Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to 12 Weeks of Age

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (9): , 005 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 005 Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age K.A Thompson, K.A. Bker n J.D. Firmn* 6 Animl Sciences Deprtment, University of Missouri, Columbi, Missouri, 65, USA Abstrct: Two floor pen trils were conucte to termine the igestible lysine requirement of hen turkeys from 46 to 57 ys n 7 to 85 ys of ge, or wht is more commonly referre to s the 6 to week perio. 000 Nichols White femle poults were obtine n fe n NRC-type corn-soyben mel iet until the trils begn. For the first experiment, y-ol birs were bn, weighe, computer sorte, n ssigne tretment with 8 birs per pen. In the secon experiment, 40 7-y-ol birs were weighe, bn, computer sorte, n ssigne tretment with 5 birs per pen. Birs in both trils were fe experimentl iets with igestible lysine levels rnging from 0.85 to.% in the 46 to 57 y perio n 0.70 to.05% in the 7 to 85 y perio. Two low protein iets were use n the levels of igestible lysine were obtine by titrting L-lysine HCl into the low protein iets. In orr to obtin sufficient mino ci levels n nitrogen levels to support growth equl to the high protein positive control iet, synthetic mino cis were bck into the low-protein iet. Both experiments were of complete rnomize block sign. For the first experiment, there were 7 tretments with 4 replictes per tretment. For the secon experiment, there were 8 tretments with 6 replictes per tretment. In ech experiment, the highest level of lysine ws reuce to hlf of the replictes in orr to provi spce for the positive control groups which were fe stnr corn n soyben mel iet bse on NRC (994) recommentions. Experimentl t were nlyze by nlysis of vrince n segmente nlysis. Segmente nlysis inicte tht the igestible lysine requirements for the 46 to 57 y perio to be.04% for boy weight gin n.07% for fee conversion. In the secon tril, the nlysis inicte tht the igestible lysine requirements for boy weight gin n fee conversion to be 0.86% n 0.8%, respectively. Key wors: Turkey, lysine, igestibility Introuction In the pst twenty-five yers, there hs been rmtic increse in the mount of turkey consume in the Unite Sttes. As the inustry hs grown, it hs trie to focus on mximizing profits while continully proucing qulity bir. Unfortuntely, nutritionl reserch for turkeys hs not vnce t the rte tht the inustry hs grown. Given this fct, most of the inustry is still overfeeing protein in orr to ensure mximl growth. This overfeeing of protein les to higher prouction costs s well s excess nitrogen excretion. Reserch by number of scientists hs termine tht it is possible to fee lower-protein iets supplemente by crystlline mino cis n still obtin mximl growth. Blini et l. (954) termine tht poults fe 0% cru protein iet supplemente with lysine n methionine ttine growth similr to tht of 8% cru protein iet. Further reserch by Fischer et l. (956) confirme this t. This reserch is useful in tht it monstrtes tht turkeys hve requirement for mino cis inste of cru protein per se. Builing on this knowlege, mny reserchers hve begun to crete il protein profiles for ifferent nimls. An il protein is fine s the perfect blnce of mino cis tht exctly meets the niml s nees without ny excesses or ficiencies (Bker n Hn, 994). It hs been well estlishe for both the pig n chick, yet very little reserch hs focuse on termining the il protein for the turkey. The benefits of n il protein re numerous. Perhps the most compelling rgument for n il protein is tht it creses overfeeing of protein n mino cis, leing to crese feeing costs. Aitionlly, feeing il protein rtios will le to less nitrogen excretion, which is becoming n importnt griculturl issue. Since the il protein profile is bse on igestible lysine