Ground Prosopis juliflora Pods as Feed Ingredient in Poultry Diet: Effects on Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 10 (12): , 2011 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2011 Ground Prosopis juliflor Pods s Feed Ingredient in Poultry Diet: Effects on Growth nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Broilers Meseret Girm, Mengistu Urge nd Getchew Animut 1 Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopi School of Animl nd Rnge Sciences, Hrmy University, P.O. Box 138, Dire-Dw, Ethiopi 2 Astrct: Three hundred nd ninety six Hurd Clssic commercil dy old chicks were used to determine the performnce of roilers fed rtion contining ground Prosopis juliflor pods (GPJP) t inclusion levels of 0 (T1), 10 (T2), 20 (T3) nd 30% (T4) of the totl rtion. The experiment ws rrnged in completely rndomized design with four tretments nd three replictions with 33 irds per replicte. Birds were weighed in group every 7 dys to determine Averge Dily Gin (ADG). Feed offered nd refusls were recorded every dy nd Feed Intke (FI) ws clculted s the difference etween the two. Dt on ADG, FI nd Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) were nlyzed for strter (1-21 dys) nd finisher (22-45 dys) phses seprtely s well s for the entire experiment period (45 dys). At the end of the experiment, four rndomly selected irds from ech replicte were slughtered nd dressed to determine crcss chrcteristics. Feed Intke (FI) during finisher phse [3386, 3340, 3336 nd 3280 g (SEM = 29.54)] nd the entire experiment period [4369, 4321, 4313 nd 4248 (SEM = 27.41)], finl live weight t the end of strter, finisher nd the entire experiment period, ADG [40.8, 41.2, 39.9 nd 36.4 (SEM = 1.41)] for T1, T2, T3 nd T4, respectively nd FCR for the entire experiment period were significntly lower (p<0.05) in T4 thn T1 nd T2. Among crcss trits, drum stick weight ws significntly lower (p<0.05) in T4 thn T1 nd T2, ut esophgus nd crop weight were higher (p<0.05) in T4 thn other tretments. Rtion consisting 20% GPJP resulted to the lowest feed cost per weight gin (10.58, 10.67, nd for T1, T2, T3 nd T4, respectively). The results of this study indicted tht 30% GPJP inclusion negtively ffected feed intke nd growth nd inclusion of GPJP t 10 nd 20% level reduced feed cost without negtive effect on iologicl performnce s compred to the control. Therefore, out 20% of conventionl roilers diet cn e sustituted y GPJP to reduce feed cost. Key words: Prosopis juliflor pod, roilers, growth, crcss chrcteristics INTRODUCTION The verge intke of niml protein in developing countries is s low s 15 g per person per dy, compred with lmost the 60 g in developed countries (FAO, 2011). Consequently, efforts were gered towrds incresing niml production, especilly of poultry s wy to meet the criticl niml protein need of the Afric s growing humn popultion (Gueye, 2000). Although success hve een recorded in mny countries in this regrd, the per cpit egg nd chicken met consumption in Ethiopi remins low (ILRI, 2000; Hlim et l., 2009). Poultry production in Ethiopi is constrined y mny fctors, of which indequte supply of feed ecuse of the scrcity of conventionl feed ingredients is mjor one (El Boushy nd Vn Der Poel, 2000). Therefore, ny ttempt to improve commercil poultry production nd increse its efficiency needs to focus on the use of loclly ville new ingredients (Kmlzdeh et l., 2008) tht cn reduce the competition tht exists etween humn nd poultry for conventionl ingredients nd reduce feed cost. As result, there is worldwide interest in the serch for new plnt species cple of supplementing trditionl poultry dietry ingredients (Jurgen et l., 1998). This requires evlution of the new feed nd determintion of optimum level of inclusion in diet formultion