Evaluation of Faba Beans, White Lupins and Peas as Protein Sources in Broiler Diets

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (6): , 00 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 00 Evlution of F Bens, White Lupins nd Pes s Protein Sources in Broiler Diets C.L. Nlle, V. Rvindrn nd G. Rvindrn Institute of Food, Nutrition nd Humn Helth, Mssey University, Privte Bg, Plmerston North 444, New Zelnd Deprtment of Animl Husndry, Polytechnic of Agriculture, Nus Tenggr Timur, Indonesi Astrct: The im of the present study ws to evlute the effect of the inclusion of f ens (Vici f), white lupins (Lupinus lus) nd pes (Pisum stivum) in two different sl diets on the performnce, digestive trct development nd crcss chrcteristics of roilers housed in floor pens over 35 d grow-out period. The experimentl design ws x 4 fctoril rrngement of tretments which evluted two sl whet-soy diets (with or without met mel) nd legume grins (no legume grin, or f ens, white lupins nd pes t 00 g/kg inclusion). All diets were formulted to contin similr levels of metolizle energy nd digestile mino cids. A 3-phse feeding progrmme (strter, grower nd finisher) ws employed. The strter, grower nd finisher diets were offered from dy -7, 8- nd -35, respectively. During the strter period, legume x met mel interction ws significnt (p<0.05) for weight gin nd feed intke. Birds fed f en nd white lupin diets contining met mel hd higher (p<0.05) weight gin nd feed intke thn those without met mel. During dy -, n interction (p<0.05) etween legumes nd met mel ws oserved for weight gin, with the gin of irds fed the pe diet without met mel eing higher (p<0.05) tht thn those fed pe diet with met mel. Over the 35 d tril period, however, with the exception of feed intke, legumes hd no effect (p>0.05) on the performnce nd crcss recovery of roilers nd the litter score. Weight gin nd feed per gin of irds fed diets without met mel were etter (p<0.05) thn those with met mel. The min effect of legumes ws significnt (p<0.0 to 0.05) for the reltive weight of liver nd gizzrd nd the reltive digest weight of the crop nd proventriculus. Birds fed met mel diets hd lower (p<0.05) reltive weights of liver, pncres nd smll intestine nd reltive digest weight of smll intestine thn those fed diets with no met mel diets. It ws concluded tht, when lnced for metolizle energy nd digestile mino cids, dietry inclusion of f ens, white lupins nd pes t 00 g/kg either in whet-soyen mel or whet-soyen mel-met mel sl diets could support good performnce of irds over the 35-dy grow-out period. Key words: Broilers, performnce, digestive trct development, f ens, white lupins, pes INTRODUCTION Commercil poultry feed industry is dependent primrily on two conventionl protein sources, nmely, soyen mel nd met nd one mel, for prcticl diet formultions. In most countries, soyen mel is imported, which is drin on foreign exchnge reserves nd results in high production cost. The recent n on the use of ingredients of niml origin in poultry diets in some regions mkes the sitution even more criticl. Therefore, evlution of lterntive protein ingredients, which re loclly ville nd economicl, is urgently required. Of the vrious possiilities (Rvindrn nd Blir, 99), grin legumes offer the gretest promise. The interest of using grin legumes such s f ens (Vici f), lupins (Lupinus spp.) nd pes (Pisum stivum) s lterntives to conventionl protein sources hs een incresing (Petterson et l., 997; Rvindrn et l., 00; Hickling 003; Brnd et l., 004; Crepon, 006; Plnder et l., 006; Nlle et l., 00, ). These legume seeds not only offer vlule source of protein, ut lso of energy due to their strch (in f ens nd pes) nd ft (in lupins) contents (Petterson et l., 997; Hickling 003). However, legume seeds lso contin vrile mounts of nti-nutritionl fctors such s Non-Strch