Diyaware, M. Y. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

Transcription

1 NJAST Nigerin Journl of Animl Science nd Technology Nig. J. Anim. Sci. Tech. Vol. 1 (1): Deprtment of Animl Science, University of Miduguri Effect of Grded Levels of Fldhbi lbid Leve Mel on Growth nd Reproductive Indices sof the Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus, Linneus 1758) Diywre, M. Y. Deprtment of Fisheries, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Miduguri, Nigeri Originl Reserch rticle Abstrct The effect of grded levels of Firdhbi lbid lef mel (FALM) on growth nd reproductive indices (ovry weight, fecundity, gondo somtic index nd testes weight) of the Nile Tilpi, Oreochromis niloticus ws investigted. Different concentrtions of F lbid lef mels; 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 nd 40% were incorported into 35% crude protein diet of the O. niloticus. One hundred nd fifty (150) O. niloticus fingerlings (93 119g men weight nd mm men length) were rndomly llotted to five Firdhbi lbid bsed diets t stocking density of ten (10) fingerlings per net hp (1x1x1.2m deep) instlled in 7 x 5x 1.2m polyethylene line pond in completely rndomized design. The fingerlings were fed with the FALM bsed diets for the period of 60 dys. The results show tht fingerling fed with 10 % Firdhbi lbid leve bsed diet hd better weight gin (217.30g), protein efficiency rtio (3.23) condition fctor (1.60), specific growth rte (0.53%/dy) fecundity rte ( egg) nd gondosomtic index (5.39%). The number of eggs were higher in fish fed with 20% Firdhbi lbid leve, while gondo somtic index ws better in fish treted with 10 Firdhbi lbid leve mel. Firdhbi lbid leve mel cn be dded to the diet of O. niloticus t % per kg of diet to improve growth nd reproduction in Oreochromis niloticus. Keywords: Growth, Reproductive indices, Fldhbi lbid, Oreochromis niloticus Introduction The Nile tilpi, Oreochromis niloticus, is n importnt cultured fish species in Nigeri. The min dvntges of Tilpi culture re their reltively low cost of production of fingerlings under cptivity, omnivorous nture, its mouth brooding hbits, tolernt of poor wter qulity, fst growth t wrm tempertures nd qulity/tste of its flesh de Grf et l. (1999) nd resistnce to hrsh conditions (Gomez- Mrques et l., 2013). However, the mjor problem with O. niloticus is their erly mturity nd prolific breeding in culture system (Suresh nd Bhujel, 2012). Tilpis re widely cultivted in ponds, reservoirs nd cges in Nigeri Fgbenro et l. (2004) nd re suited to low-technology frming systems becuse of their, efficient use of nturl qutic foods, propensity to consume vriety of supplementry feeds (Fgbenro, 1987). Lef mels re one of the chepest sources of protein nd enhncement of reproduction in nimls, including fish. The use of nonconventionl feed ingredients my reduce the high cost of fish feed. Non-conventionl feed resources re credited for being noncompetitive in terms of humn consumption, very chep byproducts or wste products from griculture. The genus F. lbid belong to the fmily Leguminose nd sub-fmily Mimosoidee (Oliver, 1971). It hs been reported tht members of the fmily constitute prt of the flor of the svnn vegettion of the rid nd semi-rid sub-shrn region of the Africn. Fldhbi. lbid tree cn produce n verge of 135 kg pods/tree/yer nd stnd of 12 trees in the Sudn produced 200 kg crude protein from the pods lone (Wickens, 1969). The tree is known s wonder tree. It displys the excellent survivl, growth, nd produces leves nd pods during dry seson (Jnury to Februry) when most trees shed their leves. According to Hssn et l. (2007), F. lbid leves pulp contins 20.6%crude protein, 13.3 crude lipid nd 6.7% crude fiber nd high contents of minerls, such s clcium, mgnesium, sodium potssium etc. Mny studies hve been conducted using vrious sources of lef mels s dietry protein source for fish. Solomn & Okomod (2012) reported 1.95g weight fter feeding O. niloticus Corresponding uthor: E-mil: mydiywre@unimid.edu.ng 22

