S.B. Ayssiwede, C.A.A.M. Chrysostome, J.C. Zanmenou, A. Dieng, M.R. Houinato, M. Dahouda, Y. Akpo, J.L. Hornick and A.

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 10 (9): , 2011 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2011 Growth Performnces, Crcss nd Orgns Chrcteristics nd Economics Results of Growing Indigenous Senegl Chickens Fed Diets Contining Vrious Levels of Leucen leucocephl (Lm.) Leves Mel S.B. Ayssiwede, C.A.A.M. Chrysostome, J.C. Znmenou, A. Dieng, M.R. Houinto, M. Dhoud, Y. Akpo, J.L. Hornick nd A. Missohou 1 Lortoire d Alimenttion et de Nutrition Animle (LANA), Ecole Inter-Etts des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinires (EISMV) de Dkr, BP: 5077, Dkr-Fnn (Senegl) 2 Déprtement de Productions Animles, Fculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l Université d Aomey-Clvi, 01BP: 526, Cotonou (Bénin) 3 Lortoire de Bromtologie, Ecole Ntionle Supérieure d Agriculture (ENSA) de THIES, Route de Khomole, BP: A296, Thiès, (Sénégl) Déprtement de Productions Animles, Ecole Polytechnique de l Université d Aomey-Clvi, 01 BP: 2009, Cotonou, (Bénin) 5 Service de Nutrition Animle, Fculté de Médecine Vétérinire de l Université de Liège, Boulevrd de Colonster, 20, Bt. B43, 4000 Liège, (Belgique) 4 Astrct: The im of this study crried out from Septemer to Decemer 2010 ws to evlute the effects of Leucen leucocephl leves mel inclusion in the diets on growth performnces, crcss nd orgns chrcteristics nd economics results of growing indigenous Senegl chickens. One hundred nd four (104) indigenous Senegl chicks of 4 weeks old were rndomly llocted into four groups of 26 chicks ech with similr ody weight. Ech group sudivided in two repetitions of 13 irds, corresponded to ech of the four (4) dietry tretments LL0, LL7, LL14 nd LL21 contining respectively 0, 7, 14 nd 21% of Leucen leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke mel. During the experiment (5-17th week old), zootechnicl prmeters of irds nd economicl dt were recorded nd nlyzed per dietry tretment. At the end of the 13 weeks tril, the finl Live Body Weights (LBW) were 864 g, g, 905 g nd g/ird, the Averge Dily Weight Gin (ADWG) were 7.77 g, g, 8.15 g nd 8.10 g/dy, the Dily Feed Intke (DFI) of g, 51 g, g nd g/ird nd the Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) of 7.04, 5.54, 6.27 nd 6.80 respectively for irds fed LL0, LL7, LL14 nd LL21 diets. The Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets up to 21% hd not cused ny dverse effect on LBW, ADWG, DFI, FCR, mortlity, crcss nd orgns chrcteristics in irds compred to their controls. Aprt from the drk yellowing of dominl ft of crcsses from irds fed LL21 diet, significntly etter growth performnces, feed costs nd economic mrgins were recorded in irds fed LL7 nd LL14 diets. Thus, these two dietry tretments were the only most economiclly profitle (respectively 214 nd 48 FCFA/kg crcss of dditionl profit) compred to the control. Key words: Growth performnces, feeding, economic mrgin, indigenous chickens, Leucen leucocephl leves, crcss nd orgn chrcteristics, Senegl INTRODUCTION In Senegl or in su-shrn Afric, the indigenous poultry frming, lthough very little concerned y development projects (sttes pying more ttention to the industril poultry), ccounts for 75-80% of poultry herd nd is prcticed y lmost ll pesnts, including women nd children of rurl res (Agede et l., 1995; Gueye, 2000; Bey, 2006; Trore, 2006). It remins the most widespred or common wy of livestock hndling nd constitutes n importnt pillr of food security improvement, socio-culturl nd economic development despite the remrkle growth recorded in recent yers in industril poultry (Kitlyi nd Myer, 1998; Missohou et l., 2002; Alders, 2005; Dieye et l., 2010). In most developing countries, indigenous chickens or its products in the mrket re more expensive thn tht of selected exotic chickens. Trditionl poultry frming contriutes to 70% of poultry production nd provides Corresponding Author: S.B. Ayssiwede, Lortoire d Alimenttion et de Nutrition Animle (LANA), Ecole Inter-Etts des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinires (EISMV) de Dkr, BP: 5077 Dkr-Fnn (Senegl) 734

2 out 20% of the consumed protein y the popultion in nd significntly improved pprent coefficients of these countries (Alders, 2005; Fots et l., 2007; Teno, nutrients nd energy utiliztion, prticulrly in irds fed 2009). Despite these mny importnt roles, the diets contining 7 nd 14% of these leves mel. The trditionl poultry development is still limited y vrious im of this study ws then to ssess the effects of constrints mong which food is mjor chllenge. Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets on growth Aprt from diseses nd predtors, villge poultry fced performnces, crcss nd orgns chrcteristics nd recurring quntittive nd qulittive food shortge economics results in growing indigenous Senegl prticulrly in poor griculturl or household residues chickens. environment in ddition to the indequte or lck of dietry supplement (Buldgen et l., 1992; Bonfoh et l., 1997; Gueye, 1997; Hofmn, 2000; Tdelle nd Ogle, 2001; Soniy nd Swn, 2004; Rshid et l., 2005; Pousg et l., 2005; Hlim et l., 2007). Moreover, the commons protein sources (groundnut cke, soyen, etc.) nd other ingredients used in poultry feeding hve ecome too expensive ecuse of their excessive demnd in Senegl or in interntionl mrket due to the context of their diversion to iofuel production (Doumi, 2002). All this, consequently, hd highly reduced ccess to these resources for poor trditionl stockholders compred to industril poultry frmers, with the resulting low productivity of villge poultry flock. Severl uthors hd shown tht fed in prtil or totl improved dietry supplement, prticulrly with diet sed on locl nd MATERIALS AND METHODS Vegetle mteril nd other ingredients used in experimentl diets: The Leucen leucocephl