Polyscchrides (NSP), tnnins nd protese inhiitors which cn dversely ffect nutrient utiliztion nd niml performnce (Gtel, 994; Cstell et l., 996). Thus, it is importnt to know how much of these ingredients cn e included in prcticl roiler diets whilst mintining performnce. The im of the present study ws to exmine the effect of feeding diets formulted to contin 00 g/kg f ens, white lupins (Lupinus lus) nd pes on the performnce, digestive trct trits nd crcss chrcteristics of roilers Corresponding Author: V. Rvindrn, Institute of Food, Nutrition nd Humn Helth, Mssey University, Privte Bg, Plmerston North 444, New Zelnd 567

2 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (6): , 00 housed in floor pens over 35 dy grow-out period. The inclusion level of 00 g/kg ws chosen on the sis of ville pulished dt (Crepon, 006). The legumes were incorported either in whet-soyen mel or whet-soyen mel-met mel diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimentl procedures were pproved y the Mssey University Animl Ethics Committee nd, complied with the New Zelnd Code of Prctice for the Cre nd Use of Animls for Scientific Purposes. Birds nd housing: A totl of 440 dy-old mle roilers (Ross 308), otined from commercil htchery, were ssigned on the sis of ody weight to the 48 floor pens (30 irds/pen) on litter of wood shvings in n environmentlly controlled room. The temperture ws o mintined t 3 C during the first week nd then it ws o grdully reduced to C t 35 dys of ge. The irds received 0 h of fluorescent illumintion per dy nd were llowed free ccess to the diets nd wter. Diets: The study ws conducted s x 4 fctoril rrngement of tretments consisting of two whet-soy sl diets (with or without met mel) nd legumes (no legume, or f ens, white lupins nd pes t 00 g/kg inclusion. Before incorportion into test diets, legume seeds with hulls were ground in hmmer mill to pss through 3 mm sieve. Other ingredients were otined from commercil suppliers in ground form. A totl of eight diets were formulted. All diets were formulted to contin similr levels of metolizle energy nd, digestile lysine, methionine nd threonine (Tle -3), using vlues previously determined for these three grin legumes in our lortory (Nlle, 009) sed on methods descried y Rvindrn et l. (005, 009). As per commercil prctice, xylnse product ws used in ll diets to eliminte the viscosity effect of solule NSP of whet. The diets were cold o pelleted (70 C) nd ech of the eight dietry tretments ws rndomly ssigned to six pens. A 3-phse feeding progrmme (strter, grower nd finisher) ws employed. The strter, grower nd finisher diets were offered from dy -7, 8- nd -35, respectively. Tle : Composition (g/kg s is) of tretment diets for roiler strters (dy -7) Whet-soy Whet-soy-met mel Control F en White lupin Pe Control F en White lupin Pe Whet Soyen mel Met mel Fishmel Soyen oil L-lysine DL-methionine L-threonine Limestone Diclcium phosphte Slt Sodium icronte Trce minerl-vitmin premix Zinc citrcin Xylnse Clculted nlysis AME (MJ/kg) Crude protein Digestile lysine Digestile methionine Digestile met cys Digestile threonine Clcium Aville phosphorus Sodium Potssium Chloride Provided per kg diet: Co, 0.3 mg; Cu, 5 mg; Fe, 5 mg; I, mg; Mn, 5 mg; Zn, 60 mg; choline chloride, 638 mg; trns-retinol, 3.33 mg; choleclciferol, 60 µg; dl-"-tocopheryl cette, 60 mg; mendione, 4 mg; thimin, 3.0 mg; rioflvin, mg; nicin, 35 mg; clcium pnthothente,.8 mg; pyridoxine, 0 mg; cynocollmin, 0.07 mg; folic cid 5. mg; iotin, 0. mg; ntioxidnt, 00 mg; molydenum, 0.5 mg; selenium, 00 µg. Kemzyme, Kemin (Asi) Pte Ltd, Singpore 568