to chieve cceptle level of niml performnce without jeoprdizing niml welleing. In this context, ground Prosopis juliflor pod (GPJP) hs een considered s one of the potentil feed ingredient in poultry rtion formultion. In Ethiopi, Prosopis juliflor is considered s n invsive weed (Sertse nd Psiecznik, 2005), which is rpidly invding the trditionl gro-nd silvo-pstorl lnd mking the rngelnds inccessile to livestock. Erdiction of the plnt y cutting s well s urning hs proven to e difficult nd its exploittion s resource ws proposed s n pproch to reduce its invsiveness (Psiecznik, 2002). Accordingly, the use of the pod with the seed fter grounding s niml feed ws designed s one of the strtegy to reduce its propgtion. Prosopis juliflor pods hve een used in Corresponding Author: Meseret Girm, Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopi 970

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl rtions nd tretments: The study ws conducted t Hrmy University Poultry Frm, Ethiopi ` ` locted t 42 3 E longitude, 9 26 N ltitude nd t n ltitude of 1980 meter ove se level. The men nnul rinfll of the re is 780 mm nd the verge minimum nd mximum tempertures re 8 nd 24 C, respectively (Smuel, 2008). Dietry ingredients used for this study were GPJP, corn, whet short, soyen mel, noug seed cke, methionine, slt, vitmin premix, limestone nd diclcium phosphte (Tle 2). Except whet short, vitmin premix, diclcium phosphte, methionine nd soyen mel, the rest ingredients were ground to pss 5 mm sieve t the University feed mill efore mixing to formulte the rtion. Prosopis juliflor pods were hnd roken nd sun-dried nd hmmer milled to pss through 5 mm sieve size to produce GPJP. The ground pods were hnd sieved nd intct Int. J. Poult. Sci., 10 (12): , 2011 livestock s well s poultry diets nd produced seeds nd lrge sized pods tht did not pss through encourging results. For exmple, Zein Eldin nd the sieve were reground. Representtive smples of Mukhtr (2011) reported tht soked Prosopis juliflor GPJP, corn, whet short, soyen mel nd noug seed seed flour replced 50% of sesme mel in roiler diets cke were tken for chemicl nlysis (Tle 1). Bsed without negtive effect on performnce. AL-Beitwi et l. on the chemicl nlysis result, four tretment rtions (2010) noted hevier ody weight, fster growth nd contining GPJP t the level of 0% (T1), 10% (T2), 20% etter feed conversion efficiency in roilers fed rtion (T3) nd 30% (T4) were formulted. The rtions were contining 20% GPJP s sustitute for corn without formulted to e isocloric nd isonitrogenous nd to cusing significnt chnge on dressing percentge nd contin out 3060 kcl ME/kg DM nd 22% CP nd crcss cut. Furthermore, replcing mize up to 20% 3100 kcl ME/kg DM nd 18% CP to meet the nutrient with GPJP (Choudhry et l., 2005) nd inclusion t requirements of roiler during the strter (1-21 dys of rte of 10% of GPJP in the rtion (Vnker et l., 1998) ge) nd finisher (22-45 dys of ge) phses, resulted in no dverse effects on performnce of respectively (Leeson nd Summers, 2005). roilers. Prosopis juliflor ers its pods during the driest months of the yer mking it possile to use its Mngement of experimentl irds: Three hundred pods in niml rtion when vilility of other ninety six unsexed dy old Hurd Clssic chicks with ingredients is scrce. However, informtion on the use weight of 45.98±0.553 g (men±sd) were rndomly of GPJP in roilers rtion in generl is limited nd is divided into four dietry tretments nd three replictions non-existent in Ethiopi to convince feed mnufcturers per tretment in completely rndomized design nd frmers to use it. Therefore, this study ws experiment, thus hving 33 chicks per replicte or pen. conducted with the ojective of evluting the effect of The irds were vccinted ginst Mrek s disese t grded levels of GPJP inclusion in roilers rtion on htching y injection. Vccintion for Newcstle disese performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. ws given through n eye drop t the ge of three dys nd ooster dose ws given t 24 dys of ge in drinking wter. Birds were lso vccinted for Infectious Bursl Disese (Gumoro) through drinking wter t seven dys of ge nd ooster t 18 dys of ge. Before the commencement of the ctul experiment, the experimentl pens, wtering nd feeding troughs were thoroughly clened, disinfected nd spryed ginst externl prsites. The chicks were rooded using 250 wtt infrred electric uls with grdul height djustment s sources of het nd light in deep litter house covered with swdust litter mteril. Feed ws offered d liitum nd clen tp wter ws ville ll the time throughout the experiment. Mesurements: The experiment lsted 45 dys. The mount of feed offered nd refused per pen ws recorded dily. The mount of feed consumed ws determined s the difference etween the feed offered nd refused. Feed offered nd refused per pen were Tle 1: Chemicl composition of ingredients used for rtion formultion Prmeters GPJP Mize Whet short Noug cke Soyen mel DM (%) CP (% DM) EE (% DM) CF (% DM) Ash (% DM) C (% DM) 0.26 P (% DM) 0.13 Mg (% DM) 0.12 K (% DM) 1.31 N (% DM) Bet-crotene (µg/100 g) DM = Dry Mtter; CP = Crude Protein; EE = Ether Extrct; CF = Crude Fier; C = Clcium; P = Phosphorus; Mg = Mgnesium; K = Potssium; N = Sodium; GPJP = Ground Prosopis juliflor pod 971

3 Tle 2: Composition of ingredients in the experimentl rtions nd chemicl composition of the rtions contining grded levels of ground Prosopis juliflor pod Tretments T1 T2 T3 T Rtion composition Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Corn grin Whet short GPJP Noug Seed Mel Soyen Mel Vitmin premix** Slt Limestone Diclcium phosphte Methionine Totl Chemicl composition DM (%) CP (% DM) CF (% DM) EE (% DM) NFE (% DM) Ash (% DM) C (% DM) P (% DM) ME (kcl/kg DM) GPJP = Ground Prosopis juliflor pod; T1 = diet contining 0% GPJP; T2 = diet contining 10% GPJP; T3 = diet contining 20% GPJP; T4 = diet contining 30% GPJP; DM = Dry Mtter; CP = Crude Protein; CF = Crude Fier; EE = Ether Extrct; NFE = Nitrogen Free Extrct; C = Clcium; P = Phosphorus; ME = Metolisle Energy. **(Vitmin premix) 50 kg contins, Vit A iu, Vit D iu, Vit E mg, Vit K3 225 mg, Vit B1 125 mg, Vit B2 500 mg, Vit B mg, Vit B6 125 mg, Vit B12 1 mg, Vitpp (Nicin) mg, Folic cid, 100 mg, Choline chloride mg, Anti-oxidnt (BTHT) 0.05%, Mngnese 0.60%, Zinc 0.70%, Iron 0.45%, Copper 0.05%, Sodium 0.01%, Selenium, 0.004%, Clcium 2.7% smpled dily nd pooled per tretment for the entire experimentl period for chemicl nlysis. Birds were weighed every week y sensitive lnce in group per pen nd pen verge ws clculted. Body weight chnge ws clculted s the difference etween the finl nd initil ody weight. Feed conversion rtio ws clculted s the proportion of grm feed consumed per grm weight gin. Mortlity ws registered s it occurred nd generl helth sttus ws monitored throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, four rndomly selected roilers from ech replicte (12 per tretment group) were strved for 16 h, weighed immeditely efore slughter nd exgguinted, y severing the neck nd dressed. Dressed nd eviscerted weights were clculted following the method of FAO (2001) s: Dressed weight = Thighs + Wings + Brest + Ris + Bck + Hert + Liver + Gizzrd + Neck + Feet + Hed + Viscer (inedile offl) Eviscerted weight Eviscerted (%) = x100 Pre-slughter weight Lortory nlysis: Smples of the rtion ingredients nd the mixed rtion were nlyzed for Dry Mtter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extrct (EE), Crude Fier (CF) nd sh following the procedure of AOAC (1995). Clcium nd mgnesium content were nlyzed y tomic sorption spectrophotometer, totl phosphorus content y SP75 UV/vis spectrophotometer, sodium nd potssium y flme photometer (AOAC, 1995) nd et-crotene y spectrophotometer (AOAC, 1995). Nitrogen Free Extrct (NFE) ws determined y the difference s (% moisture + % CP + % EE + % CF + % Ash). Metolisle Energy (ME) content of the experimentl diets ws determined y indirect method ccording to Wisemn (1987) s follows: Eviscerted weight = Dressed weight - Viscer Dressed nd eviscerted percentges were determined following the method of FAO (2001) s: Dressed weight Dressing (%) = x100 Pre-slughter weight ME (Kcl/kg DM) = EE CF Ash Sttisticl nlysis: Dt were nlyzed using the generl liner model procedure of SAS softwre (SAS, 2002) with the model contining tretments. Differences etween tretment mens were seprted using Tukey Test. 972

4 Tle 3: Feed intke, ody weight gin, feed conversion rtio nd mortlity of roiler fed rtion contining grded levels of ground Prosopis juliflor pods Tretments Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Feed intke (g) Strter (1-21 dys) Finisher (22-45 dys) Initil live weight (g/ird) Strter Finl live weight (g/ird) Strter Finisher Live weight chnge (g/ird) Strter Finisher Averge dily gin (g/dy) Strter Finisher FCR (g feed/g weight gin) Strter Finisher Mortlity, numer 3/33 3/33 2/33 2/33 -, Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); SEM = Stndrd Error of the Men; GPJP = Ground Prosopis juliflor pod; T1 = diet contining 0% GPJP; T2 = diet contining 10% GPJP; T3 = diet contining 20% GPJP; T4 = diet contining 30% GPJP; FCR = Feed Conversion Rtio RESULTS The chemicl composition of GPJP nd other feed ingredients used in this study is presented in Tle 1. The result shows tht crude fier content of GPJP is higher thn ll other ingredients. Bet crotene content (82.31 µg/100 g) of GPJP is very high s compred to Golden Whole Kernel nd White Shoepeg corn which contin nd µg/100 g, respectively (Scott nd Eldridge, 2005). The rtion compositions nd nutrient contents of the strter nd finisher roiler experimentl diets re presented in Tle 2. As the inclusion level of GPJP increses, the percentge composition of whet short decreses indicting tht GPJP hs similr nutrient content with this ingredient thn the rest ingredients used to formulte the rtions. The four rtions, s plnned, re lmost isocloric nd isonitrogenous nd the clculted crude protein nd Metolisle energy contents for the tretment diets rnged % nd kcl/kg for the strter, 19-20% nd kcl/kg for finisher phses. The nutrient contents of the experimentl rtions including clcium nd phosphorous contents were within the recommended vlues for strter nd finisher roiler diets (Leeson nd Summers, 2005). Feed intke, live weight gin, verge dily gin, feed conversion rtio nd mortlity of chicks re presented in Tle 3. The highest level of GPJP inclusion (30%) reduced (p<0.05) feed intke during the finisher phse nd the whole experimentl period s compred to T1, while vlues for T2 nd T3 were similr with other tretments. Finl live weight t the end of strter phse ws lower for T4 s compred to T2, while t the end of finisher phse, ody weight for T4 ws lower (p<0.05) thn T1 nd T2 nd vlue for T3 ws similr with ll other tretments. Averge Dily Gin (ADG) during the strter phse nd the entire experimentl period ws significntly ffected y tretment (p<0.05) nd followed similr trend like tht of the strter nd finisher phse finl weight, respectively. Effects of tretment on feed conversion rtio ws lso significnt (p<0.05) oth for strter phse nd the entire experimentl period with similr results like tht of ADG. There were no significnt differences (p>0.05) mong tretments in feed intke during strter phse, live weight chnge, ADG nd feed conversion rtio during finisher phse. Grded levels of GPJP inclusion in roilers rtion did not significntly impct (p>0.05) crcss yield chrcteristics except for drum stick weight which ws hevier in T2 thn T4 nd crop nd esophgus weight ws greter in T4 thn T1 (Tle 4 nd 5). The economics of weight gin determined from rtios of cost of the totl feed consumed nd the weight gin produced from tht mount of feed indicted tht the rtion contining 20% GPJP is the lest cost rtion (Tle 6). 973