requirements, it lso forces igestible formultion, which llows proucers to more ccurtely meet the birs requirements, simplifies fee formultion, n llows for more efficient pricing n utiliztion of fee ingreients (Firmn n Boling, 998). In the ttempt to fine n il protein for turkey hens, it is first necessry to termine the igestible lysine requirement throughout the hen s life cycle. While number of reserchers hve fine the totl lysine requirement, very little work hs been one on the igestible lysine requirement. In orr to more closely termine the igestible lysine requirement, however, we must first look t the nonigestible requirement of lysine. In 956, Krtzer n others termine the lysine requirement for Bronze turkeys of both sexes to be 0.96% for the 4 to 8 week perio n 0.85% for the 8 to 69

2 Thompson et l.: Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age week perio. Reserch on Lrge White mle turkeys constituents of the bsl n NRC iets. Ech of these by Tuttle n Blloun (974) termine tht the ws nlyze for totl mino ci content t the requirement is.4% n.% lysine for the 4 to 8 n Experiment Sttion Chemicl Lortory (University of 8 to weeks, respectively. Potter et l. (98) reserch Missouri) using the AOAC metho 5:98.0. Norluecine termine the sme requirement, or.4% lysine, for ws use s n internl stnr in Beckmn 600 both mles n femles uring the 8 to week perio. AA Anlyzer equippe with high performnce ction Reserch on the igestible lysine requirement for mle exchnge resin column. Postcolumn ninhyrin turkeys hs termine the igestible requirement to be rivtiztion ws use to chieve mino ci tection.. n 0.87% for the 6 to 9 n 9 to week perios, Amino ci igestibilities were termine by gvge respectively (Bker et l., 00). feeing known quntities of ech fee to cecectomize Although the previously mentione reserch woul turkeys which h been off fee for 6 hours. After 48 suggest tht mle n femle birs hve similr hours, excret were collecte, weighe, rie, groun, requirements, tht my not be the cse. In 957, Blloun n nlyze for mino ci content by the Experiment n Phillips termine tht even s erly s the strter Sttion Chemicl Lortory. Enogenous or non-fe perio, hens n toms h ifferent protein excret ws lso collecte n submitte for nlysis. requirements. They termine tht mle turkeys Digestibilities were clculte using ech of these t. uring the strter perio require % cru protein The positive control iet ws bse on NRC (994) iet n tht femles require 7% cru protein iet. recommentions n formulte using corn, soyben Aitionlly, it ws note tht mles respon better to mel, n porkmel. For the 46 to 57 y perio, the lysine itions thn femles. Continuing into the 6 to bsl iet contine 7.% cru protein (Tle ) n week perio, Blloun n Phillips foun tht mles the levels of igestible lysine teste were 0.85, 0.9, require % cru protein n.% lysine while 0.97,.0,.09,.5, n.%, respectively. For the femles h cru protein requirement of 7% n 7 to 85 y perio, the bsl iet contine 5% cru lysine requirement of 0.9%. For the lter perios, it ws protein (Tle ) n igestible lysine levels of: 0.70, termine tht mle turkeys h cru protein 0.75,.080, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95,.00, n.05%. requirement tht ws % higher thn the requirement of the femles. Potter n Shelton (980) lso foun tht Poults n feeing regimen: 000 Nichols White the requirements of mle turkeys were higher thn those femle poults were obtine from commercil of the femles, but they termine tht the htchery t one y of ge. The poults were mintine requirements were not significntly ifferent until 8 on stnr corn n soyben mel-bse NRC weeks of ge. The objective of these stuies is to (994) iet when not on tril. For the first experiment, termine the igestible lysine requirement of femle 40 birs, 46 ys of ge, were iniviully weighe, turkeys in the 6- week growth perio. bn, n sorte by computer to ssure similr weight istribution mong pens. For the secon Mterils n Methos A low protein bsl iet ficient in lysine ws crete using corn, soyben mel, n porkmel. All essentil mino ci levels (except lysine) were met by the ition of bck pure mino cis to the levels estimte to be the igestible requirement for turkeys 47 to 5 or 7 to 85 ys of ge bse on previous work in our l (Firmn n Boling, 998). With the exception of DL-methionine, ech of the mino cis were of experiment, 40 birs, 7 ys of ge, were weighe, bn, n computer sorte. Poults were plce into 48 litter-covere floor pens in n inustry-style curtinsi builing. The poults were llowe libitum wter n fee intke n were subjecte to hours of light ily. The tril perio lste ys in the first experiment n 4 ys in the secon experiment. The trils were vise s rnomize complete block sign. In the first experiment, there were 4 blocks with the L-form. All sources of mino cis were seven tretments rnomly ssigne within ech block. phrmceuticl gr except lysine-hcl (78.5%), isoleucine (80%), n DL-methionine (99%), which were provi s fee-gr sources. The phrmceuticlgr mino cis were free-bse n ssume to be 00% igestible. Once the bsl iet ws prepre, L- lysine HCl ws titrte into the iet to obtin the iniviul levels of lysine to be teste. Glutmic ci ws titrte inversely to the lysine titrtions to ssure similr nitrogen levels between iets. All iets were isocloric bse on vlues prouce by the l t University of Missouri. Corn, soyben mel, n porkmel were the protein Ech of the seven experimentl levels of lysine were teste in four replicte pens. In the secon tril, there were six blocks n eight tretments rnomly ssigne within ech block. Ech of the eight experimentl levels of lysine were teste in six replicte pens. In both trils, the highest level of lysine ws reuce to hlf of the originl number of replictes in orr to provi spce for positive control. At the en of both trils, poults were weighe n fee isppernce ws mesure to termine fee intke. Mortlity ws recor in orr to mke justments for fee efficiency. Dt were nlyze by ANOVA n the lysine requirements were 640

3 Thompson et l.: Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age obtine using the segmente nlysis of SAS. (Robbins, 986) Tle : Composition of bsl n NRC bse positive control iets for the 6 to 9 week perio Ingreients Bsl NRC Corn Soyben Mel (48%) Pork Mel 5 5 Sucrose 4 0 Lr Diclcium Phosphte Soium Bicrbonte 0.5 Limestone Slt (ioize) Trce Minerl Premix Vitmin Premix Selenium Premix Choline Chlori Copper Sulfte Avtek Bciferm L-Lysine HC DL Methionine Other Amino Acis Clculte Anlysis Cru protein 7. ME, kcl/kg Clcium Phosphorous, ville Lysine Sulphur Amino Acis Threonine Vline Arginine.7.54 Histiine Isoleucine 0.77 Leucine.44.9 Phe + Tyrosine..87 Tryptophn Synthetic mino cis were t the expense of sucrose so the bsl iet woul contin the totl igestible mount of the following essentil nimo cis: lysine, 0.85%; threonine, 0.6%; vline, 0.84%; rginine,.7%; histiine, 0.4%; isoleucine, 0.77%; leucine,.8%; phenyllnine + tyrosine, 0.94%; tryptophn, 0.8%. The mino cis in the bsl iet re on igestible bsis. The minerl premixes provi the following mounts per kilogrm of iet: mngnese, 0 mg; zinc, 0 mg; iron, 60 mg; ioine, mg; mgnesium, 7 mg; selenium, 0.8 mg. The vitmin premix provi the following mounts per kilogrm of iet: vitmin A,,00 mg; vitmin D, 5,775 mg; vitmin E, mg; nicin, 8.5 mg; -pntothenic ci, 5 mg; riboflvin, 0 mg; vitmin B 6,. mg; menione,.5 mg; folic ci,. mg; thimin,.7 mg; biotin, 0. mg; vitmin B, 0.0 mg. Tle : Composition of bsl n NRC bse positive control iets for the 9 to week perio Ingreients Bsl NRC Corn Soyben Mel (48%) Pork Mel.98 Lr Diclcium Phosphte Soium Bicrbonte 0.5 Limestone Slt (ioize) Trce Minerl Premix Vitmin Premix Selenium Premix Choline Chlori Copper Sulfte Avtek Bciferm L-Lysine HC