2 with duckweed (Limn minior) lef mel to Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Solomon et l. (1997) reported weight gin for O. niloticus fed diet contining blck seed mel s prtil nd complete replcement for soy ben mel to be g. The study conducted by Agbo et l. (2011) on growth nd feed utiliztion of Oreochromis niloticus fed diet with cottonseed mel reported weight gin g for fish fed diet with 0% inclusion of cottonseed mel. Dudpot et l. (2014) recorded 480 g weight gin for Oreochromis niloticus fed diet with 40% level of crude protein. Weight gin of g ws recorded for Nile Tilpi fed multifeed nd NIOMR feed in flow-through system by Ykubu et l. (2014). Akin-Obsol & Jegede (2014) reported 80.92g s finl weight of juvenile Tilpi zilli fter feeding with 80g/kg of Momordic chrnti (bitter melon) Lef Mel for 80 dys for 80 dys. Gnzon-Nert (2015) documented weight gin of 6.59g when O. niloticus were fed with the Cric ppy lef t 30% replcement for fish mel. Cruz nd Ludenci (1983) documented SGR of 2.3% per dy for diet with 5% inclusion of copr mel s dietry protein source. Olver-Novo (1990) on the other hnd, reported SGR of 1.75% per dy for Oreochromis niloticus fed diet contining up to 35% lflf mel. The specific growth rte (SGR) of Oreochromis niloticus s reported by Moustf (1993) rnged between 0.75 nd 1.06 g/dy when fed diets with different levels (17.00 to 35.00%) of crude protein. Abdul-Hmid et l. (2000) reported SGR for Cyprinus crpio to be 0.98% per dy when fed with 15% Mize stiv diets. Hnfy (2006) reported FCR rnge of 1.54 nd 1.65 fter feed O. niloticus with linseed mel) s replcement for soyben mel. Olude et l. (2008) who worked on the use of the soked copr mel s prtil substitute for soyben mel in the Nile tilpi diet obtined FCR of 2.45 from fish fed diet with 30% copr mel s replcement for soy ben mel. Abdul-Hlim (2009) obtined SGR vlues of % per dy for Nile tilpi fed diet with grded levels of lflf mel. Gondosomtic index (GSI) of fish is helpful in identifying dys nd sesons of spwning. Higher GSI indictes tht the fish is bout to spwn or hve not spwned. Asuquo et l. (2011) opined tht high GIS is n indiction of uninterrupted or cyclicl ll-yer-round oogenesis in the species. While decrese in the GSI indictes tht the fish hve lredy spwned s the ovries of grvid femles swiftly increse in size just prior to spwning. Asuquo et l. (2011) reported GSI rnge between 0.37 nd 0.42 with men of 0.38 ponds-rered Oreochromis niloticus. Akin-Obsol nd Jegede (2014) gve 4.07% s gondosomtic index of Tilpi zilli fter feeding the juvenile fish with Momordic chrnti (bitter melon) Lef Mel for 80 dys. Shoko et l. (2015) reported gondosomtic index of mle O. niloticus rered in monoculture nd polyculture with Africn Clris griepinus to be 1.012%. Fecundity of pond-rered Oreochromis niloticus hs been reported to rnge between eggs by Asuquo et l. (2011). Gliz et l. (2016) documented eggs s the fecundity of O. niloticus fed Trichnther lef mel, while the GSI nd ovry weight were % nd g, respectively. Gomez-Mrquez (2013) reported the fecundity of O. niloticus cught from Cotetelco Lke, Morelos, Mexico rnged between 104 nd 709 eggs. The fecundity rte of juvenile T. zilli fter treting with Momordic chrnti (bitter melon) Lef Mel for 80 dys hve been reported to be 286 eggs by Akin-Obsol & Jegede (2014). Hirpo (2013) reported s the number of eggs from Besek Lke, Ethiopi. To mitigte the problem of feed vilbility nd encourge high indices of reproductive indices, the use plnt mterils could be then regrded s the best option. Most browses plnts hve high crude protein content rnging from 10 to more thn 25% crude protein they my be considered relible feed resource