3 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (6): , 00 Tle : Composition (g/kg s is) of tretment diets for roiler growers (dy 8-) Whet-soy Whet-soy-met mel Control F en White lupin Pe Control F en White lupin Pe Whet Soyen mel Met mel Tllow Soyen oil L-lysine DL-methionine L-threonine Limestone Diclcium phosphte Slt Sodium icronte Trce minerl-vitmin premix Zinc citrcin Xylnse Clculted nlysis AME (MJ/kg) Crude protein Digestile lysine Digestile methionine Digestile met cys Digestile threonine Clcium Aville phosphorus Sodium Potssium Chloride For premix composition, see Tle. Kemzyme, Kemin (Asi) Pte Ltd, Singpore Tle 3: Composition (g/kg s is) of tretment diets for roiler finishers (dy -35) Whet-soy Whet-soy-met mel Control F en Lupin Pe Control F en Lupin Pe Whet Soyen mel Met mel Tllow Soyen oil L-lysine DL-methionine L-threonine Limestone Diclcium phosphte Slt Sodium icronte Trce minerl-vitmin premix Zinc citrcin Xylnse Clculted nlysis AME (MJ/kg) Crude protein Digestile lysine Digestile methionine Digestile met cys Digestile threonine Clcium Aville phosphorus Sodium Potssium Chloride For premix composition, see Tle. Kemzyme, Kemin (Asi) Pte Ltd, Singpore 569

4 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (6): , 00 Mesurements: Body weights nd feed intke were recorded on pen sis on dys 7, nd 35. Mortlity ws recorded dily. Any ird tht died ws weighed nd the weight ws used to djust feed per gin. Feed per gin ws clculted y dividing totl feed intke y weight gin of live plus ded irds. Litter ws sujectively scored for qulity on dys nd 35 on scle of to 5 ( = norml, dry, frile litter nd 5 = representing wet nd ckey litter). The scoring ws done y the sme individul. On dy 35, the two irds closest to the men pen weight were selected from ech replicte, weighed nd scrificed y cervicl disloction. The weight nd length of segments of digestive trct, without nd with digest, nd weight of digestive orgns (liver, spleen nd pncres) were determined, s descried y Amerh nd Rvindrn (009). On dy 35, two more irds (closest to the men pen weight) were selected, weighed nd killed y cervicl disloction, followed y exsnguintion. After the removl of fethers, viscer, shnks nd neck, the weight of the eviscerted hot crcss ws recorded. Crcss recovery ws clculted y dividing the crcss weight y the live ody weight. Sttisticl nlysis: Pen mens were used to derive performnce dt. For digestive trct nd crcss mesurements, individul irds were considered s the experimentl units. The dt were nlyzed y two-wy nlysis of vrince using the Generl Liner Model procedure of SAS (997). Differences were considered to e significnt t p<0.05 nd significnt differences etween mens were seprted y the Fisher s Lest Significnt Difference Test. RESULTS During the strter period, the min effects of met mel nd legumes were not significnt (p>0.05) for performnce prmeters (Tle 4). However, legume x met mel interction (p<0.00) ws oserved for the weight gin nd feed intke. The weight gin nd feed intke of irds fed f en nd white lupin-sed diets contining met mel were higher (p<0.05) thn those of f en- nd lupin- sed diets without met mel. On the other hnd, the weight gin nd feed intke of irds fed the pe diet supplemented with met mel ws comprle (p>0.05) to tht of pe diet without met mel. The sl diet without met mel resulted in etter (p<0.05) performnce compred to tht with met mel. Feed per gin of irds during the strter phse ws unffected (p>0.05) y dietry tretments. During - dy post-htch, the min effect of legumes ws found to e significnt (p<0.00) for weight gin, ut there ws n interction (p<0.00) etween legumes nd met mel (Tle 5). Feeding irds with the pesed diet without met mel produced etter (p<0.05) Tle 4: Performnce of roilers s influenced y grin legumes nd met mel inclusion, -7 dys post-htch Weight Feed Feed Met gin intke per gin mel (g/ird) (g/ird) (g/g) No legume c 78 c F en - c White lupin c 8 c Pe - c 83 c c 77 c SEM Min effects No legume F en White lupin Pe Met mel Proilities, p< NS NS NS Met mel NS NS NS x Met mel *** *** NS,,c Mens in column with different superscripts differ (p<0.05). NS = Not Significnt; *** = p<0.00. Ech vlue represents the men of six replictes (30 irds/replicte). Pooled stndrd error of men Tle 5: Performnce of roilers s influenced y grin legumes nd met mel inclusion, - dys post-htch Weight Feed Feed Met gin intke per gin Litter s mel (g/ird) (g/ird) (g/g) score No legume F en - c c White lupin Pe SEM Min effects No legume F en White lupin Pe Met mel Proilities, p< *** NS NS ** Met mel NS NS * NS x Met mel * NS NS NS,,c Mens in column with different superscripts differ (p<0.05). NS = Not Significnt; ** = p<0.0; * = p<0.05. Ech vlue represents the men of six replictes (30 irds/replicte). Pooled stndrd error of men weight gin thn those fed the pe-sed diet contining met mel. Birds fed legume diets, with the exception of white lupin, hd weight gins similr 570

5 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (6): , 00 (p>0.05) to those fed diets without legumes. Inclusion of met mel hd no effect (p>0.05) on the weight gin nd feed intke, ut influenced (p<0.05) the feed per gin. Diets without met mel produced lower (p<0.05) feed per gin thn those with met mel. The litter score of irds fed white lupin diet ws lower (p<0.05) thn those fed diets with no legume diet nd f en, ut comprle (p>0.05) to those fed the pe diets. Met mel hd no effect (p>0.05) on the litter score. x met mel interction ws not significnt (p>0.05) for the litter scores. Over the 35-dy tril period, legumes hd no effect (p>0.05) on the weight gin nd feed per gin of roilers (Tle 6). The feed intke of irds fed the white lupin diet ws higher (p<0.05) thn those fed diets with no legumes, f ens nd pes. Weight gin nd feed per gin of irds fed diets without met mel were etter (p<0.05) thn those roilers fed diets with no met mel. Dietry tretments hd no effect (p>0.05) on the litter score or crcss recovery. x met mel interction ws not significnt (p>0.05) for ny performnce trits, litter score nd on crcss recovery. The effects of dietry tretments on the gross morphology of the digestive trct of roilers re presented in Tle 7. In generl, it ws found tht the dietry tretments hd no effects on the mjority of gross morphology prmeters. The min effects of legumes were found to e significnt (p<0.0 to 0.05) for the reltive weights of liver nd gizzrd nd the reltive digest weight of the crop nd proventriculus. The liver weight of irds fed legume diets (except pe diets) hd higher reltive empty weight of gizzrd thn those fed the control diet contining no legume. The min effect of met mel ws oserved to e significnt (p<0.0 to 0.05) for the reltive weights of liver, pncres nd smll intestine nd the reltive digest weight of the smll intestine. Overll, irds fed met mel diets hd lower (p<0.05) reltive weights of liver, pncres nd smll intestine nd reltive digest weight of smll intestine thn those fed diets with no met mel. x met mel interction ws not significnt (p>0.05) for digestive trct trits, except for the reltive digest weight of crop. Digest weight in the crop of irds fed f en diets contining met mel ws higher (p<0.05) thn those fed f en diets without met mel. DISCUSSION The finding tht diets contining 00 g/kg of grin legumes cn e included in roiler diets with no dverse effects on the weight gin nd feed efficiency is in greement with pulished dt (Olver nd Jonker, 997; Frrell et l., 999; Crepon, 006; Nlle et l., 00). However, deleterious effects due to the inclusion of pes t level of 00 g/kg in roiler diets were lso oserved in some studies (McNeill et l., 004), which my e ttriuted primrily to cultivr differences or filure to consider digestiility differences in feed formultions. The level of nti-nutritionl fctors in pes is known to vry depending on the cultivr nd growing seson (Gtel, 994; Cstell et l., 