Use of Living, Mowed, and Soil-Incorporated Cover Crops for Weed Control in Apricot Orchards

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1 gronomy Artile Use of Living, Mowe, n Soil-Inorporte Cover Crops for Wee Control in Apriot Orhrs Niht Tursun 1, Doğn Işık 2, Zeynep Demir 3 n Khwr Jrn 4, * ID 1 Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, Turgut Ozl University, Mlty 4421, Turkey; ntursun@hotmil.om 2 Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture, Eriyes University, Kyseri 3839, Turkey; zorluogn@hotmil.om 3 Soil, Fertilizer n Wter Resoures Centrl Reserh Institute, Ankr 6172, Turkey; zemir6@yhoo.om 4 Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Fulty of Agriulture n Nturl Sienes, Duze University, Duze 8162, Turkey * Corresponene: khwrjrn@gmil.om; Tel.: (ext. 2638) Reeive: 3 June 218; Aepte: 13 August 218; Pulishe: 16 August 218 Astrt: Apriot fruits provie importnt helth, eonomi, n nutritionl enefits. Wees mge priot proution iretly n host the pests tht use mges to priot trees. However, very few stuies re ville on wee ontrol in priot orhrs. This reserh work ws ime t evluting five over rops for wee suppression in priot orhr. The effet of living, mowe, n soil-inorporte over orps on wees ws reore n ompre with glyphoste pplition n mehnil wee ontrol. The over rops were Vii villos Roth., Vii pnnoni Crntz, Tritile + V. pnnoni, Pheli tnetifoli Benth., n Fgopyrum esulentum Moenh. Five mjor wee speies in the experimentl re were Amrnthus retroflexus, Convolvulus rvensis, Triulus terrestris, Sisymrium offiinle () Sop., n Sorghum hlepense () Per. The highest iomss proution ws note for Tritile + V. pnnoni in 215 n for P. tnetifoli in 216. Living over rops were effetive in eresing the wee iomss ompre with the ontrol. Both mowing n soil inorportion of over rops were effetive in eresing wee rihness n ensity over ontrol. Mowe or soil-inorporte over rops were more effetive thn heriie or mehnil wee ontrol, while F. esulentum ws the lest effetive over rop for suppressing wees in priot orhr. The results of our stuies implie tht over rops oul e use for wee ontrol in priot, n their mowing or soil inorportion oul enhne their effiy. Keywors: wees; priot; over rops; non-hemil wee ontrol; mowing; soil inorportion 1. Introution Apriot (Prunus rmeni ) is memer of fmily Rosee n genus Prunus n proly originte in the Centrl Asi, Turkey, or Western Chin. Fruit from priot plnts possesses high nutritionl n helth enefits n provies signifint eonomi gins. Currently, the glol proution of priots is 3.88 million tons, whih is hrveste from n re of.58 million h [1]. Out of this priot fruit proution, 55.5% is ontriute y Asi, nerly 26% n 14% is ontriute y Europe n Afri, respetively while rest omes from other prts of the worl. Turkey mkes itself the lrgest prouer of priot with n verge nnul proution of more thn hlf million tons followe y Irn, Uzekistn, Itly n Pkistn [1]. Climti onitions in some res of Turkey (prtiulrly those in Mlty region) re highly supportive for priot proution, n the ountry is rih in geneti resoures for the (priot) fruit plnts. Agronomy 218, 8, 15; oi:1.339/gronomy8815

2 Agronomy 218, 8, 15 2 of 1 Apriot proution is onstrine y severl ftors inluing those of iseses, wees, inset pests, soil erosion, n other ioti n ioti ftors. Wees infest the priot orhrs n erese its proutivity n qulity [2,3]. A stuy inite tht more thn 5 wee speies infeste the priot orhr, n importnt mong these were Euliium syrium () R. Br., Veroni polit Fr., n Polygonum viulre [4]. Along with other mges, the wees my lso host the pthogens tht use iseses in priot or other fruit plnts. For instne, some of priot wees oul t s host for plum pox virus [5,6]. Heriies my ply signifint role for wee mngement in priot plnts. Glyphoste pplition n mehnil wee ontrol re importnt mong the urrent wee ontrol prties in priot frming. These two prties re expete to provie wee-free priot fiels. However, overless (re) priot fiels my result in inrese erosion n run-off, erese soil orgni mtter n moisture ontents, n mge the soil physil n hemil properties [7]. Aitionlly, few other prolems re lso ssoite with the use (prtiulrly if over-pplie) of heriies for wee ontrol in priot fiels. Evolution of heriie resistne in wees n environmentl pollution re the most importnt mong these [8 1]. The sitution requires tht there e wee ontrol tehniques tht n provie wee suppression n soil over s well. The use of over rops my e the most suitle hoie to hieve the ojetives of soil onservtion n wee mngement simultneously. Previously, over rops hve een use for suppressing wees in fiel rops n fruit orhrs [11 14]. For exmple, erel rye (Sele erele ) pplie s over rop oul suppress the heriie-resistnt Amrnthus plmeri (S.) Wts. [15]. The use of over rops hs lso een reporte for suppressing wees in perennil fruit orhrs n other hortiulturl rops [16 19]. For exmple, over rops of rimson lover (Trifolium inrntum ) n rley (Horeum vulgre ) reue the wee infesttion in vegetles suh s rooknek sqush (Cuurit pepo ) n rooli (Brssi olere ) y 5% ompre to the un-weee ontrol [2]. Cover rops inluing V. villos n Festu runine Shre. were effetive in suppressing the wees n inresing yiel of hzelnut orhrs [21]. In ition to wee ontrol, the over rops oul lso improve soil hemil n physil properties [22]. Previously, very few stuies hve resse wee infesttions n their mngement in priot ultivtion. To the est of our knowlege, no stuies were ville tht my explin the use of over rops for wee ontrol in priot ultivtion. Hene, the urrent reserh work ws plnne to ssess the effiy of severl over rops for wee ontrol in priot ultivtion. We ime to etermine the wee suppression pity of over rops in living, mowe or soil inorporte forms. The stuy ws lso ime t ompring the over rops with mehnil ontrol n nonseletive heriie (glyphoste) for sustinle wee ontrol in priot orhrs. 2. Mterils n Methos 2.1. Experimentl Site Fiel stuies were onute uring 214 to 216 in the experimentl priot orhr t İnönü University, Agriulturl Fulty, Turkey on ly soil (2% sn, 28% silt, 52% ly, 1.7% orgni mtter, n ph 7.4). The experimentl site ws lote t N E n h n verge temperture of 13.4 C in growing seson n men nnul preipittion of 42 mm. The priot orhr ws 1 yers ol. Plnt sping ws 8 m within the row n 8 m etween the rows Fiel Tril Annul over rops were use for wee ontrol in the experimentl re in the priot orhrs. Vii villos (hiry veth), V. pnnoni (Hungrin veth), mixture of V. pnnoni Crntz n Tritile (V. pnnoni 7% + Tritile 3%), n Pheli tnetifoli (ly pheli) were use s winter over rops, n Fgopyrum esulentum (ukwhet) ws use s summer over rop. Fgopyrum esulentum, whih is onelment plnt for the summer, ws plnte on 21 April 214 n 5 My 215, n the

3 Agronomy 218, 8, 15 3 of 1 other winter overing plnts were plnte in the fll perios of the yers on 23 Otoer 214 n 23 Otoer 215. Before plnting of the over rops, wees present in the fiel were remove either mnully or mehnilly. In eh of the stuy yers, the first soil ultivtion ws one uring the first week of Novemer, n soil preprtion ws one in mi-april efore sowing of the over rops (for the summer over rops). For the winter over rops, the first soil ultivtion ws one in mi-septemer, n soil preprtion ws one uring the first week of Novemer. There