5 Tle 4: Crcss yield chrcteristics of roiler fed grded levels of ground Prosopis juliflor pod Tretments Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Slughter weight (g) Dressed crcss weight (g) Dressing percentge (%) Eviscerted weight (g) Eviscerted percentge (%) Brest weight (g) Brest (%) Thigh weight (g) Thigh (%) Drum-stick weight (g) Drum-stick (%) Wing (%) Adominl ft (%) Hert (%) Liver (%) Gizzrd (%) Fether (%) Hed (%) Skin (%) Spleen (%) Lung (%) Shnk (%) Wing length (cm) Shnk length (cm) Keel length (cm) , Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); SEM = stndrd error of the men; T1 = diet contining 0% GPJP; T2 = diet contining 10% GPJP; T3 = diet contining 20% GPJP; T4 = diet contining 30% GPJP Tle 5: Gstro intestinl trct weight nd length of roiler fed rtion contining grded levels of ground Prosopis juliflor pod Tretments Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Esophgus nd crop weight (g) Proventriculus weight (g) Smll intestine weight (g) Cec weight (g) Cloc weight (g) Esophgus nd crop length (cm) Smll intestine length (cm) Cec length (cm) Cloc length (cm) , Mens within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05); SEM = Stndrd Error of the Men; GPJP = Ground Prosopis juliflor pod; T1 = diet contining 0% GPJP; T2 = diet contining 10% GPJP; T3 = diet contining 20% GPJP; T4 = diet contining 30% GPJP Tle 6: Cost of feeding rtion contining grded levels of ground Prosopis juliflor pod Tretments Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 Totl feed intke (kg/ird) Feed cost/kg (Birr) Totl feed cost (Birr) Feed cost per weight gin mss Birr = Ethiopi s unit of currency; US$1.00 = Birr 17.44; T1 = diet contining 0% GPJP; T2 = diet contining 10% GPJP; T3 = diet contining 20% GPJP; T4 = diet contining 30% GPJP DISCUSSION The chemicl composition of GPJP (Tle 1) such s DM, CP, sh nd CF were within the rnge reported in previous studies (Choge et l., 2007; Aedelnoor et l., 2009), ut EE content ws higher in this study. Choge et l. (2007) reported the chemicl composition of Prosopis juliflor pods to e % preformed wter, % CP, % EE, % CF nd % 974

6 sh. The clcium nd phosphorus content of GPJP used in this experiment were lower thn the rnge of vlue given y Shukl et l. (1984), which were % for clcium nd % for phosphorus. The strter nd finisher rtions contins out the sme vlues of ME, CP, clcium nd phosphorus cross the tretments. But, CF content tends to increse s the level of GPJP incresed nd for T3 nd T4 the CF level ws ove the mximum limit 5-6% recommended in roilers rtion (Mirnwti et l., 2011). Incresed fier in poultry rtion is known to hinder protein nd energy digestiility nd depresses feed intke s well s enzymtic ctivity tht ssist in crohydrte, protein nd ft digestion (McDonld et l., 2002; Mirnwti et l., 2011). The lower feed intke nd growth performnce of chicks fed rtion contining higher level of GPJP my e ttriuted to the high fier content of the diet. The presence of het lile nti-nutritionl fctors, such s trypsin inhiitor nd hemgglutinin hs lso een reported in Prosopis juliflor (Del Vlle et l., 1983), which could ffect feed intke nd consequently growth performnce of chicks t high level of GPJP inclusion. Lower verge dily gin nd poor feed utiliztion efficiency t higher level of GPJP inclusion oserved in the current experiment is in line with the finding of Yusuf et l. (2008) nd Choudhry et l. (2005). At 30% GPJP inclusion, there ws moist, sticky droppings nd wet litter, which creted snittion prolem. This could e due to the presence of insolule non-strch polyscchrides in Prosopis juliflor pods (Bhtt et l., 2011). Insolule non-strch polyscchrides t higher proportion were shown to cuse moist nd sticky droppings nd resulted in wet litter (Pottguter, 2008). Similr to previous work (Vnker et l., 1998), 10 nd 20% GPJP inclusion did not hve detrimentl effect on roiler performnce s compred to the control in this study. Improved live ody weight nd ody weight gin in roiler fed diet contining 10 nd 20% pods in replcement for mize ws noted y previous studies (Choudhry et l., 2005; AL-Beitwi et l., 2010). In the present experiment, 10 nd 20% GPJP inclusion did not improve iologicl performnce s compred to diet without it, except the low feed cost per weight gin. Thus, the dvntge of GPJP inclusion in the diet of roilers cn e prtly due to spring effect of conventionl energy rich diets nd in prt ssocited to reduction in cost of the rtion therey improving the profitility of the enterprise. Crcss yield recorded in the present experiment is within the rnge reported for Hurd Clssic reed (Adullh et l., 2010; Islm et l., 2010). Significnt differences were not noticed in dressing percentge, crcss cut nd orgn weight mong the vrious tretments. In ccordnce with the current finding, Choudhry et l. (2005) nd AL-Beitwi et l. (2010) did not found significnt difference in these prmeters etween groups fed rtion contining Prosopis juliflor pods nd the control. Conclusion: Although crcss yield prmeters ws not negtively ffected y inclusion of GPJP up to 30% in the rtion of roilers, feed intke nd live weight gin ws reduced nd feed conversion rtio ws incresed t 30% level. But, inclusion of GPJP t 10 nd 20% level reduced feed cost without negtive effect on iologicl performnce s compred to the control. Therefore, GPJP cn e included in roiler rtion up to mximum of 20% to reduce feed cost. REFERENCES Adullh, Y.A., N.A. Al-Beitwi, M.M.S. Rjoup, R.I. Qudsieh nd M.A.A. Ishmis, Growth performnce, crcss nd met qulity chrcteristics of different commercil crosses of roiler strins of chicken. J. Poult. Sci., 47: Aedelnoor, T.M., N.H. Tli, A.A. Mrouk, M.A. Mohmed, M.I El-Mhi, H.H.Z. Au-Eis nd H. Bokrezion, The use of lterntive niml feeds to enhnce food security nd environmentl protection in the Sudn (The cse for Prosopis juliflor). PENHA-APRC org. AL-Beitwi, N.A., F.T. Awwdeh nd M.M. Khwileh, Preliminry study on Prosopis juliflor pods s unconventionl feed ingredient in diets of roiler chicks. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 10: AOAC, Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists. Officil Methods of Anlysis of AOAC Interntionl (16th Edn.). Virgini, USA. Bhtt, S.S., S.G. Chovtiy nd A.R. Shh, Evlution of rw nd hydrothermiclly processed Prosopis juliflor seed mel s supplementry feed for the growth of Leo rohit fingerlings. Aquc. Nutr., 17: Choge, S.K., N.M. Psiecznik, M. Hrvey, J. Wright, S.Z. Awn nd P.J.C. Hrris, Prosopis juliflor pods s humn food, with specil reference to Keny. August 09, Choudhry, R.S., J.K. Vishnv nd R. Nehr, Effect of replcing mize with mesquite pods (Prosopis juliflor) on the performnce of roilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 40: Del Vlle, F.R., M. Escoedo, M.J. Munoz, R. Orteg nd H. Bourges, Chemicl nd nutritionl studies on mesquite pods (Prosopis juliflor). J. Food Sci., 48: El Boushy, A.R.Y. nd A.F.B. Vn Der Poel, Hndook of Poultry Feed from Wste: Processing nd Use, 2nd Edn., Kluwer Acdemic Pulishers, Dordrecht, Netherlnds. 975

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