to develop sustinble feeding systems nd in incresing fish productivity (Okoli et l., 2003). Thus, there is pressing need to evlute the potentil nd feed vlues of the indigenous browse plnts (multipurpose trees nd shrubs) so tht they could be used in developing sustinble feeding stndrds (Aynlem nd Tye, 2008). The high cost of conventionl dietry protein fish foodstuff like fish mel, soy ben necessitted the need to exploit the unconventionl feed stuff such F. lbid. The plnt is vilble in the region nd chepest in the region, hence, the utiliztion s fish feedstuff for the omnivorous Oreochromis niloticus. The 23

3 objectives of the study, therefore, re to evlute the efficcy of F. lbid levers mel on the growth performnce nd the reproduction induces of Oreochromis niloticus. Mterils nd Methods Study Are The study ws conducted t the Teching nd Reserch fish frm of the Deprtment of Fisheries, University of Miduguri. Miduguri is locted on ltitude 11 50' 42" N nd longitude 13 9' 36" E ltitude nd t bout 350m bove se level (Google, 2013), The month of Mrch nd April re the hottest periods of the yer with temperture rnge between C. It is usully cold nd dry hmttn from November to Jnury nd hot between Mrch to My. Experimentl Diet Thirty-five (35%) crude protein diet ws formulted using fish mel, soy ben mel (tosted), whet brn nd mize mel procured from locl mrket in Miduguri. The ingredients were ground using grinding mchine seprtely, nd lter the quntities required to be thoroughly dry nd mixed nd pckged in n ir tight blck polyethylene bg until required. Collection nd preprtion of Firdhbi lbid Firdhbi lbid leves were collected from the trees within the University of Miduguri premises wshed with tp wter nd dried under shde. The leves were ground into fine powder using grinding mchine nd kept in ir tied polythene bg until required. Experimentl Fish Fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus ( g pooled weight nd cm pooled stndrd length) were collected from the Deprtmentl Tilpi breeding fish pond. The fish were cclimtized for 2 dys in 1.5 x 2.5 x 1.2m deep concrete tnk. The fish were not fed during the cclimtiztion. This prctice ws done to empty the food in the gut nd lso to prepre the gstrointestinl trct for the experimentl diets nd rise the ppetite of the fish. Experimentl design The Firdhbi lbid leves mel powder were incorported into the formulted diet of O. niloticus t different concentrtions of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 nd 40% (Tble 1. The proximte composition of the experimentl diet ws conducted following AOAC 2000). One hundred nd fifty (150) experimentl fish were rndomly distributed to the five experimentl diets t stocking density of ten (10) fingerlings per hp (1.5 x 1.5 x 1.2m) instlled in 7 x 5x 1.2m polyethylene line pond in three replictions. The fish were fed with experimentl diets twice dily (9:00m nd 4:00pm) t 3% of their body weight for the period of 60dys. At the end of the rering period, finl weight (g), finl length (cm), mortlity nd quntity of feed consumed (g) by the fish were recorded for ech tretment. The following growth prmeters were estimted for ech tretment using the following formule: i. Weight gin (g) = W 2-W 1, where W 2 nd W 1 re the finl nd initil weight of fish, respectively ii. Finl length (mm) = L 2-L 1 where L 2 nd L 1 re the finl nd initil length of fish, respectively. iii. Specific growth rte (SGR% per dy) = Log ew i Log ew o/t x 100, where log e W i = log of finl weight, log e w o = log of initil weight, loge = logrithm nd t = culture period. iv. Feed conversion rtio (FCR) = feed intke (g) Weight gin of fish (g) v. condition fctor (K) = W x 100, L 3 where W nd L re the weight nd length of the fish vi. Percentge survivl = n 2 n 1 t x 100, where n 2 nd n 1 re the finl nd initil numbers of the fish, respectively nd t = the cultured period.. weight gin by fish (g) = protein fed or consumed (g) 24