leves used for this study were minly collected in the region of Thies, 70 km from Dkr, prticulrly in the High Ntionl Agriculturl School of Thiès (ENSAT) nd in the neighourhood villges fields. Brnches of plnts ering leves were cut nd trnsported to the ENSAT where they were displyed evenly under semi-open shed for 1-2 dys. The rnches nd twigs were then removed nd the leflets of the leves were retrieved. They were sun-dried during 1-3 dys until they ecome soft crispy while still retining the greenish colortion. Indeed, drying ws le to reduce or eliminte the potentil lile toxic fctors (mimosine, lectin) present in cheper ingredients is necessry to mximize the leves (D'Mello nd Frser, 1981; Tngendjj et l., productivity nd profitility in villge chickens reeding (Buldgen et l., 1992; Kondomo et l., 2003; Rshid et l., 2004; Riise et l., 2004; Pousg et l., 2006; Hlim et l., 2007; Kingori et l., 2007). In these conditions nd in order to llow indigenous poultry livestock to contriute effectively to the poverty nd food insecurity llevition, it would e useful nd essentil to increse 1984; Wee nd Wng, 1987). These sun-dried leves were then processed into mel using grinder mesh of 4 mm in dimeter. The leves mel ws pckged in g of 50 kg nd stored until use. The other ingredients used reported in Tle 1, were ought t the mrkets of Dkr nd Thiès. Smples of the vrious ingredients including Leucen leves mel were sujected to their productivity y improving their feeding strtegies proximte nlyses efore eing used in the through ville unconventionl nd locl feed experimentl diets formultion. resources' utiliztion, from which the interest of this study. At this end, studies crried out on leguminous or Proximte nlyses nd experimentl diets y-products such s Leucen leucocephl leves ville in Senegl, hve reported tht they were importnt feed resources reltively rich in nutrients, crotenoids pigments nd vitmins (Akr nd Gupt, 1985; Ekpenyong, 1986; Aletor nd Omodr, 1994; Ayssiwede et l., 2011; Mutyo et l., 2011). Although the presence of mimosine, n importnt toxic fctor hs often een mentioned s the hndicp of their intensive use (D'Mello, 1992 nd 1982; Semenye, 1990), they formultion: Chemicl nlyses were crried out in the lortory of food nd niml nutrition of Dkr s Intersttes School of Sciences nd Veterinry Medicine (EISMV). They were focused oth on the vrious ingredients nd the experimentl diets nd concerned the determintion of Dry Mtter (DM), totl sh, Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extrct (EE), Crude Fier (CF) nd minerls, prticulrly clcium nd phosphorus. The DM nd totl sh of different smples were otined hve een used oth in ruminnts (Jones nd Megrrity, ccording to stndrd methods of the French 1983; Pmo et l., 2005) nd in poultry or monogstrics feeding with vrious performnces depending on their nutritionl vlue nd inclusion level in the diets (Ter Meulen et l., 1984; D'Mello et l., 1987; D'Mello nd Acmovic, 1989; Hussin et l., 1991; Atwodi et l., 2008; Onii et l., 2008). Ayssiwede et l. (2010) hd previously found tht L. leucocephl leves mel incorportion in the diets of dult indigenous chickens up to 21% in prtil sustitution of groundnut cke mel, hd not cused ny dverse effect on nutrients retention Assocition for Stndrdiztion, AFNOR (1977). The CP content ws sed on the Kjeldhl method (N*6.25) nd tht of EE ws determined y reflux extrction method for 6 h with diethyl ether using the Soxhlet pprtus descried y the sme stndrd. The CF determintion ws crried out following AFNOR (1993) stndrd sed on the Weende s method. The clcium ws mesured ccording to the photometric sorption method of AFNOR (1984) nd the totl phosphorus determintion ws done using the spectrophotometric method t 735

3 Tle 1: Ingredients composition nd clculted nutrients vlue of Leucen Leucocephl (LL) experimentl diets for growing indigenous senegl chickens Dietry tretments Ingredients 1 Ingredients prices (FCFA /kg) LL0 LL7 LL14 LL21 Yellow mize (%) White sorghum (%) Millet (%) Groundnut oil (%) Whet rn (%) Groundnut cke (%) Leucen leves mel (%) Fish mel (%) Diclcium phosphte (%) Food chlk (%) Lysine (%) Méthionine (%) Mcrovitmix, CMV (%) Ferrous Sulfte (%) Liptol (%) Fintox (%) Totl Clculted nutrients vlues Dry Mtter, DM (%) Crude Protein, CP (%DM) Ether Extrct, EE (%DM) Crude Fier, CF (%DM) Totl Ash (%DM) Clcium, C (%DM) Phosphorus, P (%DM) Lysine (%DM) Méthionine (%DM) Metolizle energy, ME (kcl/kg DM) [ME/CP] rtio (kcl ME/g CP) FCFA : Money of the French Community of Afric, 1 = FCFA; LL0: Control diet contining 0% of Leucen leucocephl leves mel; LL7: diet contining 7% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL14: diet contining 14% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL21: diet contining 21% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution ND of groundnut cke; CMV (minerl nd vitmin complex, mcrovitmix ): contin per kg 1400 mg of Mngnese, 1200 mg of Zinc, 1400 mg of ferrous, 20 mg Copper, 8 mg ode, 2 mg colt, 2.8 mg selenium, UI vitmin A, UI vitmin D, 50 mg, 100 mg, 480 mg, 195 mg, 55 mg, 0.6 mg, 290 mg, 50 mg, 175 mg of vitmins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, K3 nd C respectively, 27 mg of folic cid, 0.6 mg of iotin nd 0.6% of cholin. 2 Liptol : ntifungl nd nticteril preservtive. 3 Fintox : preservtive soring mycotoxins 430 nm s descried y AFNOR (1980). The Indigenous Senegl chicks production nd Metolizle Energy (ME) of experimentl diets mngement: The experimentl irds were products of nlyzed, ws clculted ccording to the regression indigenous Senegl cockerels nd hens nd/or crosses equtions of Sild et l. (1980) cited y Leclercq et l. etween Blue Hollnd cockerels nd locl reed hens (1984). From the different ingredients nlyses results which were ought from four principl regions (Dkr, (Ayssiwede et l., 2010), four pproximtely Thies, Loug nd Kold) of Senegl. The resulting eggs isonitrogenus nd isocloric experimentl growing otined from their reeding were collected for rtificil chickens diets (LL0, LL7, LL14 nd LL21) were formulted incution using n electronic incutor of 252 eggs to contin respectively 0, 7, 14 nd 21% of L. cpcity. After htching, the one hundred nd four (104) leucocephl leves mel in prtil sustitution to indigenous chicks otined were confined nd fed groundnut cke, mjor protein source of the diets. So s commercil ordinry strter diet until four (4) weeks of to detoxify the mimosine, min nti-nutritionl fctors, ge. The chicks were vccinted ginst the Newcstle the Leucen leves sed diets (LL7, LL14, LL21) were nd Gumoro diseses. Amprolium 20% or Anticox supplemented ccording to D'Mello nd Acmovic ws dissolved in the drinking wter for 3 dys to prevent (1982) or Springhll nd Ross (1965) with ferrous vin coccidiosis, Piperzine-citrte or Polystrongle sulphte t 30 g/kg of leves mel. The ingredients ws given for 1-2 dys ginst digestive trct prsites composition nd clculted nutritive vlue of these four while Neoxyvitl or Colitervet ws used for stress Leucen experimentl diets re presented in Tle 1. prevention. Glolly, it hve een pplied to the irds the 736

4 Tle 2: Vccintion nd disese prophylctic control progrm pplied to growing indigenous senegl chickens Age of chicks (dys) Diseses Veterinry products dministrted 1 Newcstle disese Imopest HB1 (orl trct) 1-4 Stress prevention Néoxyvitl (orl trct) 9 Bursitis Infectious (Gumoro) Hipr-Gumoro-CH80 (orl trct) 9-11 Stress prevention Néoxyvitl (orl trct) Avin coccidiosis Amprolium 20% (orl trct) 21 Newcstle disese Imopest HB1 (orl trct) 21 Bursitis infectious (Gumoro) Hipr-Gumoro-CH80 (orl trct) Stress prevention Néoxyvitl; Colitervet (orl trct) Digestive trct prsite Pipérzine citrte+amin Totl (orl) 42-45; 63-65; Avin coccidiosis Anticox, Amprolium 20% (orl trct) 56-57; Digestive trct prsite Polystrongle +Amin Totl (orl trct) prophylctic mesures ginst some common chicken temperture nd humidity were regulrly mesured nd diseses in Senegl ccording to the vccintion nd recorded using thermo-hygrometer, s well s disese control progrmme shown in Tle 2. zootechnicl prmeters such s live ody weight, feed consumption nd chickens mortlity. Monitoring of Bck ground, experimentl design nd dt collection: deths nd feed consumption (quntity of feed offered - The experiment ws undertken t EISMV-Dkr locted feed refused) were done on dily sis while the in Dkr s deprtment re. Dkr is n ecologicl individul live ody weights of irds were undertken t peninsul zone of Senegl prtilly ordered y Atlntic weekly using n electronic scle SF-400. ocen locted in N nd W, chrcterized y specil microclimte with n verge moderte Crcss nd orgns chrcteristics evlution: At the tempertures rnging from C nd n nnul end of the tril (17 weeks old), 24 indigenous chickens rinfll out of mm. The tril ws crried out (either 6 irds/tretment group) were rndomly selected, from Septemer to Decemer 2010 nd involved the 104 weighed nd killed y severing the jugulr vein to previous indigenous Senegl chicks of 4 weeks old. At ssess the impct of Leucen leves mel inclusion the end of the 4th week of ge, the chicks were in the diets on crcsses nd orgns chrcteristics. individully identified in their wing using specil ird Chickens slughtered per dietry tretment were dipped ring nd divided ccording to completely rndomized in hot wter, defethered, eviscerted nd their design into four dietry tretment groups, with 2 crcsses were individully weighed. Then the vrious replictes of 13 irds for ech tretment. The four orgns identified in ird crcsses, especilly liver, tretment groups of irds, hving sustntilly identicl hert, lungs nd spleen were lso dissected, weighed live ody weight, were corresponded ech to the four seprtely nd recorded per tretment. The yellow previous Leucen experimentl diets: LL0, LL7, LL14 nd colortion of the skin nd dominl ft of crcsses LL21. Dt collection strted fter the four weeks of ge, ws mesured using similrly technicl scoring i.e. from 5th to the 17th week of ge. For 13 weeks tril, pplied y Kijge et l. (2003) or Onii et l. (2008) in the irds of ech tretment groups were fed respectively which the score vried from 1 to 4 ccording to the with the corresponding Leucen experimentl diets. intensity of the yellowing oserved (1: no yellow color, 2: During the first five dys of the experiment, the irds light to moderte yellow color, 3: enough to well yellow receiving the Leucen leves mel sed diets (LL7, color nd 4: intense to drk yellow color). LL14 nd LL21) were dpted to their feed y grdul diet trnsition which consisted in linerly replcing of Zootechnicl prmeters nd economics results feed usully distriuted y Leucen leves sed diets determintion: Dt collected on live ody weight, feed in the totl dily feed offered. The irds were rered on consumption, mortlity, crcss weight, orgns weight, ground litter constituting of wood chips in semi-open yellow scores of the skin nd dominl ft, etc., were house, with tile cement roof nd single slope, where entered into the Microsoft Excel tle nd zootechnicl reeding stndrds (cooling, ventiltion, wter-troughs, prmeters of irds were clculted. The economic feeders, etc...) were lrgely respected. They were lit y pprisl of the experimentl diets ws mde sis, nturl light during the dy nd y two rtificil liner firstly on the locl mrket prices of vrious ingredients lights of 60 wtts cpcity t night. The density pplied nd y-products used (Tle 1) during the period of the 2 for the tretment groups ws 8 irds/m. The feed were study to determine the feed price per kg diet nd, distriuted to growing chickens twice dy (t 8 h AM secondly, on feed cost per kg live ody weight or per kg nd 5 h PM) in liner glvnized feeders while plstic crcss nd selling price per kg crcss of chickens. siphon wter-troughs of 5 liters cpcity were used to The Leucen leves mel incorported in the diets provide them wter d liitum. During the experiment, were not ought. But in ssessing the feed price/kg the environmentl fctors in the tril locl, certinly experimentl diets (LL0, LL7, LL14 nd LL21) produced, 737