ws 5 m istne etween the over rops n the priot plnts. The results of the experiments were reore in 215 n 216 for summer n winter over plnts. The experiments were estlishe in rnomize lok esign with four replitions. Experiment lso inlue ontrol plots, heriie pplitions n mehnil wee ontrol. Eh plot ws 8 m 2 (4 2 m). Conseutive plots were seprte with uffer zone with no over rop. The over rop sees were rost n inorporte into the soil. Seeing rtes were 15 kg h 1 for hiry veth n Hungrin veth, 3 kg h 1 for ly pheli n 5 kg h 1 ukwhet. The over rop tretments were mintine in the sme (respetive) plots throughout the urtion of the experiment. Cover rops were t flowering stge on 15 My 215 in the first yer of stuy n on 24 My 216 in the seon yer of stuy. After the flowering perio of the over rops, hlf of the prels with over rops in experiment were inorporte into the soil using two psses of oule isk ultivtor to epth of pproximtely 1 m (i.e., soil inorportion tretment), n the other hlf ws mowe without ny tretment n left s mulh on the soil (i.e., mowing tretment). Cover rops were mowe or inorporte into the soil on 2 My uring 215 n 3 June uring 216. Mehnil wee ontrol omprise use of rotry hoeing n heriie tretments inlue the pplition of glyphoste t 2.4 kg.i. h 1 fter the wees emerge n were growing tively. Heriie pplition n mehnil wee ontrol were prtie when the wees were t 4 8 leves stge (2 My 215, n 25 My 216). Glyphoste (isopropylmine slt, 36 g.i. L 1 ) ws pplie t 288 ml h 1 (1.39 kg.i. h 1 ). Heriie ws pplie with sprying volume of 25 L h 1 t kp pressure with fiel spryer, pressurize y pump, n pulle y trtor. The spryer ws fitte with flt fn nozzles n h 12 m working with. Trtor spee uring spry ws 6 km/h. Prior to tretments (mowing or soil inorportion) of the over rops, ovegroun iomss smples of the over rops were ollete in rnomly selete 5 5 m qurt in eh plot. At the sme time, wee iomss ws mesure y utting ll wees t groun level in 5 5 m qurt ple in eh plot. Wees n over rops were rie t 15 C for 24 h to otin ry iomss. To etermine the suppressive effets of over rops, wee speies rihness n wee ensity were ssesse t 7, 14, n 28 ys fter tretments (mowing, soil inorportion, heriie pplition, or mehnil wee ontrol) from ll plots using 5 5 m qurt ple rnomly in the plots Sttistil Anlyses Dt from eh yer were nlyze seprtely euse of signifint yer-y-tretment effets exept for the t on wee speies rihness n wee ensity. Dt were sujete to ANOVA n tretment mens were ompre using Dunn s protete LSD tests t the.5 proility level. Speies rihness ws lulte using the numer of wee speies reore in eh plot. Dt were trnsforme s neee efore nlysis using either rsine squre root or log trnsformtions. Untrnsforme mens were presente in the text for lrity of presenttion. 3. Results Dominnt wee speies in the experimentl re in priot orhr inlue A. retroflexus, C. rvensis, T. terrestris, Sisymrium offiinle., Sorghum hlepense, Lmium mplexiule, Chenopoium lum, Thlspi rvense, n Vri pyrmit MEDIK (Tle 1). Densities of other wee speies suh s Ltu serriol, Sinpis rvensis, n Glyyrrhiz glr Linn. were lower thn 1%. Wee ounts n wee weights tken in oth yers showe tht A. retroflexus (22%), C. rvensis (16%),

4 Biomss (kg h -1 ) Agronomy 218, 8, 15 4 of 1 T. terrestris (16%), S. offiinlis (14%), n S. hlepense (7%) ontriute over 75% of the totl wee popultions (Tle 1). Agronomy 218, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 1 Tle Tle 1. Mjor 1. Mjor wee wee speies speies present in in the the experimentl re n their reltive proportion just just efore efore tretments tretments (omine mens mens of of n n 216). Wee Speies Byer Coe Reltive Proportion (%) Wee Speies Byer Coe Reltive Proportion (%) Amrnthus retroflexus AMATR 22 Amrnthus Convolvulus retroflexus rvensis AMATR CONAR Convolvulus rvensis CONAR 16 Triulus terrestris TRBTE 16 Triulus terrestris TRBTE 16 Sisymrium Sisymrium offiinle offiinle () Sop. () Sop. SSYOF SSYOF Sorghum Sorghum hlepense hlepense () Per. () Per. SORHA 7 7 Lmium Lmium mplexiule mplexiule LAMAM 3 3 Chenopoium Chenopoium lum lum CHEAL 3 3 Thlspi Thlspi rvense rvense THLAR 3 3 Vri Vri pyrmit pyrmit Meik. Meik. VAAPY 3 3 Ppver Ppver rhoes rhoes PAPRH PAPRH 2 2 Cirsium rvense () Sop. CIRAR 2 Cirsium rvense () Sop. CIRAR 2 Xnthium strumrium XANST 1 Portul Xnthium olere strumrium POROL XANST 1 1 Convolvulus gltius Portul Rost. olere ex Choisy CONGA POROL 1 1 Convolvulus Anthemis rvensis gltius Rost. ex Choisy ANTAR CONGA 1 1 Anthemis Others rvensis ANTAR 1 <5 Others <5 Cover rop emergene ws similr in 215 n 216 growing sesons (t not shown). However, Cover rop emergene ws similr in 215 n 216 growing sesons (t not shown). signifintly higher iomss ws proue in 216 thn in 215 (Figure 1). Tritile + V. pnnoni However, signifintly higher iomss ws proue proue signifintly higher iomss ( kg h 1 in 216 thn in 215 (Figure 1). Tritile + V. pnnoni proue signifintly higher iomss ( ) thn kg h ll other speies in 215. P. tnetifoli 1 ) thn ll other speies in 215. P. proue tnetifoli higher proue iomss higher (6511iomss kg h 1 (6511 ) in kg 216. h 1 The ) in 216. lowest The over lowest rop over ryrop iomss ry iomss ws otine ws fromotine V. villos from (2575 V. kg villos h 1 (2575 ) in 215 kg hn 1 ) in F. 215 esulentum n F. esulentum (344 kg h (344 1 ) in kg 216. h 1 ) in Sttistil 216. Sttistil ifferene for the ifferene quntities for the ofquntities ry iomss of ry proution iomss proution y overy rops over ws rops insignifint ws insignifint 216. in 216. The The greter iomss greter proution iomss proution in the seon in the yer seon oulyer e ttriute oul e ttriute to more to optiml more optiml onitions onitions for growth for of the over growth rops. of the over rops A 7 B Cover rops Figure 1. Biomss proution (kg h 1 of over rops uring the yer (A) 215 n (B) 216. The Figure 1. Biomss proution (kg h 1 ) of over rops uring the yer (A) 215 n (B) 216. The olumns not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly t <.5. olumns not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly t p <.5. The effets of the over rops on wee ry iomss proution just efore tretment (mowing or soil inorportion of over rops) were onsistent in eh yer (Figure 2). In 215, wee iomss ws the highest in the ontrol i.e., without over rops followe y V. pnnoni, Tritile + V.

5 Speies rihness (numer) Speies rihness (numer) Wee ry iomss (g m -2 ) Wee ry iomss (g m -2 ) Agronomy 218, 8, 15 5 of 1 The effets of the over rops on wee ry iomss proution just efore tretment (mowing or soil Agronomy inorportion 218, 8, x FOR of PEER over REVIEW rops) were onsistent in eh yer (Figure 2). In 215, wee iomss 5 of 1 ws the highest in the ontrol i.e., without over rops followe y V. pnnoni, Tritile + V. pnnoni, Agronomy 218, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 1 V. pnnoni, villos, F. esulentum, V. villos, P. F. tnetifoli, esulentum, mehnil P. tnetifoli, wee mehnil ontrol, n wee heriie ontrol, pplitions. n heriie In 216, the pplitions. wee iomss In 216, wsthe highest wee iniomss mehnil ws highest ontrolin n mehnil non-trete ontrol prels n followe non -trete yprels pnnoni, V. villos, F. esulentum, P. tnetifoli, mehnil wee ontrol, n heriie V. pnnoni. Other followe tretments y V. pnnoni. (V. villos, Other Tritile tretments + V. pnnoni, (V. villos, F. esulentum, Tritile + P. V. tnetifoli, pnnoni, F. n esulentum, glyphoste) P. pplitions. In 216, the wee iomss ws highest in mehnil ontrol n non -trete prels h the tnetifoli, lowest n n sttistilly glyphoste) equl h the wee lowest ry n iomss. sttistilly P. tnetifoli equl wee ws ry the iomss. most suppressive P. tnetifoli followe y V. pnnoni. Other tretments (V. villos, Tritile + V. pnnoni, F. esulentum, P. speies, ws the most suppressive speies, reuing totl wee ry iomss y 83.64% in 215 n y 53.7% reuing tnetifoli, totl wee n glyphoste) ry iomss h y the 83.64% lowest in n 215 sttistilly n y 53.7% equl wee in 216. ry iomss. P. tnetifoli in 216. ws the most suppressive speies, reuing totl wee ry iomss y 83.64% in 215 n y 53.7% 12 in 216. A 12 B 1 12 A 1 12 B Wee ontrol tretments Wee ontrol tretments Figure Figure Effets Effets of of vrious living over over rops rops on on the the ry ry iomss iomss proution proution (g m (g 2 ) m of 2 wee ) of wee speies speies uring uring Figure (A) (A) Effets n n of (B) vrious (B) living The The olumns over olumns rops not on shring not the shring ry letter iomss letter in ommon proution in ommon iffer (g msignifintly 2 iffer ) of wee signifintly speies t p < t.5. uring (A) 215 n (B) 216. The olumns not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly t p < p < In ition to wee ry iomss reution y living over rops, mowe n soil inorporte over In ition rops In ition lso touse wee ry erese ry iomss in wee reution speies y yliving rihness over over (Figures rops, rops, 3 mowe n mowe 4). n Dt n soil inite inorporte soil inorporte tht over mowe over rops over rops lso rops lso use inluing erese V. villos, in V. wee pnnoni, speies Tritil rihness + V. (Figures pnnoni, 3 n 3 n 4). P. Dt 4). tnetifoli Dt inite inite use tht tht mowe signifintly mowe over over rops higher rops erese inluing V. in V. wee villos, speies V. V. pnnoni, rihness Tritil (numer) + V. V. pnnoni, thn untrete n n P. ontrol, tnetifoli P. glyphoste use use signifintly pplition, signifintly higher mehnil higher erese erese wee in ontrol, in wee wee n speies over rihness rop F. (numer) esulentum thn thn (Figure untrete untrete 3). The ontrol, ontrol, effet glyphoste of glyphoste over pplition, rops pplition, ws sustinle mehnil mehnil even wee wee fter ontrol, one month n of over mowing rop over rop (the F. F. te esulentum esulentum for lst (Figure t (Figure reoring). 3). The effet of over 3). The effet of over rops ws sustinle even fter one month of mowing (the te for lst t reoring). rops ws sustinle even fter one month of mowing (the te for lst t reoring) V. villos V. pnnoni Tritile + V. pnnoni P. tnetifoli V. villos F. V. esulentum pnnoni Mehnil Tritile + V. ontrol pnnoni Heriie P. tnetifoli Control F. esulentum Mehnil ontrol Heriie Control Dys fter mowing of the over rops Dys fter mowing of the over rops Figure 3. Effet of mowe over rops, mehnil ontrol, n heriie pplition on wee rihness Figure 3. Effet of mowe over rops, mehnil ontrol, n heriie pplition on wee (numer Figure of3. speies) Effet of inmowe priotover orhr. rops, For mehnil eh tontrol, reoring n (7, heriie 14, or 28 pplition ys), theon olumns wee not rihness (numer of speies) in priot orhr. For eh t reoring (7, 14, o r 28 ys), the shring rihness (numer of speies) in priot orhr. For eh t reoring (7, 14, o r 28 ys), the olumns letter not shring in ommon letter iffer in ommon signifintly iffer signifintly t p <.5. t Dt p <.5. is n Dt verge is n verge of twoof yers. two yers. olumns not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly t p <.5. Dt is n verge of two yers.

6 Wee ensity (plnts m -2 ) Wee ensity (plnts m -2 ) Speies rihness (numer) Speies rihness (numer) Agronomy 218, 8, 15 6 of 1 Agronomy 218, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 1 Agronomy 218, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 1 Soil Soil inorportion inorportion of of over over rops rops h h results results similr similr to to mowing mowing on on wee wee suppression suppression in in priot priot orhrs orhrs (Figure (Figure Soil inorportion 4). 4). Mehnil Mehnil of over wee wee rops ontrol ontrol h results or or glyphoste glyphoste similr to pplition mowing pplition wee h h suppression lower lower effetiveness effetiveness in priot ginst ginst speies orhrs speies rihness (Figure rihness thn 4). Mehnil thn the soil the inorporte soil wee inorporte ontrol over glyphoste rops over i.e., rops pplition P. tnetifoli, i.e., P. h tnetifoli, V. lower villos, effetiveness V. V. pnnoni, villos, V. n pnnoni, Tritile ginst + n V. speies pnnoni. Tritile rihness + V. F. esulentum pnnoni. thn the soil ws F. esulentum inorporte lest effetive ws over lest mong rops effetive thei.e., over mong P. tnetifoli, rops. the over V. rops. villos, V. pnnoni, n Tritile + V. pnnoni. F. esulentum ws lest effetive mong the over rops V. villos V. pnnoni Tritile + V. pnnoni P. tnetifoli V. villos V. pnnoni Tritile + V. pnnoni P. tnetifoli F. esulentum Mehnil ontrol Heriie Control 14 F. esulentum Mehnil ontrol Heriie Control Dys fter soil inorportion of the over rops Dys fter soil inorportion of the over rops Figure 4. Effet of soil inorporte over rops, mehnil ontrol, n heriie pplition on wee rihness (numer Figure 4. of Effet speies) of soil ininorporte priot orhr. over For rops, ehmehnil t reoring ontrol, (7, n 14, heriie or 28 ys), pplition the olumn on notfigure shring wee 4. Effet letter rihness of in soil ommon (numer of inorporte iffer speies) signifintly in priot orhr. over rops, t p mehnil <.5. For Dt eh t ontrol, is n reoring verge (7, n heriie of 14, two or yers. 28 ys), the pplition on olumn not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly t p <.5. Dt is n verge of two yers. wee rihness (numer of speies) in priot orhr. For eh t reoring (7, 14, or 28 ys), the Both olumn theboth over not the shring mowing over mowing letter n ommon soil n soil inorportion iffer signifintly h h signifintly t p <.5. Dt erese is n verge the the wee wee of two ensity yers. ensity in in priot priot orhr orhr (Figures (Figures 5 n 5 n 6). 6). Among the the over rops, F. F. esulentum (either mowe or orsoil inorporte) Both inorporte) the h over theh mowing lowest the lowest effetiveness n soil effetiveness inorportion to erese to erese h wee signifintly wee ensity in erese in priot. the Mehnil wee ensity wee in ontrol priot h ontrol orhr wee h ensity (Figures wee ensity lose 5 n tolose ontrol 6). to Among ontrol (weey) the (weey) tretment over tretment rops, followe F. followe esulentum y glyphoste y glyphoste (either pplition. mowe pplition. or The soil most inorporte) The most effetive over h effetive rops the over lowest rops (oth for effetiveness (oth for mowing mowing n to erese n soil soil inorportion) wee inorportion) ensity for eresing in for priot. eresing wee Mehnil wee ensity ensity wee in priot ontrol in were h priot V. villos, wee were V. ensity V. villos, pnnoni, lose V. pnnoni, P. to tnetifoli, ontrol P. tnetifoli, (weey) n Tritil tretment n Tritil + V. pnnoni followe + V. pnnoni y (Figures glyphoste (Figures 5 n 5 n pplition. 6). 6). The most effetive over rops (oth for mowing n soil inorportion) for eresing wee ensity in priot were V. villos, V. villos V. pnnoni, P. V. pnnoni tnetifoli, n Tritile + V. pnnoni + V. pnnoni P. tnetifoli (Figures 5 n 6) e e e e 1 5 e e e 7 14 e 28 Dys fter mowing of the over rops Figure 5. Effet of mowing of over rops, mehnil ontrol, n heriie pplition on wee ensity in priot orhr. For eh t reoring (7, 14, or 28 ys), the olumns not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly Dys t fter p <.5. mowing Dt isof nthe verge over of two rops yers. V. villos V. pnnoni Tritile + V. pnnoni P. tnetifoli 2 F. esulentum Mehnil ontrol Heriie Control F. esulentum Mehnil ontrol Heriie Control

7 Wee ensity (plnts m -2 ) Agronomy 218, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 1 Figure 5. Effet of mowing of over rops, mehnil ontrol, n heriie pplition on wee ensity in priot orhr. For eh t reoring (7, 14, or 28 ys), the olumns not shring letter Agronomy 218, 8, 15 7 of 1 in ommon iffer signifintly t p <.5. Dt is n verge of two yers. V. villos V. pnnoni Tritile + V. pnnoni P. tnetifoli F. esulentum Mehnil ontrol Heriie Control Dys fter soil inorportion tretment of the over rops Figure 6. Effet of soil inorportion of over rops, mehnil ontrol, n heriie pplition on wee Figure ensity 6. Effet in priot of soil inorportion orhr. For eh of over t reoring rops, mehnil (7, 14, orontrol, 28 ys), n theheriie olumns not pplition shring on letter wee inensity ommon in iffer priot signifintly orhr. For t eh p <.5. t Dt reoring is n verge (7, 14, or of28 two ys), yers. the olumns not shring letter in ommon iffer signifintly t p <.5. Dt is n verge of two yers. 4. Disussion 4. Disussion The results of this reserh work highlighte tht over rops n e effetive in reuing the wee The results of this reserh work highlighte tht over rops n e effetive in reuing the ensity, ry weight, n infesttion in priot orhrs. Cover rop plnts reue the evelopment of wee ensity, ry weight, n infesttion in priot orhrs. Cover rop plnts reue the wees n see proution y iretly ompeting with wees for light n nutrients [23 25]. The role evelopment of wees n see proution y iretly ompeting with wees for light n nutrients of over rop plnts in eresing wee ensity n iomss is ue to their physil effets, reution [23 25]. The role of over rop plnts in eresing wee ensity n iomss is ue to their physil of light permeility, hnges in soil temperture, inrese in soil moisture, n llelohemil effets, reution of light permeility, hnges in soil temperture, inrese in soil m oisture, n intertions [12,26 29]. The suppressive effets of hiry veth on wees hve een well-reporte llelohemil intertions [12,26 29]. The suppressive effets of hiry veth on wees hve een previously, n this oul suppress the wees y more thn 6% [3,31]. This over rop (hiry veth) well-reporte previously, n this oul suppress the wees y more thn 6% [3,31]. This over ws lso effetive in suppressing wees in orgnilly grown lettue n pepper [32,33]. Cover rops rop (hiry veth) ws lso effetive in suppressing wees in orgnilly grown lettue n pepper iomsses were resonly goo to suppress the wees. Higher over rop iomss ws otine [32,33]. Cover rops iomsses were resonly goo to suppress the wees. Higher over rop in the seon yer of stuy thn the first yer. Prtiulrly, uring the spring seson of the first iomss ws otine in the seon yer of stuy thn the first yer. Prtiulrly, uring the spring yer of stuy, there were high rins tht supposely influene the wees positively n the over seson of the first yer of stuy, there were high rins tht supposely influene the wees rops negtively. positively n the over rops negtively. In our finings, ly pheli ws the most effetive over rop tht suppresse the wees y In our finings, ly pheli ws the most effetive over rop tht suppresse the wees y lmost 75%, followe y ukwhet tht registere 73% wee suppression, n hiry veth with lmost 75%, followe y ukwhet tht registere 73% wee suppression, n hiry veth with 63% suppression of wees. The lowest wee suppression ws otine from the Hungrin veth 63% suppression of wees. The lowest wee suppression ws otine from the Hungrin veth over rop plnts (33%), wheres this effet ws over 5% in Hungrin veth + Tritile mixture. These over rop plnts (33%), wheres this effet ws over 5% in Hungrin veth + Tritile mixture. results re supporte y previously reporte reserh work. Previously, ly pheli over rop ws These results re supporte y previously reporte reserh work. Previously, ly pheli over reporte to suppress Ehinohlo rus-glli () P.Beuv., C. lum, n Portul olere in mize rop ws reporte to suppress Ehinohlo rus-glli () P.Beuv., C. lum, n Portul olere plntings [34]. in mize plntings [34]. Effiy of over rops ginst wees hs een reporte in the previous literture. For exmple, Effiy of over rops ginst wees hs een reporte in the previous literture. For exmple, Melilotus offiinlis () Pll. s over rop in the fllow systems oul reue wee iomss Melilotus offiinlis () Pll. s over rop in the fllow systems oul reue wee iomss over over 95% n oul lso suppress the wees when resiues of this over rop were mixe in the 95% n oul lso suppress the wees when resiues of this over rop were mixe in the soil [35]. soil [35]. Although, this muh high wee suppression ws not otine in our reserh, we n sfely Although, this muh high wee suppression ws not otine in our reserh, we n sfely reommen tht over rop n suppress wees, prtiulrly in the fruit grens. Legume over reommen tht over rop n suppress wees, prtiulrly in the fruit grens. Legume over rops oul lso nutrients to soil long with suppressing wees, n this my ply n importnt rops oul lso nutrients to soil long with suppressing wees, n this my ply n importnt role in onserving the soil n sustining the griulturl proution [36]. We suppose tht wee role in onserving the soil n sustining the griulturl proution [36]. We suppose tht wee suppression otine in our stuies ws result of oth physil n hemil interferene of over suppression otine in our stuies ws result of oth physil n hemil inter ferene of over rops with wees. Reent literture estlishes tht over rops suppress wees oth y their physil pressure n hemil intertions [11,12,29,37].

8 Agronomy 218, 8, 15 8 of 1 Allelopthi potentil is one of the ftors tht help the over rops to suppress wees [12,26,38]. Previous literture reports the llelopthi potentil of over rops tht hve een foun effetive ginst wees [39 42]. For exmple, Sturm et l. [39] reporte tht ukwhet use n llelopthi suppression of Stellri mei () Vill., while plmiti i glli i were esrie s potent llelohemils of ukwhet [43]. Allelopthi potentil of hiry veth hs lso een reporte y severl reserhers [4,41]. Cynmie ws reporte s n llelohemil from hiry veth, whih oul inhiit the growth of other plnts [41,42]. The tretments were mintine in the sme fiels in the first n the seon yer of stuy. Hene, this my h provie time n opportunity to the perennil wees to get estlishe in the fiels, n ultimtely the effiy of mehnil wee ontrol ws erese in the seon yer of the stuy. It ws oserve tht perennil wees suh s S. hlepense n Cirsium rvense () Sop. h high infesttion in the mehnil wee ontrol prels. The results of this stuy re importnt in the wke of prolems ssoite with pplition of heriies (suh s heriie resistne evolution in wees or environmentl pollution) n provie n lterntive for sustinly ontrolling wees in priot orhrs [27,28]. Cover rops teste in this work were generlly effetive in suppressing wees in either living, mowe, or soil-inorporte forms. The living form of over rops h n effiy lower thn glyphoste or mehnil wee ontrol (Figure 2). However, these were more effetive thn glyphoste or mehnil ontrol fter mowing or soil inorportion (Figures 3 6). From this, we n sfely suggest mowing or soil inorportion of living over rops for inresing their wee suppression effiy. Nevertheless, long with wee ontrol, the over rops lso ply role in sustining soil resoures (reuing soil erosion, improving soil moisture n orgni mtter sttus, et.) [7]. The results lso provie n opportunity for effetive non-hemil wee ontrol, n this in turn is importnt for orgni fruit proution. 5. Conlusions The results of this stuy re importnt in the perspetive of orgni fruit proution. The most importnt wees in the experimentl re were A. retroflexus, C. rvensis, T. terrestris, S. offiinle, n S. hlepense. Non-hemil methos suh s over rops oul effetively ontrol wees in the priot orhr. Among the wee ontrol tretments, the highest wee suppression ws otine with the over rops inluing ly pheli, ukwhet, hiry veth n Tritile + Hungrin veth. Mowing or soil-inorportion of the over rops were lso helpful in suppressing the wees, n oul provie wee ontrol etter thn the glyphoste pplition or mehnil wee ontrol. Author Contriutions: Coneptuliztion, Funing Aquisition, n Methoology: N.T., D.I., n Z.D.; Sttistil nlysis n Writing: N.T. n K.J. Funing: This reserh ws fune y the Sientifi n Tehnologil Reserh Counil of Turkey grnt numer (Projet No. 213 O 19). Aknowlegments: The uthors thnk the Sientifi n Tehnologil Reserh Counil of Turkey (TUBİTAK) for the finnil support for this projet (Projet No. 213 O 19). Conflits of Interest: The uthors elre no onflit of interest. The funers h no role in the esign of the stuy; in the olletion, nlyses, or interprettion of t; in the writing of the mnusript, n in the eision to pulish the results. Referenes 1. FAO. FAO STATS. Foo n Agriulture Orgniztion of the Unite Ntions. Aville online: (esse on 27 April 218). 2. Hwng, J.B.; Song, S.B.; Lee, D.C.; Prk, S.T.; Kim, S.C.; Prk, J.E. Ourrene hrteristis n ynmis of wee flor in orhrs of the Yeongnm re. Koren J. Wee Si. 24, 24, Aksoy, E.; Arsln, Z.F. Phelipnhe egypti (Pers.) Pomel: A new reor s prsiti wee on priot root in Turkey. Afr. J. Agri. Res. 213, 8,

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