4 Tble 1: Composition of the Experimentl Diet Ingredients F. lbid inclusion level (%) Fishmel Soy ben FALM Mize Whet brn Methionine Lysine Binder Vitmin C Premix Slt Oil Totl Proximte composition (%) CP M EE CF DM Ash Key: Crude protein =CP, M= Moisture, EE=Ether extrct, CF= Crude fiber, DM= Dry mtter Reproductive indice of Oreochromis niloticus For the reproductive indices, the weights of ovries nd testes (g) number nd weight of the eggs were recorded. The reproductive indices were estimted using the following formule: i) Fecundity (F) = Xb, where F = fecundity, x = body weight (g), b = the slope, = intercept (Eknem, 2000). ii) Gondosomtic index (GSI) = weight/fish body weight X Wter qulity prmeters The wter qulities; ph nd temperture were recorded using ATC ph/ o C digitl pocket meter, dissolved oxygen ws recorded using digitl DO meter (Model: JPB-608 DO). Dt nlysis All dt obtin from the tril were subjected to One-wy Anlysis of Vrinces (ANOVA). The differences between mens were determined using LSD t 5 % confidence level (P 0.05) with the id of Sttistix 8.0. Results Tble 1 shows the growth performnce of O. niloticus fed grded levels of Firhbi lbid lef mel. There ws n increse in the finl weight of the fish with n increse in the F. lbid inclusion levels. The finl weight ws better ( g) in fingerlings fed 10% Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet, followed by those fed 30, 0, nd 40% Firhbi lbid lef mel with g nd g, respectively. While the lowest vlue ws observed in fish fed 20% (177.57g) Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet. There ws no significnt difference (P>0.05) in the finl weight of the fingerlings fed Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed comprepred to the rest of the tretments. The highest (113.40g) weight gin ws recorded in fish fed with 10% FALM followed by tretment 30, 40 nd 20 recording , nd g, respectively. While the lowest (60.66g) weight gin ws recorded in fish fed with t 0% FALM bsed diet. There ws no significnt difference (p<0.05) in the weight gin of the fingerlings fed the FALM bsed diet) mong the tretments. 25

5 Tble 2: Men growth performnce of O. niloticus fed grded levels of F. lbid lef mel Prmeter F. lbid lef inclusion level (%) SEM IW(g) ± ±17.3 FW(g) ± ± MWG(g) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± NS ± NS 88.66± NS ISL(mm) 66.67± ± ± ± ± NS FSL(mm) 78.40± ± ± ± ± NS FCR(g) 11.09± ± ± ± ± NS PER(g) 1.73± ± ± ± ± NS CF 1.30± ± ± ± ± NS SGR%/dy 0.31± ± ± ± ± NS SR(g) 96.66± ±0.00 b 90.00±0.00 b 90.00±0.00 b 90.00±0.00 b 2.10 * Mens within the sme row with different superscripts differ significntly (P>0.05). Key: FW = Finl weight; WG = Weight gin; FTL= Finl totl length; SR = Survivl rte; CF = Condition fctor; SGR = Specific growth rte; FCR = Food conversion rtio. No significnt vritions (p>0.05) were observed in the vlues of feed conversion rtio, protein efficiency rtio nd condition fctors mong the entire tretments. Fish feed the control diet showed significntly (P<0.05) higher (96.66%) survivl rte compred to those fed 10, 20, 30 nd 40% Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet. The SGR ws observed to sttisticlly (P>0.0.5) the sme mong the entire tretment. The Reproductive Indices Tble 3 shows the reproductive indices of Oreochromis niloticus fed F. lbid lef mel. The ovry weights of the fish decresed with the increse in the Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet concentrtion levels in the diet, though there ws no significnt vrition (P>0.05) in the vlues of ovry weights mong the entire tretments. Tble 3: Men reproductive indices of O. niloticus fed F. lbid lef mel Prmeter Firhbi lbid leve mel inclusion levels (%) SEM (p=0.05) OWt. (g) NS No.E b b b b 13.64* TWt (g) 0.43 b b 0.56 b 0.63 b 0.40* GSI (%) NS FR NS Mens within the sme row with different superscripts differ significntly (p>0.05). Key: OWt = Ovry weight, No.E= Number of egg, TWt = Testes weight, Gondosomtic index, FR = Fecundity rte. The number of eggs ws significntly (P<0.05) better in fish fed 20% Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet, followed by those fed 10, 30 nd 40 % Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet per kg of feed. The list number of eggs ws observed in the fish feed the control diet. There were no significnt differences (P>0.05) in the vlues of number of eggs of the fish feed 20% FALM compred to fingerlings fed 10, 30 nd 40 % FALM. However, significnt vrition (P<0.05) ws observed between the number of eggs in fish fed the control compred tht fed 20% FALM. The gondosomtic index (GSI) of fish fed Firhbi lbid lef mel bsed diet rnged between %. After 10 % inclusion of Firhbi lbid lef mel, the GSI decresed. However, there ws no significnce vrition 26

6 (P>0.05) between the GSI vlues mong the entire tretments. The fecundity rte rnges from eggs, with no significnt differences (p<0.05) mong the entire tretment group. Wter Qulity Prmeter during Growth Performnce Tble 2 shows the wter qulity prmeters during the tril. The temperture recorded ws o C in ll the experimentl units, whiles ph ws between Dissolved oxygen ws 4.86 to 4.99 mg/l. There were no significnt differences (P>0.05) in wter qulity prmeters recorded mong the entire tretment group. Tble 4: Men ter qulity prmeters during growth performnce Prmeters Firhbi lbid inclusion levels (%) ph T o C DO (mg/l) T o C =Temperture, DO= Dissolved oxygen Discussion The finl weight (217.03g) observed in this study ws lower thn those reported by Dudpot et l. (2014) fter feeding OOreochromis niloticus with 40% crude protein diet. Chukwu et l. (2012) reported finl weight (194.30) fter feeding O. niloticus with pwpw (Cric ppy) lef mel ws close to one recorded in this current study. The difference in the finl weight could be s result of vrition in the experimentl diets. The weight gins ( g) reported in this study is higher 88.26g reported by Ykubu et l. (2014) fter feeding Nile tilpi with multi-feed nd Ntionl Institute of Ocenogrphy nd Mrine Reserch (NIOMR) feed in flow-through system nd 6.59 nd 15.55g reported Gnzon-Nert (2015) nd Abdel-Rhmn et l. (2017) for O. niloticus fingerling fed Cric ppy lef nd Moringer olifer seed mel, respectively. Solimn et l. (1997) reported g weight gin for O. niloticus fed diet contining blck seed mel s prtil nd complete replcement for soy ben mel. Agbo et l. (2011) obtined lower (15.31g) weight gin in O. niloticus fed diet contining cottonseed mel. The feed conversion rtios (6 9.52) recorded in this study is higher thn 3.19 documented by Abdul-Hlim et l. (2000) for the sme species cultured in tnks nd reported by Abed El-Rhmn et l. (2017) for tilpi fed Moring olifer seed mel. However, Agbo et l. (2011) documented slightly higher FCR vlues of O. niloticus fed diet contining cottonseed mel t 75%. Bg et l. (2012) reported 2.58 FCR for O. niloticus Anhr leve mel. The protein efficiency rtio vlue ws recorded in this study is higher thn the 1.47 reported by Bg et l. (2012) fter feeding groundnuts leve to O. niloticus fingerlings., the protein efficiency rtio is similr to the one reported by Hnfy, (2006) s Solimn et l. (1997) obtined protein efficiency rtio of 2.02 for diet with 10% level of O. niloticus fed diet contining blck seed mel s prtil nd complete replcement for soy ben mel blck seed mel. Similrly, A study conducted by Hnfy (2006) on the effect of replcing soyben mel with linseed mel on the growth performnce of O. niloticus nd reported the PER to be nd is lower thn one obtins in this present study. The reson could be due difference in the crude protein level use of experimentl diets. The condition fctor (1.60) observed in the study is close to the vlue reported by Opiyo et l. (2014) the condition fctor (K) of O. niloticus fed on commercil diet nd on-frm mde diet rnged between 1.72 nd Similrly, Solimn et l. (1997) documented 3.53 s the condition fctor (K) for O. niloticus fed diets with 15% of blck seed mel replcing soyben mel is higher thn the one reported in this current study. The reson my be due to vrition in wter qulity prmeters nd sesonl difference during tril periods. 27

7 The survivl rte recorded in the present study is higher thn 76.0% reported by Koumi et l. (2009) fter feeding Nile Tilpi with mixed diet of soy ben nd fish feed 50-81% reported by Gmmnpil et l. (2017) fter feeding dietry vitmin C, E. nd Zinc to O. niloticus). The vrition could be due to ddition of the F. lbid in the diet nd the high contents of vitmin C, E nd Zinc, respectively. However, Benson (2010) reported survivl for Oreochromis niloticus fed ppw leves mel in hp. This ovry weight observed in this study re lower thn the vlues documented by Asoquo et l. (2011) for pond-rered O. niloticus in Southern Nigeri, nd those documented by Gomez-Mrquez et l. (2003) with men egg dimeter of between mm in O. niloticus from Mexico. This number of eggs reported in this is lower thn 2649 eggs reported by Asoqu et l. (2011) in Oreochromis niloticus. Etim et l. (1989) documented 451 to 2150egg of Tilpi guineensis from the culture pond, Nigeri. The vrition in the egg number my be due the differences in the species of fish used. The GSI (3 5.39%) documented in this study is higher thn 1.53% nd 1.09% reported by Bg et l. (2012) nd Jegede (2008), respectively when O. niloticus ws fed with groundnut lef mel nd Hibiscus rossinensis, respectively. However, it's slightly higher thn % reported by Gliz et l. (2016) for O. niloticus fed with Trichnther lef mel. Pen-Mendoz et l. (2005) reported 2.5 s GSI of mle O. niloticus from Emilino Zpt dm, Morelos, Mexico. The differences in the gondosomtic index could be ttributed to the test mterils. The fecundity rtes recorded in this study were lower thn ) those reported by Gliz et l. (2017) fter feeding Trichnther lef mel Oreochromis niloticus. The vlues of temperture nd ph recorded were in the rnge of o c nd Dissolved oxygen rnged between mg/l. These vlues fll within the rnge for fish culture suggested by Boyd (1981) for fish culture. Conclusion Firdhbi lbid leve mel cn be dded to the diet of Oreochromis niloticus t % per kg of diet to improve growth nd reproduction in Oreochromis niloticus. This provides bseline informtion on the potentil of the Firdhbi lbid leves mel in the culture of Tilpi species to increse production. References Abdel-Hkim, N. F. Lshin, M. E. Al-Azb, A. A. nd Nzim, H. M. (2008). Effect of replcing soyben mel with other plnt protein sources on protein nd energy utiliztion nd crcss composition of Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus). 8 th Interntionl Symposium on Tilpi in Aquculture Abdel-Hlim, H. A. (2009). Studies on Intensive Culture of Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus) in Tnks. M. Sc. Thesis. Deprtment of Animl Production, Al-Azhr University. Ciro, Egypt. p111. Agbo, N.W., Mdll, N. nd Juncey, K. (2011). Effects of dietry cottonseed mel protein levels on growth nd nutrient utiliztion of Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus), Journl of Applied Sciences nd Environmentl Mngement.15 (2): Abdel-Hmid, M.S.E. Hfiz, M.K. Sneyeldin, M.S. Mohmmed, N.B. nd Ahmed, Z. I. H. (2000). Growth performnce of grss crp (Cternophryngodon idell) in erthen ponds s ffected by receiving vrying feeding inputs. Egyptin Journl of Applied Science 4(8): Abd El-Rhmn, H. H., Abo-Stte, A. H., El- Ndi, A. S.M., Abozid, H., Mohmed, M. I. nd Abdll, E. M. (2017). Growth Performnce, Feed Utiliztion nd Body Composition of Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings Fed Moring (Moring oleifer Lm.) Seed Mel. Journl of Fisheries nd Aqutic Science. 12(1): AOAC (2000). Officil Methods of Anlysis of Assocition of Officil Agriculturl Chemists interntionl. Wshington, D. C. p16. Asuqou P. E., Job, B. E. nd Okon I. E. (2011. Fecundity of pond-rered Oreochromis niloticus in Southern Nigeri. Africn Journl 28