5 flt price of 65 FCFA/kg of sun-dried leves ws determined to tke into ccount the opportunity cost induced y the time spent for their hrvesting nd processing. The Dily Feed Intke (DFI), Averge Dily Weight Gin (ADWG), Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR), Dressing Crcss (DC), Mortlity Rte (MR), s well s feed costs, selling price, Gross Mrgins Food (GMF) nd Supplementry Net Mrgins (SNM) or profits generted per ird or per kg crcss were similrly determined nd recorded per dietry tretment ccording to the formuls elow: DFI (g/ird/dy) = [(Quntity of feed offered - Quntity of feed refused)/dy Numer of irds] ADWG (g/dy) = Weight Gin of the period (g) Length of the period (dys) FCR = Feed intke during period (g) Weight Gin of the period (g) DC (%) = (Crcss weight of the ird Live ody weight of the ird)*100 MR (%) = [(Initil numer of irds - Finl numer of irds) Initil numer of irds]*100 Feed Cost/ird (FCFA) = FCR * Feed price/kg diet * Live ody weight of ird (kg) Feed Cost/kg crcss (FCFA) = [(Feed Cost/ird) Crcss weight of ird (kg)] Selling price/ird crcss (FCFA) = Crcss weight of ird (kg) * Selling price/kg crcss Gross mrgins food (GMF)/ird crcss (FCFA) = (Selling price/ird crcss) - (Feed Cost/ird) Gross mrgins food (GMF)/kg crcss (FCFA) = (Selling price/kg crcss) - (Feed Cost/kg crcss) SNM/kg crcss (FCFA) = (GMF/kg crcss/group) - (GMF/kg crcss of control group) Tretment nd sttisticl nlyses: Dt collected on irds performnces nd economics evlution per dietry tretment were recorded nd treted with Microsoft Excel tle. They were then sujected to one fctor Anlysis of Vrince (ANOVA) t 5% level (p<0.05) using the Sttisticl Pckge for Socil Science (SPSS) softwre. When ANOVA nlysis test showed significnt dietry tretments effects etween the results, mens were completely seprted using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test of the sme sttisticl softwre. RESULTS Amince prmeters nd nutrients composition of Leucen experimentl diets: Although the experiment ws strted (Septemer to Decemer) t the end of the riny seson, corresponding to the nnouncement of fresh period eginning, the mient temperture recorded in the reeding locl of irds throughout the experiment ws reltively high rnging from C, either n verge of C. The ir humidity in the locl, rnged etween 27 nd 71% with n verge out of 59.3%. The nutrients composition nd clculted Metolizle Energy (ME) content of Leucen experimentl diets determined ws reported in Tle 3. All experimentl diets were isonitrogenous. The Leucen leves mel inclusion hd significntly (p<0.05) nd proportionlly incresed the Ether Extrct (EE), Crude Fier (CF), sh nd clcium contents in the diets while those of Nitrogen Free Extrct (NFE) nd ME were decresed. However, except for LL21 dietry tretment which hd reltively significnt lower [ME/CP] rtio (16.95), the ME content difference etween experimentl diets did not ffect these rtio vlues in LL7 nd LL14 (17.42) diets compred to the control (17.70). Growth performnces, helth sttus or mortlity rte of indigenous Senegl chickens: The impcts of Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets on Live Body Weight (LBW) development of growing indigenous Senegl chickens ccording to ge re illustrted in Fig. 1. From the 4th to the 11th week of ge, the LBW of irds in ll dietry tretments incresed similrly, with significntly (p<0.05) dvntge in irds fed LL7 nd LL14 diets. From the 12th week until the end of the experiment (17 weeks old), the significnt LBW dvntge ws only mintined in irds fed diet contining 7% of Leucen leves mel. The LBW of irds fed the LL14 diet ws higher ut not significntly different to tht of irds in other tretments LL0 nd LL21. Overll, the irds in LL7 tretment group recorded the highest LBW ( g), followed y those of LL14 tretment ( g). The irds in control nd LL21 tretment groups hd the lowest LBW, g nd g respectively t the end of the tril. At 4, 8, 12, 16 nd 17 weeks old, the glol LBW men recorded for ll indigenous irds in the tril were respectively g, g, g, g nd g (Tle 4). The results of Leucen leves mel inclusion on Averge Dily Weight Gin (ADWG), Dily Feed Intke (DFI), Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) nd mortlity rte of growing indigenous Senegl chickens re summrized in Tle 4. From one dy to 4 weeks, the ADWG of irds were reltively low nd were not significntly different etween tretment groups. From 5 to 9 weeks old, the ADWG incresed ccording to ge nd were significntly higher in irds fed diets contining 7 nd 14% of Leucen leves mel 738

6 Tle 3: Nutrients composition of Leucen Leucocephl (LL) experimentl diets for growing indigenous senegl chickens Dietry tretments Anlyzed nutrients vlues LL0 LL7 LL14 LL21 Numer of smples Dry mtter, DM (%) 90.36± ± ± ±0.25 Crude Protein, CP (% DM) 20.41± ± ± ±0.20 Ether extrct, EE (% DM) 4.50± ± ±0.05 c 7.34±0.11 Crude fier, CF (% DM) 3.40± ±0.17 c 5.18±0.05 d 5.40±0.03 Nitrogen Free Extrct, NFE (% DM) d 64.70±0.29 c 60.68± ± ±0.16 Totl Ash (% DM) 7.02± ± ±0.30 c 8.08±0.18 Clcium, C (% DM) 0.85± ± ±0.02 c 0.99±0.04 Phosphorus, P (% DM) 0.60± ± ± ± c Metolizle energy, ME (kcl/kg DM) ± ± ± ±11.0 ME/Protein Rtio (kcl/g) 17.70± ± ± ±0.10,,c,d Mens within rows with different superscripts re significntly different t 5% level (p<0.05), LL0: Control diet contining 0% of Leucen leucocephl leves mel; LL7: diet contining 7% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL14: diet contining 14% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL21: diet contining 21% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke. 1 ME (kcl/kg DM) = *EE *Ash *CF, in (Leclercq et l., 1984) Fig. 1: Evolution of live