996). During the strter period, the weight gin of roilers fed the whet-soy diet contining f ens nd white lupins ws significntly lower thn those fed whet-soy- Tle 6: Performnce of roilers s influenced y grin legumes nd met mel inclusion, -35 dys post-htch s Met mel Weight gin (g) Feed intke (g) Feed per gin (g/g) Litter score Crcss recovery (%) No legume F ens White lupins Pes SEM Min effects No legume F ens White lupins Pes Met mel Proilities, p< NS * NS NS NS Met mel ** NS * NS NS x Met mel NS NS NS NS NS,,c Mens in column with different superscripts differ (p<0.05). NS = Not Significnt; ** = p<0.0; * = p<0.05. Ech vlue represents 3 the men of six replictes (30 irds/replicte). Ech vlue represents the men of irds. Pooled stndrd error of men 57

6 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (6): , 00 Tle 7: Influence of grin legumes nd met mel on the digestive trct size of roilers (determined on dy 35) Min effects Proility, P < No legume F en White lupin Pe MM Pooled No F White MM -MM MM -MM MM -MM MM -MM MM 4 SEM leg. en lupin Pe - Leg. MM x Leg. Reltive orgn weight (g/kg BW) Hert NS NS NS Liver ** * NS Spleen NS NS NS Pncres NS ** NS Reltive empty orgn weight (g/kg BW) Crop NS NS NS Proventriculus NS NS NS Gizzrd ** NS NS Smll Intestine NS ** NS 3 Cec NS NS NS Reltive length (cm/kg BW) Proventriculus NS NS NS Gizzrd NS NS NS Smll intestine NS NS NS Cec NS NS NS Reltive digest content (g/kg BW) Crop * NS ** cd cd d c cd cd Proventriculus * NS NS Gizzrd NS NS NS Smll Intestine NS ** NS Cec NS NS NS Mens in row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05). Ech vlue represents the men of irds. MM = Met mel.,,c,d 4 Smll intestine = duodenum jejunum ileum. SEM = Pooled stndrd error of men. Leg. = 3 met mel diet which contined these legume seeds. No differences in weight gin, however, were oserved over the -dy nd 35-dy feeding periods, nd this my indicte tht the older irds hve greter tolernce to NSP in the grin legumes thn the younger irds. The lower weight gin shown y young irds fed whet-soymet-mel diet contining f ens nd white lupins ws cused lrgely y the lower feed intke in this group compred to those fed whet-soy diet which contined these legume seeds. Birds fed diets without met mel gve etter weight gin nd feed per gin thn those fed diets contining met mel. The lower performnce of irds fed diets with met mel my e reflective of the qulity of met mel used in the present study. The wide vriility in the contents nd digestiility of mino cids in met mel is known (Rvindrn et l., 00; 005). Thus it is possile tht the pulished digestile mino cid dt used in the diet formultion my hve overestimted the ctul digestile mino cid vlues of the met mel smple used in the present study. The litter qulity of the irds over 35-dy period of the tril ws not ffected y the inclusion of these grin legumes. Becuse of the presence of NSP in grin legumes, it ws nticipted tht there will e wet litter prolem when these ingredients re included in roiler diets. It is possile tht either the inclusion level of 00 g/kg is low to cuse wet litter prolems or the inclusion of exogenous xylnse my hve meliorted the viscosity effects of NSP. In summry, the performnce, digestive trct development, crcss recovery nd litter scores of roilers were not ffected y the inclusion of f ens, white lupins nd pes in roiler diets. The present dt demonstrte tht, when the diets re lnced in terms of metolizle energy nd digestile mino cids, f ens, white lupins nd pes cn e included t 00 g/kg level to support good production performnce of roilers. Further studies re wrrnted to investigte the possile use of higher levels of grin legumes in roiler feeding. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project ws prtly supported y the sustinle frming fund (SFF) of the Ministry of Agriculture nd Forestry, Wellington. The SSF project funding nd reporting re fcilitted through the Foundtion of Arle Frming (FAR). The ssistnce of Jcqui Johnston of FAR is grtefully cknowledged. REFERENCES Amerh, A.M. nd V. Rvindrn, 009. Influence of mize prticle size nd microil phytse supplementtion on the performnce, nutrient utiliztion nd digestive trct prmeters of roiler strters. Anim. Prod. Sci., 49: Brnd, T.S., D.A. Brndt nd C.W. Cruywgen, 004. Chemicl composition, true metolisle energy content nd mino cid vilility of grin legumes for poultry. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 34: 6-. Cstell, A.G., W. Guenter nd F.A. Igsn, 996. Nutritive vlue of pes for nonruminnt diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 60: Crepon, K., 006. Nutritionl vlue of legumes (pe nd f en) nd economics of their use. In: Recent Advnces in Animl Nutrition (Grnsworthy, P.C. nd Wisemn, J. Eds.). Nottinghm University Press, Nottinghm, UK., pp:

7 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9 (6): , 00 Frrell, D.J., R.A. Perez-Mldondo nd P.F. Mnnion, Plnder, S., P. Lurinen, S. Perttil, J. Vlj nd K Optimum inclusion of field pes, f ens, Prtnen, 006. Protein nd mino cid digestiility chick pes nd sweet lupins in poultry diets. II. nd metolizle energy vlue of pe (Pisum Broiler experiments. Br. Poult. Sci., 40: stivum), f en (Vici f) nd lupin (Lupinus Gtel, F., 994. Protein qulity of legume seeds for ngustifolius) seeds for turkey of different ge. nonruminnt nimls: A literture review. Anim. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 7: Feed Sci. Technol., 45: Petterson, D.S., S. Sipss nd J.B. Mckintosh, 997. Hickling, D., 003. Cndin Feed Pes Industry Guide. The Chemicl Composition nd Nutritive Vlue of 3rd Edn., Pulse Cnd, Winnipeg, Mnito, Austrlin Pulses. nd Edn., Grins Reserch nd Cnd. Development Corportion, Kingston, ACT, Austrli. McNeill, L., K. Bernrd nd M.G. McLeod, 004. Food Rvindrn, V. nd R. Blir, 99. Feed resources for intke, growth rte, food conversion nd food choice poultry production in Asi nd the Pcific. II. Plnt in roilers fed on diets high in rpeseed mel nd protein sources. World s Poult. Sci. J., 48: pe mel, with oservtions on sensory evlution Rvindrn, V., L.M. Te, L. Molvig, T.J.V. Higgins nd of the resulting poultry met. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 59- W.L. Bryden, 00. Nutritionl evlution of 53. trnsgenic high-methionine lupins (Lupinus Nlle, C.L., 009. Nutritionl Evlution of Grin ngustifolus L.) with roiler chickens. J. Sci. Food legumes for Poultry. Ph.D. Thesis. Mssey Agric., 8: University, Plmerston North, New Zelnd. Rvindrn, V., W.H. Hendriks, B.J. Cmden, D.V. Nlle, C.L., G. Rvindrn nd V. Rvindrn, 00. Thoms, P.C.H. Morel nd C.A. Butts, 00. Amino Nutritionl vlue of f ens (Vici f L.) for cid digestiility of met nd one mels for roiler roilers: Apprent metolisle energy, ilel chickens. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 53: mino cid digestiility nd production Rvindrn, V., L.I. Hew, G. Rvindrn nd L.W. Bryden, performnce. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 56: Apprent ilel digestiility of mino cids in. dietry ingredients for roiler chickens. Anim. Sci., Nlle, C.L., G. Rvindrn nd V. Rvindrn, 00. 8: Influence of dehulling on the pprent Rvindrn, V., P.C.H. Morel, S.M. Rutherfurd nd D.V. metolisle energy nd ilel mino cid Thoms, 009. Endogenous flow of mino cids in digestiility of grin legumes for roilers. J. Sci. the vin ileum is incresed y incresing dietry Food Agric., 90: 7-3. peptide concentrtions. Br. J. Nutr., 0: Olver, M.D. nd A. Jonker, 997. Effect of sweet, itter SAS Institute, 997. SAS/STAT User s Guide: Sttistics. nd soked micronised itter lupins on roiler Version 6.. SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC. performnce. Br. Poult. Sci., 38: