The Nutritive Potentials of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Rind in Broiler Production

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): , 2006 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 The Nutritive Potentils of Sweet Ornge (Citrus sinensis) Rind in Broiler Production O.I.A. Oluremi, V.O. Ojighen nd E.H. Ejembi Deprtment of Animl Nutrition, Deprtment of Animl Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Mkurdi, Benue Stte, Nigeri 1 2 Abstrct: A feeding tril ws conducted wi one week old one hundred nd fifty Ank broiler chickens to ssess e nutritive potentils of sun dried sweet ornge (Citrus sinensis) rind (SOR). They were rndomly ssigned to five dietry groups in which rind replced mize t 0, 5, 10, 15, nd 20% levels in bo strter nd finisher diets. Ech group hd irty broilers nd replicted rice. The birds were fed d libitum for nine-week period during which performnce indices nd crcss cuts nd orgns were evluted. Experimentl diets hd no significnt effect (p>0.05) on feed intke, body weight gin, wter consumption, wter: feed rtio, feed conversion rtio nd feed cost per broiler while finl live weight ws ffected significntly (p<0.05). Incresing dietry SOR content beyond 15% reduced grow rte, which cumultively cused decrese in finl live weight. Diets hd significnt effect only igh+drumstick nd e dominl ft, nd e dressing percentge vlues of broilers on e SOR diets were higher ose on e control. The liver of chickens on e 20% SOR replcement tretment mnifested hypoplsi. The study hs shown t dried SOR cn be used to replce dietry mize in e diet of broilers t 15% level. Key words: Broiler, crcss, performnce, sweet ornge rind Introduction It hs been noted t e shortge of feed during drought nd eir high costs re significnt limiting fctors to incresing e production of livestock in e developing countries. This shortge of food, especilly e mjor cerels often prevent ny significnt development in production of poultry nd pig s ese stocks depend lrgely on constnt supply of cerel grins like mize, guine corn nd millet s bsic source of energy (Adegbol, 1976). Thus, is hs led to incresing cost of finished feeds which often ccounted for out 70 to 80% of e totl cost required to rise poultry (Ademosun, 1982; Oruwri et l., 1995) which contrsts wi wht is obtinle in e developed countries (Tckie nd Flesncher, 1995). In oer to reduce e cost of feeds nd us mke poultry production profitle, ere is need to serch for cheper, non-competitive nd redily ville feed ingredients to replce e costly ones. The incresing mechniztion of crop frming in developing economies hs led to rise in e tonnge of gro-llied byproducts most of which lie wste. One of such wstes could emnte from e citrus, mjor fruit of subtropicl region (Rice nd Rice, 1987). Citrus is botniclly lrge fmily whose dominnt members include sweet ornge (Citrus sinensis), tngerine ornge (Citrus reticult), grpe fruit (Citrus prdisi). Sweet Mterils nd Meods Fresh sweet ornge rind ws collected from peeled ornge retilers t two loctions: e Federl University of Agriculture, Mkurdi nd court 5, wiin Mkurdi metropolis. The rind ws sun dried until it becme brittle nd stored in synetic bgs tied t e open end to keep it in dry stte nd ws ground just before e experimentl diets were compounded in e course of e tril. A smple of e milled sweet ornge rind (SOR) ws nlyzed for its proximte constituents (A.O.A.C., ornge (Citrus sinensis) production in Nigeri is 1990), gross energy using e Bllistic bomb significnt, wi hevy direct consumption due primrily clorimeter (Gllenkmp mnufctured in e United to few nd smll cpcity processing industries to Kingdom) nd vitmin using e meod of e Americn convert e fruit to juice, concentrte nd cnned fruit. Assocition of Vitmin Chemists (1966). The results 613 Nigeri produces 3% of fresh citrus in e world, nd Afric produces 3,741,000 tonnes of vrieties of citrus fruits of which Nigeri contributes 3,240,000 (FAO, 2004). The rind (peels) obtined from e pericrp is ville in lrge quntities during e citrus seson ereby constituting environmentl problems since it is not being put into ny productive use. Informtion on e feeding potentils of is undnt griculturl wste to frm nimls tends to emphsize more on its utiliztion s prtil substitutes for cerels in concentrtes rtion for ruminnts (Adegbol, 1976; Chpmn et l., 2000), e use of citrus pulp in diry cow (Jeju Experimentl Sttion, 1991). The objective of is study is to mke nutritionl ssessment of e feeding vlue of sun dried sweet ornge (Citrus sinensis) rind nd determine its potentils s feed ingredient in broiler production.

2 Tle 1: Nutrient composition of sweet ornge (Citrus Sinensis) rind nd mize (dry mtter bsis) Nutrients Feedstuffs Sweet ornge rind Mize* Dry mtter (%) Crude protein (%) Crude fibre Eer extrct (%) Ash (%) Nitrogen free extrct (%) Metolizle energy** (MJ/Kg) Vitmin C (mg/100g) *Source. Tuleun (2003). **Metolizle energy = (%CP x% EE + 1.1x% NFE CF) - modified formul of Crpenter nd Clegg (1956). obtined re in Tle 1. Five isocloric nd isonitrogenous diets were compounded bo t strter nd finisher phses (Tle 2). In ese diets, rind ws used to replce mize t 0, 5, 10, 15, nd 20% levels in M100R 0, M95R 5, M90R 10, M85R 15, nd M80R 20 diets, respectively. One hundred nd fifty dy-old Ank broiler chicks were used in e study. The chicks were brooded togeer for one week on deep litter out 5cm ick. During is period ey were fed uniform diet formulted to contin 22.63% crude protein nd 12.96MJ/kg metolizle energy by using ll e ingredients on Tle 1 except e sweet ornge rind. Therefter e chicks were rndomly distributed to five dietry groups of ree replictes ech nd 10 chicks per replicte. Brooding continued for two more weeks. The ctul feeding tril lsted nine weeks (five weeks for strter nd four weeks for finisher). Vccintions were given ginst Newcstle nd infection bursl diseses, while coccidiostt nd nti stress were periodiclly dministered s prophylctic mesures rough drinking wter. All oer mngement routines such s removl of litter, dily clening of drinkers, removl of stle feed were crried out during e study. The birds were fed d libitum nd hd ccess to drinking wter roughout e tril. Feed intke ws determined by difference between feed offered nd leftover nd likewise wter consumption. The birds were weighed weekly, body weight gin (BWG) computed nd feed conversion rtio obtined from e rtio of feed intke to BWG. Records of finncil trnsctions were kept for cost benefit nlysis. Eighteen hours to e termintion of e feeding tril ree broiler chickens per tretment were denied ccess to feed, weighed t e end of fsting nd slughtered for crcss evlution. The slughtered birds were held hed down to ensure orough blood drin. The scrificed birds were o dressed by immersing in hot wter (70 C) for out 20 seconds to defeer nd erefter plucked weights were tken before eviscertion. Crcss cuts, viscerl prts nd dominl fts were weighed nd expressed s reltive proportion (%) to corresponding live weights. The dt collected in e study ws sttisticlly nlyzed using e nlysis of vrince procedure (Snedecor nd Cochrn, 1978) to determine significnt effects. Mens of significnt (p<0.05) indices were seprted using e lest significnt technique (Steel nd Torrie, 1980). Results nd Discussion The nutrient composition of SOR nd mize in Tle 1 shows t bo feedstuffs re similr in terms of eir dry mtter (DM), crude protein (CP) nd metolizle energy (ME) contents but e sweet ornge rind hs higher levels of CF, EE nd sh nd lower levels of NFE compred wi mize. A fibre level of 7.86% in SOR is not beyond e limit of wht chickens cn ccommodte in eir rtion (SON, 1989). Its ft content my be dvntgeous not only s dietry energy source but lso in binding e powdery constituents of msh feed. Nigerin feeds re usully too dusty for lck of dietry ft. The reduction of dustiness in sence of pelleting my increse feed intke nd ereby improve performnce. In monogstric nutrition, CP nd ME hve prticulrly been estlished s criticl nutrients required for optiml performnce (NRC, 1994; Olomu nd Offiong, 1980; Bghel nd Prdhn, 1989). Thus, e nutrient composition of SOR ppers to be such t it my be le to perform e dietry functions of mize in broiler nutrition. The performnce response of broiler to dietry mize replcement wi SOR is presented in Tle 3. There ws no significnt effect (p>0.05) of diets on wter consumption, feed intke, BWG, FCR, wter:feed rtio between e tretment groups. The broilers on e SOR bsed diets hd higher wter consumption n broilers on e control diet nd furermore wter consumption incresed s e dietry content of SOR incresed up to 15%. The wter:feed rtio lso grdully incresed from 2.89 to 3.26 s e level of mize replced rose from 5% to 20%. These observtions cn be ttributed to e oil present in e oil sc of ornge rind t hs been reported to be cidic nd bitter (Adegbol, 1976). The consumption of more wter per unit weight of feed intke by e chickens ppers to be metolic response to neutrlize e effect of e bitter tste of oil in e rind. The study hs shown e potentil of SOR in broiler diet up to 15% mize replcement to stimulte e birds to et more compred wi control diet. Men fed intke t 20% SOR replcement ws lest (80.85 g/dy) despite e fct t ll e diets hd sme energy to protein rtio. Sweet ornge rind hs been reported to be unpltle becuse of e bitter tste of its oil (Adegbol, 1976). The drop in feed intke t 20% SOR replcement could be n indiction t t is level of replcement, e diet becomes less pltle to broilers. D-limonene n ppetite depressing fctor, reported to be present in citrus rind (Jong-Kyu et l., 1996) my hve cused e depressed feed intke. The 614

3 Tle 2: Experimentl broiler strter nd finisher diets wi sweet ornge rind replcing mize t 0, 5, 10, 15 nd 20% levels Feed Strter Diets Finisher Diets Ingredients (%) M100R0 M95R 5 M90R 10 M 85 R15 M80R20 M100R 0 M95R 5 M90R 10 M 85 R15 M80R20 Mize Full ft soyben Ornge rind Blood mel BDG Bone mel Oyster shell Premix Common slt DL-meionine L- lysine Totl Clculted Nutrients Energy (MJME/kg) Crude protein (%) Clorie: Protein rtio 137:1 137:1 137:1 137:1 137:1 150:1 150:1 150:1 150:1 150:1 Crude fibre (%) Brewer-dried grin. Vitmin/minerl premix: Ech 1kg contins Vit. A 6, IU, Vit D 3 1.2,000,000 IU, Vit. E 12,000IU, Vit. K 2, 200mg imine 800mg, Riboflvin 2,400mg, Pntoenic cid 4,000mg, Pyridoxine 2,000mg, Nicin 16,000mg, Vit. B 12 8mg, Folic cid 250mg, Biotin 32ng, Choline Chloride 200g, Antioxidnt 50g, Mn 38.4g, Zn 24g, Fe 9.6g, Cu 2.4g, Se 96mg, Co 96g. experimentl diets hd significnt effect (P<0.05) on finl becuse SOR hs no purchsing cost ttched to it. It live body weight of e broilers. In line wi e dietry ws collected free from peeled ornge retilers who intke pttern in is study, diets contining 5, 10 nd were relieved of e difficulties ey experience in its dily 15% SOR produced hevier chickens 2223g, 2206g, disposl. Considering e food intke regimes, birds on nd 2153g, respectively n ose in e control group e 5% SOR diet hd e highest feed cost of $0.39/kg. 2123g. The sttisticl reltionship between em t There ws however, no significnt difference (p>0.05) in ese replcement levels ws not significnt (p>0.05). e cost of feed required to rise broiler chicken to The 20% group yielded broilers wi e smllest nd mrket weight. There ws drop in e cost of feed s significntly lower (p<0.05) men live body weight of e SOR content incresed, which mens t rising 1723g. Body weight hs been reported to increse in broilers on e 20% SOR diet ws chepest ($1.82). proportion to feed intke (Bogrt nd Tylor, 1983). The However, is level of replcement cnnot be finl live body weight sequence t is being ssocited recommended in fvour of 15% SOR diet t ws next wi e feed intke level seems to be reflection of e to it in order of cost effectiveness becuse of e very suitility of e diets for broilers. Wi e exception of pprent men body weight difference between e birds on e 20% SOR replcement, e men finl live chickens in e two dietry groups. The mortlity records body weights of e broilers in e oer groups were showed t e survivl rtes of e birds receiving e higher n rnge of 1820g to 2120g reported by SOR diet were s high s e control group. Mortlity Udedibe et l. (2004) who fed some unconventionl occurred only between weeks 8 nd 9 nd post-mortem feeds to broilers. Grow rte of 32.14g/dy recorded for exmintions suspected bcteri infection us broilers in e control group ws similr to 33.55g, eliminting dietry complictions. This might be good 33.28g, nd 32.47g for broiler on diets contining 5, 10 indictor of e suitility of SOR s dietry energy nd 15% SOR respectively, wheres t 20% SOR, feeds stuff in broiler diets. decline in grow rte ws recorded. The experimentl The dt generted from crcss evlution is diets hd no significnt effect (p>0.05) on FCR. Feed presented in Tle 4 e diets hd significnt effects conversion to met ws lest efficient in e 20% SOR (p<0.05) only on igh+drumstick nd e dominl ft diet s e chickens in is group required more feed per deposit of broilers. The reltive weights of unit weight gin. Anoer obvious impliction is t it will igh+drumstick significntly incresed (p<0.05) in e tke longer time for chickens receiving is diet to broilers receiving e SOR bsed diets up to 15% SOR rech live body weight numericlly comprle wi replcement nd erefter decresed. Generlly, e broilers on e oer diets. It erefore seems t t vlues obtined for crcss cuts of birds on e SOR 20% of mize replcement wi sun dried SOR, e ltter diets were higher n for e control. The dominl ft my begin to impir e ility of broilers to utilise dietry content of 0.28% to 0.65% live weight showed nutrients for norml grow. There ws reduction in significnt incresing effect (p<0.05) from 0% to 20% feed cost wi increse in e quntity of mize replced SOR replcement. The dominl ft level in is study 615

4 Tle 3: Effect of sweet ornge rind s replcement for mize in broiler diet on performnce nd economics of production Performnce Indices Experimentl Diets M100R0 M95R5 M90R10 M85R15 M80R20 SEM Initil body weight (g/bird) Men feed intke (g/dy) Men wter consumption (ml/dy) Wter: feed rtio Finl body weight (g/bird) b * Men body weight gin (g/dy) Feed conversion rtio Survivility (%) Cost of experimentl diet (N/kg) Men feed intke cost per broiler (N) ,b, mens in e sme row wi different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). Not significntly (P>0.05). SEM = Stndrd error of men Tle 4: Effect of mize replcement wi sweet ornge rind on e crcss qulity nd viscerl prts of Broiler chickens Crcss qulity Experimentl Diets M100R0 M95R5 M90R10 M85R15 M80R20 SEM Crcss cuts Live BW (g) Plucked weight (g) Dressed weight (g) Dressing percentge Reltive weight of cuts 1 Brest weight Thigh+drumstick c bc * Loin+neck weight Wing weight Bck weight 2 Viscerl prt Liver Kidney Lung Spleen Gizzrd Bile Hert Abdominl ft b Intestinl trct ,b,c Mens in e sme row wi different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). Not significntly different (P>0.05) SEM= Stndrd error of men. 1, 2 = vlues re expressed s percentges of live weight. is similr to % reported by Sogunle et l. e liver of e chickens on 20% SOR replcement (2005). The increse in dietry ft of e experimentl mnifested hypoplsi. It is possible t metolic diets s eir SOR content incresed could be due to e processes to neutrlize e bitter tste of SOR by e oil scs present in e rind. The rnge in is study is liver requires e relese of fluid from e liver cells much lower n 2% estimted t dominl ft of ereby cusing reduced liver size. broiler finisher could be (Anonymous, 1983). This seems n economic dvntge, s dominl ft Conclusion: The results of is study hve shown t up constitutes prt of e live weight of broilers nd ffect to 15% dietry mize in broiler diet cn be replced wi price. While, oer crcss trits did not show definite sun dried SOR wiout reducing e performnce of order, it ws observed t e dressing percent of broilers. As high energy nd protein source like mize, broilers on ll e tretments were higher n 75%, nd its inclusion in livestock feed would help to reduce e 68.5% (Adeniji, 2005) but comprle wi 79.76% cost of mize, mjor feedstuff in niml feed (Idowu nd Eruvbetine, 2005). This result becomes formultion. It is erefore suggested t its prcticl importnt since dressing percent is e solute vlue undnce should be exploited s significnt lep to of slele met. The effect of diet on e viscerl reduce e high demnd on mize, its ccompnying orgns ws not significnt (p>0.05). It ws observed t high cost nd its direct effect on e cost of finished tle 616

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