ody weight of growing indigenous Senegl chickens fed diets contining respectively 0 (LL0), 7 (LL7) 14 (LL14) nd 21% (LL21) of L. leucocephl leves mel ccording to ge compred to other tretment groups. From 10 to 17 nd 8.10 g/dy respectively for irds in LL0, LL7, LL14 nd weeks of ge, the Leucen leves mel inclusion in LL21 dietry tretment groups; the glol ADWG men the diets significntly improved (p<0.05) the ADWG of ws 8.76 g/dy. The incresing rte of ADWG were 40%, growing indigenous chickens, prticulrly in irds fed 4.90% nd 4.25% respectively in irds fed LL7, LL14 nd LL7 nd LL21 diets compred to others. For ll the tril LL21 diets compred to the control tretment irds which period, Leucen leves mel inclusion significntly showed the lowest ADWG. At one, two, three nd four incresed the ADWG of chickens in LL7 dietry months of ge, the glol ADWG of ll indigenous tretment. The ADWG recorded were 7.77, 10.88, 8.15 chickens in this tril were respectively 3.75, 9.13,

7 Tle 4: Effects of vrious levels of Leucen leucocephl leves mel inclusion in the diets on growth performnces nd mortlity of indigenous senegl chickens Dietry tretments Chickens prmeters LL0 LL7 LL14 LL21 Glol men SEM p-vlue Initil numer of irds/tretment Body weight t dy one, D1 (g) 30.78± ± ± ± ± Body weight t 4 weeks old (g) ± ± ± ± ± Body weight t 8 weeks old (g) ± ± ± ± ± Body weight t 12 weeks old (g) ± ± ± ± ± Body weight t 16 weeks old (g) ± ± ± ± ± Body weight t 17 weeks old (g) ± ± ± ± ± ADWG 0-4 weeks old (g/dy) 3.60± ± ± ± ± c c ADWG 5-9 weeks old (g/dy) 8.62± ± ± ± ± c ADWG weeks old (g/dy) 6.02± ± ± ± ± ADWG weeks old (g/dy) 8.46± ± ± ± ± ADWG 5-17 weeks old (g/dy) 7.77± ± ± ± ± DFI 5-9 weeks old (g/ird/dy) 38.46± ± ± ± ± c DFI weeks old (g/ird/dy) 37.86± ± ± ± ± d c DFI weeks old (g/ird/dy) 43.63± ± ± ± ± c DFI 5-17 weeks old (g/ird/dy) 39.86± ± ± ± ± FCR 5-9 weeks old 5.57± ± ± ± ± c c FCR weeks old 8.53± ± ± ± ± FCR weeks old 7.39± ± ± ± ± FCR 5-17 weeks old 7.04± ± ± ± ± Finl numer of irds/tretment c Mortlity rte (%) ,,c,d Mens within rows with different superscripts re significntly different t 5% level (p<0.05). LL0: Control diet contining 0% of Leucen leucocephl leves mel; LL7: diet contining 7% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL14: diet contining 14% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL21: diet contining 21% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke. ADWG: Averge dily weight gin; DFI: Dily feed intke; FCR: Feed Conversion Rtio nd 9.50 g/dy. The Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets significntly incresed dily feed intke (DFI), prticulrly in irds fed LL7 nd LL14 diets from 5 to 9 weeks old nd in irds fed LL7 nd LL21 from 10 to 17 weeks ge compred to others. From the 5th until the end of the tril, the DFI were significntly higher (p<0.05) for irds in LL7 (51.06 g) followed y those in LL21 (44.75 g/ird) thn those of LL0 (39.86 g) nd LL14 (40.4 g/ird) tretment groups. The incresing rte of DFI were respectively 28.1%, 1.35% nd 12.27% for LL7, LL14 nd LL21 dietry tretments compred to the DFI of irds in control tretment (LL0). From the 5th to the 9th week of ge, the Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) significntly incresed with the Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets. From 10 to 17 weeks old, the FCR in irds fed Leucen leves sed diets incresed without eing significntly different to tht of the control. For ll the tril period, the inclusion of Leucen leves mel hd no significnt dverse effects on FCR of growing indigenous Senegl chickens in different dietry tretments. It hd significntly reduced (p<0.05) the FCR in irds fed LL7 (5.54) nd LL14 (6.27) compred to the control (LL0) nd LL21 tretments irds which hd similr FCR of 7.04 nd 6.80 respectively; the glol FCR men ws The decresing rte of FCR were 21.42%, 10.92% nd 3.55% in irds fed diets contining respectively 7, 14 nd 21% of Leucen leves mel compred to the control irds. From 5 to 17 weeks of ge, the Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets hd no dverse effect on helth nd mortlity of indigenous chickens. It would rther reduce the mortlity rte of irds compred to the control group. During the 13 weeks of experimenttion, totl of five (5) mortlities (4.81%) were recorded. The first (3.85%) nd the second (3.85%) were occurred t 6 nd 7 weeks old respectively in irds receiving LL14 nd LL21 dietry tretments. Their utopsy reveled gret suspicion of chicks scites syndrome which originl cuses re not well known. Any mortlity ws not recorded mong indigenous chickens in LL7 dietry tretment group. The three (3) other deths (11.54%) were recorded in irds fed the control diet (LL0) nd were cused y the respirtory trct prsites, Syngmus trchei. Indeed, efore dying, the irds hd often ywned nd lesions nd eggs of these prsites were oserved in the lungs nd in trche of chickens in utopsy (Fig. 2). Crcss nd orgns chrcteristics nd economics results of indigenous Senegl chickens: The results relted to the effects of Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets on crcss nd orgns chrcteristics nd economic mrgins of growing indigenous Senegl chickens re summrized in Tle 5. The inclusion of Leucen leves mel significntly incresed (p<0.05) crcss weight in irds fed LL7 diet compred to others. It hd no dverse effect on dressing crcss, liver weight, hert weight, lungs nd spleen weights which were ll incresed in irds fed Leucen leves sed diets without eing significntly different etween tretments compred to the control group. But, tken together, the weight of ll these orgns (liver, hert, lungs nd spleen) ws significntly incresed (p<0.05) with the Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets. 740

8 Fig. 2: Lesions in lungs (left nd medium pictures) nd eggs in trche (right picture) of Syngmus trchei, respirtory prsite trct oserved in growing indigenous Senegl chickens fed the control diet Tle 5: Effects of vrious levels of Leucen leucocephl leves mel inclusion in the diets on crcss nd orgns chrcteristics nd economics results of growing indigenous Senegl chickens Dietry tretments Prmeters LL0 LL7 LL14 LL21 Glol men SEM p-vlue Birds killed/tretment Crcss nd orgn chrcteristics Averge ody weight of ird (g) ± ± ± ± ± Averge Crcss weight (g) ± ± ± ± ± Dressing (%) 88.19± ± ± ± ± Liver weight, LW (g) 19.40± ± ± ± ± Hert weight, HW (g) 5.40± ± ± ± ± Lungs +Spleen weight, LSW (g) 9.60± ± ± ± ± LW + HW + LSW (g) 34.40± ± ± ± ± (LW + HW + LSW)/ABW rtio (%) 4.15± ± ± ± ± Yellow color score of skin 1.16± ± ± ± ± c c Yellow color score of dominl ft 1.16± ± ± ± ± Economic results 1 Experimentl feed price (FCFA /kg) Feed cost/ird, 5-17 weeks old (FCFA) 1033± ± ± ± ± c Feed cost/kg crcss (FCFA) 1408± ± ± ± ± Selling price/kg crcss (FCFA) Selling price/ird crcss (FCFA) 1464± ± ± ± ± Gross mrgin food/ird (FCFA) 431±48 770±66 478±70 419±87 525± c Gross mrgin food/kg crcss (FCFA) 592±38 807±18 641±32 528±60 642± SNM/kg crcss (FCFA) 0.00 c 214±49 48±49-64±91 50± ,,c,d Mens within rows with different superscripts re significntly different t 5% level (p<0.05). LL0: Control diet contining 0% of Leucen leucocephl leves mel; LL7: diet contining 7% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL14: diet contining 14% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke; LL21: diet contining 21% of L. leucocephl leves mel in sustitution of groundnut cke. 1 FCFA : Money of the French Community of Afric, 1 = FCFA. 2 SNM : Supplementry Net Mrgin generted in comprison to the control diet LL0 This incresing of orgns weight ws not proportionl to the live ody weight of chickens, the rtio [orgns weight/lbw] ws significntly incresed (p<0.05) with the leves mel inclusion compred to the control. Moreover, the incorportion of Leucen leves mel in the diets hd produced significntly nd proportionlly yellow colortion of the skin (Fig. 3) nd dominl ft (Fig. 4) of crcsses in trditionl chickens compred to the control tretment. As for economic results, the price per kilogrm of feed hd incresed with the level of Leucen leves mel inclusion. It ws evluted t Fig. 3: Norml color (left picture) nd intense yellow 176, 182, 185 nd 188 FCFA/kg respectively for LL0, LL7, color (right picture) of skin of crcsses from LL14 nd LL21 diets. The feed cost per kg crcss growing indigenous Senegl chickens fed diets otined ws significntly lower in irds receiving LL7 contining respectively 0% (LL0) nd 21% (LL21) diet thn those of other tretment groups. Birds fed the of Leucen leucocephl leves mel 741

9 Fig. 4: Norml, yellow, intense yellow nd drk yellow color of dominl ft of crcsses (from left to right pictures) from growing indigenous Senegl chickens fed diet contining respectively 0% (LL0), 7% (LL7), 14% (LL14) nd 21% (LL21) of Leucen leucocephl leves mel diet contining 21% of Leucen leves hd recorded eing richer in Crude Fier (CF) nd less energetic the highest feed cost (1472 FCFA/kg crcss) while the (Ayssiwede et l., 2010), their grdul inclusion hd lowest (1193 FCFA/kg crcss) ws otined in LL7 significntly incresed the CF content nd consequently dietry tretment, followed y LL14 (1359 FCFA/kg decresed the Metolizle Energy (ME) content of the crcss) nd LL0 (1408 FCFA/kg crcss) tretments. diets despite the ground nut oil inclusion. The significnt For selling price of 2000 FCFA/kg crcss, the Gross reduction of [ME/CP] rtio, prticulrly in LL21 diet, would Mrgin Food (GMF)/kg crcss generted per dietry proly due to its low ME content. tretment ws significntly higher for irds in LL7 diet For ll experimentl period (5-17 weeks of ge), the (807 FCFA/kg crcss), followed y LL14 (641 FCFA/kg inclusion of L. leucocephl leves mel in the diets crcss) nd LL0 (592 FCFA/kg crcss) tretments. hd no significnt dverse effects on Live Body Weight Birds in LL21 dietry tretment hd recorded the lowest (LBW), Averge Dily Weight Gin (ADWG), Dily Feed GMF vlue (528 FCFA/kg crcss). Compred to the Intke (DFI), Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) nd mortlity control dietry tretment, the LL7 nd LL14 tretments of growing indigenous Senegl chickens compred to hd llowed chieving respectively n dditionl net the controls. It hd significntly improved (p<0.05) the mrgin of 214 nd 48 FCFA/kg crcss while the LL21 LBW, ADWG, DFI nd FCR of irds, prticulrly in LL7, tretment hd resulted in loss of 64 FCFA/kg crcss nd to lesser extent in LL14 dietry tretments (Tle 5). From these results, it cn e noted tht prt compred to others. These results re supported y the from the drk yellowing of dominl ft, the inclusion of findings of Ross nd Springhll (1963), Springhll nd Leucen leves mel up to 21% in the diet, hd no Ross (1965) nd D'Mello nd Acmovic (1982) in which dverse effect on crcss nd orgns chrcteristics of they hd demonstrted the improvement of ADWG, DFI growing indigenous Senegl chickens nd ws more nd FCR y incorporting in the roiler or lying economiclly profitle t the rte of 7 nd 14% chickens diets, 15-20% of Leucen leves mel inclusion in comprison to the control. treted with ferrous sulphte. Aprt from the significnt decrese of ADWG nd FCR recorded y Pojun et l. DISCUSSION (1989) nd Hussin et l. (1991) t 20% inclusion of The temperture recorded ( C) in this study Leucen leves mel in the diets of roiler chickens; ws higher thn tht (19-27 C) recommended y our results re similr to those of these lest uthors. Bords nd Minvielle (1997), Rekhis (2002) nd ITAVI Moreover, they re confirmed those previously recorded (2003), ut similr to tht otined ( C) in y Ayssiwede et l. (2010) in which the inclusion of Senegl y Bello (2010). Although the humidity (27-71%) Leucen leves mel up to 21% in the diet of dults ws in greement with tht usully recommended (40- indigenous Senegl chickens hd no dverse effect on 70%), it ws lower