtions I nd III retined highest 534

3 Tle 2: Chemicl composition of experimentl rtions Tle 5: Economicl evlution of tested rtion Moisture Price of one ton feed Chemicl composition, (%DM sis) Price of feed intke h/d. L.E DM Feed cost/kg gin L.E OM Feed efficiency Kg Feed /Kg gin CP * Bsed on mrket prices t the eginning of experiment s DM sis EE CF NFE Ash Tle 3: Nutrient Digestiility, nutritive vlue nd nitrogen lnce of lms fed rtions Tested rtions A) Nutrient digestiility, % ± SE DM 75.7± ± ±2.73 OM 80.0± ± ±2.08 CP 73.0± ± ±2.40 EE 74.7± ± ±1.20 CF 53.3± ± ±1.53 NFE 86.0± ± ±0.88 B) Nutritive vlue% ± SE TDN 74.2± ± ±1.89 DCP 10.5± ± ±2.4 Nitrogen lnce Nitrogen intke g/h/d Fecl nitrogen g/h/d Urinry nitrogen g/h/d Nitrogen lnce g/h/d 6.4± ± ±1.2 nd different letters indicte significnt difference (P = 0.05) Tle 4: Feed intke, live weight gin nd feed conversion of lms fed tested rtions A) Live ody weight: Initil ody weight,kg Finl ody weight,kg Totl ody weight gin,kg Dily ody weight gin, g±se 200± ± ±2.89 B) Feed intke Totl DMI g/h/d TDN Intke g/h/d C) Feed conversion, g feed/g gin DMI TDN nd different letters indicte significnt difference (P = 0.05) (p<0.05) vlues of NB compred with lms fed rtion II. While there were no significnt difference (P<0.05) etween rtions I nd III. The results otined indicted tht NB of lms fed rtions I nd III were nerly similr. Therefore it is suggested tht protein of cottonseed mel could e more efficiently utilized with iron supplement thn unsupplemented CSM. Growth Performnce: Dt presented in Tle 4 showed tht lms received rtion I nd III hd significnt (P<0.05) higher verge dily gin (ADG) eing 200 g nd 190 g respectively, while lms fed rtion II recorded lower vlue eing 170 g. Better performnce with lms fed rtion I my e relted to the higher nutrients digestiility, [21] nd lso my e due to the effect of protein source on lms performnce. Severl investigtors reported tht t the equl protein level the source of protein showed etter growth rte thn other protein sources such s ure, corn gluten mel, sunflower mel, soyen mel nd cottonseed mel [22-24]. On the other hnd cottonseed mel hs gossypol which ppers toxic effect [6]. Poor ody weight gin for lms fed rtion II my e due to the lower of protein digestiility relted to gossypol toxicity [17], lso, my e due to the effect of gossypol on digestive enzymes [18]. Gossypol in UCSM nd WCS is considered ntinutritionl fctor when used in high percentge in diry cows [20, 25], clves [26], sheep [27, 28] nd gots [29]. Velsquez-Pereir et l. [30] found tht using UDCSM in Holstein ulls diet recorded lower dily gin compred with SBM diet. Feeding lms on rtion III which including UDCSM with iron resulted significnt (P< 0.05) increse in ADG compred with lms fed UCSM. This improvement my hs een relted to the higher nutrients digestiility compred with rtion II nd my lso e due to the effective of iron on lleviting gossypol toxicity y inding with free gossypol (FG) which is toxic form of gossypol [20]. Dry mtter intke (DMI) ws similr for ll tretments while diet contining SBM recorded lower DMI. The corresponding vlues were 1000, 1100 nd 1110 for the three diets respectively. Concerning feed conversion s g DM nd TDN intke / g gin, lms fed rtion I mrkedly performed etter compred with other groups, the corresponding 535

4 vlues were 5, 6.47 nd 5.8 for rtions I, II nd III, 8. Noftsger, S.M., B.A. Hupkins, D.E. Diz, C. Brownie respectively, this superiority in feed conversion might e due to lower feed intke reltive to the highest ody weight gin recorded y lms. Economic Evlution: The feed cost /kg in L.E were 7.3, 8.2 nd 7.7 for rtions I, II nd III, respectively. Dt presented in Tle 5 showed tht lms fed rtion I which including SBM hd the est economic efficiency followed y lms fed rtions III, while the poor economic efficiency ws found with rtion II. REFERENCES 1. Berdi, L.C. nd L.A. Goldltt, Gossypol. In: Liener, I. E. (Ed), Toxic Constituents of Plnt nd Foodstuffs, 2 ed. Acdemic press, NY, USA., pp: Frncis, G., H.P.S. Mkkr nd K. Becker, Antinutritionl fctors present in plnt-derived lternte fish feed ingredients nd their effects in fish. Aquculture. 199: Roinson, P.H., G. Getchew, E.J. DePeters nd M.C. Clhoun, Influence of vrity nd storge for up to 22 dys on nutrient composition nd gossypol level of Pim cottonseed (Gossypium spp). Anim. Feed Sci. nd Technol., 91: Sntos, J.E.P., M. Villsenor, P.H. Roinson, E.J. Depeters nd C.A. Holmerg, Type of cottonseed nd level of gossypol in diets of lctting diry cows: plsm gossypol, helth nd reproductive performnce. J. Diry Sci., 86: Clhoun, M.C., S.W. Kuhlmnn nd B.C. Bldwin, Assessing the gossypol sttus of cttle fed cottonseed products. Pges 147A-157A. In: Proceedings of the Pcific Northwest Anim. Nutr. Conf., Portlnd, OR. C.F. Men et l J. Diry Sci., 87: Men, H., J.E.P. Sntos, J.T. Huer, J.M. Sims, M. Trzon nd M.C. Clhoun, The effect of feeding vrying mounts of gossypol from whole cottonseed nd cottonseed mel in lctting diry cows. J. Diry Sci., 84: Bluwiekel, R., S. Xu, J.H. Hrrison, K.S. Loney, R.E. Riley nd M.C. Clhoun, Effect of whole cottonseed, gossypol nd ruminry protected lysine supplementtion on milk yield nd composition. J. Diry Sci., 80: nd L.W. Whitlow, Effect of whole nd expended-expelled cottonseed on milk yield nd lood gossypol. J. Diry Sci., 83: Morgn, S.E., Gossypol s toxicnt in livestock. In Burrows GE (ed): The Veterinry Clinics of North Americ: Food Animl Prctice. Phildelphi. W. B. Sunders, pp: Hung, L., D.K. Zheng nd Y.D. Si, Resolution of rcemic gossypol. J. Ethnophrmcol., 20: Joseph, A.E.A., S.A. Mtlin nd P. Knox, Cytotoxicity of enntiomers of gossypol. Br. J. Cncer, 54: A.O.A.C Officil Methods of Anlysis. th (15 Ed.). Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists, Arlington, VA., USA. 13. A.O.C.S Smpling nd nlysis of oilseed yproducts. Officil Methods B In: Officil nd rd Tenttive Methods of Anlysis. 3 ed. Chicgo. 14. S.A.S. User s Guide, Sttistics SAS Inst. Cry. NC. 15. Duncn, D.B., Multiple Rnge nd Multiple F Test. Biometrics, 11: El Hg, M.G. nd G.A. El Hg,1981. Further studies on effect of supplementing groundnut hulls with dried poultry excret or cottonseed cke on performnce of Suden desert sheep. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 17: Aou-Doni, M.B., Gossypol. In: P. R. Cheeke (Ed.) Toxicnts of Plnt Origin. Vol. IV: Phenolics. pp: 122. CRC Press, Boc. 18. Chse, J.R., C.C.J. Bstids, L. Ruttle, C.R. Long nd R.D. Rndel, Growth nd reproductive development in Brh-mn ulls fed diets contining gossypol. J. Anim. Sci., 72: Jrquin, R., R. Bressni, L.G. Elis, C. Tejd, M. Gonzlez nd J.E. Brhm, Effect of cooking nd clcium nd iron supplementtion on gossypol toxicity in swine. J. Agric. Food Chem., 14: Brrz, M.L., C.E. Coppock, K.N. Brooks, D.L. Wilks, R.G. Sunders nd G.W. Ltimer, Iron sulfte nd feed pelleting to detoxify free gossypol in cottonseed diets for diry cttle. J. Diry Sci., 74: Hddd, S.G. nd S.N. Goussous, Effect of yest culture supplementtion on nutrient intke, digestiility nd growth performnce of Awssi Lms. Anim. Feed Sci. nd Tech., V. 118 Iss. 3-4, 4 Fe

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