DL Methionine Other Amino Acis Clculte Anlysis Cru protein ME, kcl/kg Clcium Phosphorous, ville Lysine Sulphur Amino Acis Threonine Vline 0.7 Arginine Histiine Isoleucine Leucine..74 Phe + Tyrosine Tryptophn Synthetic mino cis were so the bsl iet woul contin the totl igestible mount of the following essentil mino cis: lysine, 0.7%; threonine, 0.55%; vline, 0.70%; rginine, 0.94%; histiine, 0.6%; isoleucine, 0.64%; leucine,.0%; phenyllnine + tyrosine, 0.94%; tryptophn, 0.9%. The mino cis in the bsl iet re on igestible bsis. The minerl premixes provi the following mounts per kilogrm of iet: mngnese, 0 mg; zinc, 0mg; iron, 60mg; ioine, mg; mgnesium, 7 mg; selenium 0.8 mg. -4 The vitmin premix provi the following mounts per kilogrm of iet: vitmin A,,00 mg; vitmin D, 5,775 mg; vitmin E, mg; nicin, 8.5 mg; -pntothenic ci, 5 mg; riboflvin, 0 mg; vitmin B 6,. mg; menione,.5 mg; folic ci,. mg; thimin,.7 mg; biotin, 0. mg; vitmin B, 0.0 mg. Results n Discussion Results of the tril re presente in Tle n 4. Segmente nlysis of the t inictes tht the requirement for optiml growth uring the 46 to 57 n 7 to 85 y perios re.04% n 0.86% igestible 64

4 Thompson et l.: Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age Tle : Performnce of hen poults fe gr levels of igestible lysine from 6 to 9 weeks of ge Digestible Weight Fee Fee: Lysine (%) gin (g) intke (g) Gin c bc.46.0 c c c 04.6 ef bc 85. f bc 5.5 ef. PC bc 55.9 ef.0 Significnce P< Columns with iffering letters re significntly (P>.05) ifferent Tle 4: Performnce of hen poults fe gr levels of igestible lysine from 9 to weeks of ge Digestible Weight Fee Fee: Lysine (%) gin (kg) intke (kg) Gin b bc.8 4. c c. 4.5 c c c * 4.7*.07 * PC e.4 * 4.* e.98 * Significnce P<.0004 NS Stnr error * 0.4* 0.09* Stnr error iffers in tretments.06 n PC (n=). Columns with iffering letters re significntly (P>.05) ifferent. Fig. : Brekpoint Requirements Bse on Gin of Poults Fe Gr Levels of Lysine from 46 to 57 Dys lysine, respectively. The igestible lysine requirement bse on fee to gin ws.07% for the 46 to 57 y perio n 0.8% for the 7 to 85 y perio. These results re similr to those foun by Bker et l. (00), who termine the igestible lysine requirement in toms to be.09 n 0.87% for the 49 to 6 n 7 to 8 y perios, respectively. Unfortuntely, other thn this reserch, there is very little t on igestible lysine requirements in turkeys. Thus, it is ifficult to compre the igestible lysine requirements of hens termine in this tril to other reserch. If we re to ssume tht corn n soy hve combine igestibility of 85% (Firmn, 99), it is possible to compre the requirements termine in this tril to other requirements which re termine on totl lysine bsis. However, it is importnt to remember tht this number oes not ccount for the synthetic lysine often to experimentl iets. The NRC (994) recommens feeing.% lysine for the 6 to 9 week perio. On igestible bsis, tht woul be.% lysine, which is slightly higher thn the.07% igestible lysine termine in this tril. However, it is quite Fig. : Brekpoint Requirements Bse on Fee:Gin of Poults Fe Gr Levels of Lysine from 46 to 57 Dys possible tht the requirement ws termine to be lower in our experiments ue to the fct tht hens were use inste of toms. For the 9 to week perio, the NCR (994) recommens feeing.0% lysine, or pproximtely 0.85% when on igestible bsis. This number is comprle to the requirement of 0.87% igestible lysine termine in the 7 to 85 y tril. It is ifficult to compre the requirements termine in these trils to other requirements for two resons. To begin with, most of the erlier reserch focuses on four week phses inste of three week phses. Aitionlly, it is ifficult to pply the ssume 85% igestibility to other work becuse mny of the tril iets use fee ingreients other thn corn n soyben mel. Thus, it is necessry to convert the igestible 64