thn tht mesured (51-84%) y DFI, ADWG nd FCR nd hd significntly improved the Bello (2010). This reltively low humidity vlue recorded pprent coefficients of nutrients nd ME utiliztion, could e explined y the fct tht Bello (2010) hd certinly in irds fed diets contining 7 nd 14% of these undertken his tril from July to Octoer which leves mel. Similr results were lso otined y corresponded to the riny seson, prticulrly hot nd Kkengi et l. (2007), Tendonkeng et l. (2008) nd wet period in Senegl. The significntly higher Ether Olugemi et l. (2010) with 6-20% inclusion of Moring Extrct (EE) content recorded in Leucen leves sed leves, Rvindrn et l. (1983) with cssv leves diets thn the control my e explined y the incresing mel, in which the DFI hd significntly incresed in contriution of ground nut oil in the diets with the roilers nd lying irds. However, our results re in incorportion of Leucen leves mel. But, these ltter disgreement with those otined y including 15-30% 742

10 of Leucen leves (Ter Meulen et l., 1984; D'Mello et et l. (2005). The Averge Dily Weight Gin (ADWG) l., 1987; Stynryn et l., 1987; Bhtngr et l., men, 8.76 g/dy ( ) otined in trditionl 1996; Mutyo et l., 2003; Atwodi et l., 2008; Onii chickens in our study is in greement with those et l., 2008) or 5-20% of Gliricidi sepium leves mel recorded (7-12 g/dy) in Nigeri (Adenjo nd Oluyemi, (Osei et l., 1990; Odunsi et l., 2002) in the diets of 1981) nd in Cmeroon (Fots, 2008). However, it roiler chickens nd lying hens. It is the sme with the remined higher thn those (5-9 g/dy) found y most findings of Gupt et l. (1970) for 10% inclusion of uthors (Buldgen et l., 1992; Adedokun nd Soniy, Cssi tor leves, Sulimn et l. (1987) for 5% of 2001; Ali, 2001; Msoffe et l., 2004; Pousg et l., 2006; fermented C. tor leves, Rvindrn et l. (1986), Hlim et l., 2007; Akoungo et l., 2010; Bello, 2010). Iheukwumere et l. (2008) nd Onii et l. (2008) for 10- These vritions could e explined not only y feeding 20% inclusion of cssv (Mnihot esculent) leves or reeding conditions, geogrphicl or sesonl mel in the diets, in which they oserved significnt differences of res, ut lso y ge, sex, diversity or decrese in chickens growth performnces. The low genetic vriility existence in the indigenous Africn performnces otined with Leucen (Ter Meulen et chickens popultion. Our experiment irds contining l., 1984; D'Mello, 1992; Bhtngr et l., 1996; Atwodi some crosses from lue Hollnd cockerels nd locl et l., 2008), Gliricidi (Odunsi et l., 2002) or Cssi hen, the ADWG ws often higher in crosses or mles leves mel (Gupt et l., 1970) were ttriuted y chickens thn in pure locl reeds or femles, lower in uthors to nti-nutritionl fctors, especilly mimosine, scvenging irds thn housed nd regulrly fed irds tnnins or nitrtes-nitrites. The performnces (Buldgen et l., 1992; Pousg et l., 2006; Hlim, improvement noted in our study could rise then from 2007). It ws lso shown tht indigenous chickens with the fct tht the Leucen leves mel used were such fst fledge grow slower thn slow ones fledge treted with ferrous sulphte s doing D'Mello nd (Fots, 2008). Acmovic (1982) or Springhll nd Ross (1965) to The Dily Feed Intke (DFI) men 44.2 g/jour ( neutrlize mimosine, the min toxic fctor of L. g/jour) otined from the 5th until the end of the tril (17 leucocephl, unlike to the studies of these previous weeks old) is consistent with those recorded y Buldgen uthors. The low DFI oserved in irds fed LL14 nd LL21 et l. (1992), Fll nd Buldgen (1996), Pousg et l. diets compred to LL7 diet my e cused y the high (2006) nd Hlim et l. (2007). It remins reltively crude fier content or pltility of the diets. According higher thn tht otined (34-40 g/dy) y Bello (2010) to Ash nd Peti (1992) nd Omekm (1994), chickens nd lower thn those found y Ali (2001) nd Ayssiwede did not et voluntrily fresh or dried legumes leves nd et l. (2010 nd 2010). Indeed, the DFI of villge could often showed decline in their performnces, chickens from 0-24 weeks of ge ws rnged from 5 to prticulrly DFI due to the high fier content or lck of 98 g/dy (Buldgen et l., 1992; Hlim et l., 2007) ppetite when fed diet contining high level of leves while from 6 to 17 weeks of ge; it ws out of mel. g/dy (Fll nd Buldgen, 1996; Pousg et l., 2006; The Live Body Weight (LBW) mens of 162 g ( Hlim et l., 2007). The DFI vries ccording to ge, g), 408 g ( g), g ( g) nd 886 g mient temperture, nture nd energy level of the ( g) glolly recorded respectively t 4, 8, 12 diets. In dults villge chickens, it ws higher, g of nd 16 weeks old for indigenous chickens re medium to high-energy ( kcl ME/kg DM) consistent with those otined in sttion in Cmeroon diets nd 88 g/dy of low-energy (2400 kcl ME/kg DM) nd Congo ( , , , g) y diet with Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) respectively Fots (2008) nd Akoungo et l. (2010), in Senegl out of nd 12.8 (Ali, 2001; Ayssiwede et l. ( , , nd g) y Ali 2010 nd 2010). The FCR recorded 6.39 ( ) (2001) nd in Nigeri (191, 480, 821 nd 1035 g) y in this study is glolly similr to those otined y most Adenjo nd Oluyemi (1981). The reltively higher LBW uthors (Buldgen et l., 1992; Pousg et l., 2006; ( g nd g) were found in Keny Ayssiwede et l., 2010 nd 2010; Bello, 2010; Ossei, respectively t 12 nd 19 weeks of ge y Ndegw et l. 2010). But it is reltively higher thn tht (3.9-5) recorded (2001). However, our LBW in this study were higher thn y Fots (2008) in Cmeroon, nd lower thn those those otined t the sme ges (90-146, , found ( ) y Ali (2001) in Senegl nd Hlim et nd g) in Senegl (Missohou et l., l. (2007) in Ethiopi y providing ordinry feed to these 2002; Bello, 2010), Tnzni (Msoffe et l., 2004), irds. Nigeri (Adedokun nd Soniy, 2001; Fyeye et l., The Leucen leves mel inclusion in the diets hd 2005) nd in Ethiopi (Hlim et l., 2007). The LBW significntly improved crcss weight in irds fed LL7 men of 960 g ( g) otined is higher thn tht diet. Despite the significntly improvement of [whole ( g) found in Senegl (Bello, 2010) nd in orgns weight/lbw] rtio noted with the Leucen Burkin Fso (Pousg et l., 2006) t 17 weeks old nd leves mel inclusion, this lest glolly hd no dverse in Sudn ( g) t 18 weeks of ge y Mohmmed effect on dressing crcss, liver weight, hert weight, 743

11 lungs nd spleen weight compred to the control. lowest feed cost (1193 FCFA/kg crcss), followed y Dressing crcss otined 86.3% ( %) in this LL14 (1359 FCFA/kg crcss) nd control (1408 FCFA/kg study is higher thn those otined in Senegl (67-79%) crcss), the feed cost ws significntly higher, 1472 y Buldgen et l. (1992), Ali (2001) nd Bello (2010), in FCFA/kg crcss in LL21 tretment group. As result, Congo ( %) y Akoungo et l. (2010), in Gross Mrgin Food (GMF)/kg crcss ws significntly Burkin (66-80%) y Kondomo (2005) nd in Nigeri, higher in LL7 tretment (807 FCFA) nd decresed with Ethiopi nd Cmeroon ( %) y Adenjo nd the rte of Leucen leves mel in the diets, 641 nd Oluyemi (1981), Joseph et l. (1992), Hlim et l. 528 FCFA/kg crcss respectively in LL14 nd LL21 while (2007) nd Fots (2008). The liver weight 24.3 g (19-27 tht of the control ws 592 FCFA/kg crcss. Thus, g), hert weight 5.6 g ( g), lungs nd spleen compred to the control, the LL7 nd LL14 dietry weight g ( g) otined in this study, re tretments hd llowed relizing respectively higher thn those respectively (21.80 g, 3.75 g, 6.55 g) Supplementry Net Mrgin (SNM) of 214 nd 48 FCFA/kg recorded y Bello (2010) t 17 weeks old nd y Fots crcss while the LL21 tretment hd resulted loss of (2008) t 16 weeks of ge. These vritions could e 64 FCFA/kg crcss. These results re in line with those due to ge or live ody weight, sex of irds, type of otined y Qung Hien nd Duc Hung (1998) nd crcss, chicken ecotypes or sesons. Cockerels often Qung Hien nd Thi Inh (1998) in which the inclusion of hving higher Dressing Crcss (DC) thn hens, the 5-6% of Leucen leves treted with ferrous sulphte prevlence of mle chickens in groups cn increse the in the diets hd significntly reduced the feed costs/kg DC men nd reciproclly. Also, orgns development is LBWG or egg produced respectively in roiler nd lying often proportionl to live ody weight or ge. Kondomo chickens. Although our results re corroorted those (2005) hd shown tht the DC of trditionl chickens otined y Bello (2010), these dditionl net mrgins slughtered in dry seson ws higher thn tht of irds were remined lower thn those found y this uthor t killed in riny seson. Moreover, Leucen leves mel 8 nd 16% inclusion of Moring oleifer leves mel in inclusion hd produced significntly nd proportionlly the diets of these irds. They re lso supported y the yellow colortion of skin nd dominl ft of crcsses findings of Onii et l. (2008) in Nigeri or Tendonkeng of growing trditionl chickens compred to the control et l. (2008) in Cmeroon in which the feed costs/kg tretment. According to the ecotypes of indigenous LBWG of roiler chicken finishers were incresed with chickens, white (44%), pink (22%), yellow (28%) or lck Leucen or Moring leves mel inclusion in the diets. (7%) pigments of skin of crcsses were reported y The incresing of feed price nd feed costs long with Moul et l. (2009) in Algeri. However, the yellowing of the reduction of economic mrgins could e explined the skin, dominl ft or egg yolk my e influenced y y the influence of the high price of groundnut oil the diet composition in xnthophylls pigments (Tlpin et incorported, the opportunity cost of leves hrvesting l., 1981; D'Mello et l., 1987; Suri et l., 2001; Agede nd processing nd the incresing of Feed Conversion nd Aletor, 2003). The yellowing oserved in our study Rtio (FCR) recorded with Leucen leves mel indictes tht Leucen leves re rich in pro-vitmins inclusion. A or crotenoids pigments which were efficiently sored nd utilized y the irds. This oservtion is Conclusion: The incorportion of Leucen supported y the findings of Tlpin et l. (1981), Qung leucocephl leves mel up to 21% in the diets of Hien nd Duc Hung (1998) or Onii et l. (2008), in growing trditionl Senegl chickens hd no dverse which the Leucen or cssv leves mel inclusion effects on live ody weight, verge dily weight gin, out 6-20% in the diet of roiler or lying chickens hd dily feed intke, feed conversion rtio, helth nd significntly produced yellowing of the skin, shnks, mortlity rte, crcss nd orgns chrcteristics in dominl ft nd egg yolk. Similr results were irds compred to their controls. A prt from the drk recorded y Kijge et l. (2003), Bello (2010) nd yellowing of dominl ft of crcsses oserved in Olugemi et l. (2010 nd 2010) with the inclusion of irds fed LL21 diet, significntly etter growth 10-24% of Moring leves mel in the diets of lying performnces, feed costs nd economic mrgins were hens, indigenous or roiler chickens. recorded in growing indigenous chickens fed diet Unlike to Onii et l. (2008), our feed price/kg diet, contining 7% nd 14% of Leucen leves mel, incresed with the inclusion level of Leucen leves mking these two dietry tretments the most mel in the diets, rnging from 176 FCFA/kg (control economiclly profitle. Considering these results nd diet) to 188 FCFA/kg (LL21 diet). This controversy could the high price of rw ordinry ingredients, prticulrly rise from the fct tht Onii et l. (2008) hd excluded protein ingredient sources in poultry feeding; the the opportunity cost of hrvesting nd processing of recovering of these leguminous leves in the diets of leves. However this price ws lower thn tht prcticed villge chickens is rel opportunity for trditionl ( FCFA/kg) in Seneglese mrkets for the stockholders to improve t lower cost, not only the industril poultry feed. For ll the experimentl period, productivity nd nutritionl sttus of their irds, ut lso except the LL7 tretment which hd the significntly their income. 744