8 Environmentl Pollution Helth, 9(2): Aynlem, T. nd Tye, T. (2008). The Feed Vlues of Indigenous multipurpose trees for sheep in Ethiopi; the cse of Vernoni mygdlin, Buddelj polystchy nd Mes lnceolt Ayool, O., Akinwole, O. T. nd Fredric, C. A. (2012). Effect of the shpe of culture tnks on production of Clris griepinus. Journl of Agriculture nd Scientist Reserch, 12 (1):1-8. Bg, M. P., Mhptr, S. C., Ro, P. S. nd Pl, H. (2012). Growth performnce of Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed with two leguminous plnt lef mels. Int. J. of Phrm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), 3(10): p5. 0PDF%20files/oct2012/4.pdf Benson, O.O. (2010). The Efficcy of Selected Plnt Mterils in Formulted Diets for Nile Tilpi, Oreochromis niloticus (L) MSc. Thesis Submitted to the Grdute School, Egerton University. P83 Boyd, C. E. (1981). Wter Qulity in Wrm Wter Fish Ponds. Agriculturl Experimentl Sttion, Aburn University, Albm AL. USA p359. Chukwu, J. Diywre, M.Y. nd Ude, E.F. ( Evlution of Pwpw (Cric ppy) seed for controlling reproduction in the Oreochromis niloticus. Journl of the Science of Agriculture, Food Technology nd the Environment, 1-8. Cruz, E. M. nd Ludenci, I. L. (1973). Screening of feedstuffs s ingredients in rtion of Nile Tilpi Philippines Journl of Biology, 712: Dudpot, A., Siddiqui, P.J.A., Abbs, G., Nrejo, N.T., Shh, S.S.A., Khn, N. nd Dstgir, G. (2014). Effect of dietry protein level on growth performnce, protein utiliztion nd body composition of Nile Tilpi (Oreochrormis niloticus) cultured in low slinity wter. Interntionl Journl of Interdisciplinry nd Multi- Disciplinry Studies. 2(2): De Grf, G., Glemoni J.F. nd Huismn, E. A. (1999). Reproductive biology of pond rered Nile Tilpi, (Oreochromis niloticus) Aquculture Reserch, 30: Ekenyem, B.U. (2007). Effect of dietry inclusion of Ipomoe scrifoli lef mel on the performnce of crcss nd orgn chrcteristics of grower pigs. Advnce Sciences Technology 1: Etim, L. Etcheri, I. nd Omoren, O. (1989). Aspect of reproductive biology of Tilpi guineensis Perciforms: Cichlide) in Edits pond, Nigeri. Journl of Africn Zoology. 103: Fgbenro, O. A. (1987). A review of biologicl nd economic principles underlying commercil fish culture production in Nigeri. Journl of West Africn Fisheries 3: Fgbenro, O. A. Akinbulumo, M.O. nd Ojo, S.O. (2004). Aquculture in Nigeri - pst experience, present sitution nd future outlook (history, sttus nd prospects). World Aquculture 35(2): Gmmnpil, M., Ykupittyge, A. nd Brt, A.N. (2007). Evlution of the efficcy of dietry vitmins C, E, nd zinc supplementtion on reproductive performnce of Nile Tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus). Sri Lnk Journl of Aqutic Science. 12:39-60 Gnzon-Nret, E. S. (2015. Effects of incorported swmp cbbge (Ipome qutic) nd ppy (Cric ppy) lef mels t different dietry levels in order to replce fish mel protein in prcticl diets for se bss (Ltes clcrifer). ABAH Bioflux 7(1): Google (2013). Retrieved June Gomez-Mrquez J.L., Peñ-Mendoz, B. Slgdo-Ugrte, I.H., nd Guzmán- Arroyo, M. (2013). Reproductive spects of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlide) t Cotetelco Lke, Morelos, Mexico. Review Tropicl Biology, 51(1): Gliz M. P. R., M. Rein S. B. M., Nunez, O. M., nd Rivero, H. I. (2016). The influence of Trichnther lef mel on the erly development of Nile tilpi (Oreochromis niloticus) gond. AACL Bioflux 9(2):

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