5 Thompson et l.: Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age Sibbl n Wolynetz (986, 987) foun tht the lysine requirement of turkeys iffers bse on ssesse response criteri. During the course of their experiments, they termine tht the lysine levels for optimum growth were less thn the levels necessry for optiml brest met yiel. This is firly wellocumente phenomenon, s mny reserchers hve lso foun similr responses (Bixler et l., 969; Morn n Bilgili, 990; Wlroup et l., 997) Brest met yiel is generlly not of concern in femle turkeys t this ge. Acknowlegements These experiments were supporte in prt by the Missouri Soyben Assocition. Fig. : Fig. 4: Brekpoint Requirements Bse on Gin of Hen Poults Fe Gr Levels of Lysine from 7 to 85 Dys of Age Brekpoint Requirements Bse on Fee:Gin of Hen Poults Fe Gr Levels of Lysine from 7 to 85 Dys of Age lysine requirements into totl lysine requirements. Once converte, the totl lysine requirements become.5% for the 46 to 57 y perio n.0% for the 7 to 85 y perio. On totl bsis, Tuttle n Blloun (974) foun the lysine requirements for the 4 to 8 n 8 to week perios to be.4% n.%, respectively. Potter et l. (98) termine the lysine requirements to be.4% for turkeys 8 to weeks n.% for turkeys to 6 weeks. In contrst, Hurwitz et l. (98) use mthemticl mol long with crcss composition to termine the requirements for the 4 to 8 n 8 to week perios to be.% n 0.8%, respectively. It shoul be note tht these trils were bse on growth inste of brest met yiel. Reserch by References Bker, D.H. n Y. Hn, 994. Il mino ci profile for the chick uring the first three weeks posthtching. Poult. Sci., 7: Bker, K., J.D. Firmn, E. Blir, J. Brown n D. Moore, 00. Digestible lysine requirement of mle turkeys uring the 6- week perio. Int. J. Poult. Sci., : Blini, J.T., H.R. Rosenberg n J. Wll, 954. The protein requirement of the turkey poult. Poult. Sci., : Blloun, S.L. n R.E. Phillips, 957. Lysine n protein requirements of bronze turkeys. Poult. Sci., 6: Bixler, E.G., C.F. Combs n C.S. Shffner, 969. Effect of protein level on crcss composition of turkeys. Poult. Sci., 48: Firmn, J.D., 99. Amino ci igestibilities of soyben mel n met mel in mle n femle turkeys of ifferent ges. J. Appl. Poult. Res., : Firmn, J.D. n S.D. Boling, 998. Il protein in turkeys. Poult. Sci., 77: Fischer, H., J. Dowling n K.H. My, 956. Low protein iets for turkeys rise unr prcticl conitions. Poult. Sci., 5: 9-4. Hurwitz, S., Y. Frisch, A. Br, U. Eisener, I. Bengl n M. Pines, 98. The mino ci requirements of growing turkeys.. Mol construction n prmeter estimtion. Poult. Sci., 6: Morn, E.T. n S.F. Bilgili, 990. Processing losses, crcss qulity n met yiels of broiler chickens receiving iets mrginlly ficient to qute in lysine prior to mrketing. Poult. Sci., 69: Ntionl Reserch Council, 994. Nutrient th Requirements of Poultry. 9 rev. e. Ntionl Acmy Press, Wshington, D.C. Potter, L.M. n J.R. Shelton, 980. Methionine n protein requirement of turkeys. Poult. Sci., 59:

6 Thompson et l.: Digestible Lysine Requirements of Hen Turkeys from 6 to Weeks of Age Potter, L.M., J.R. Shelton n J.P. McCrthy, 98. Lysine n protein requirements of growing turkeys. Poult. Sci., 60: Sibbl, I.R. n M.S. Wolynetz, 986. Effects of ietry lysine n fee intke on energy utiliztion n tissue synthesis for broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 65: Sibbl, I.R. n M.S. Wolynetz, 987. Effects of ietry ft level n lysine energy rtion on energy utiliztion n tissue synthesis by broiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 66: Tuttle, W.L. n S.L. Blloun, 974. Lysine requirements of strting n growing turkeys. Poult. Sci., 5: Wlroup, P.W., J.A. Engln, A.L. Wlroup n N.B. Anthony, 997b. Response of two strins of lrge white mle turkesy to mino ci levels when iets re chnge t three- or four-week intervls. Poult. Sci., 76: