Sowing Date Effect on Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus

Transcription

1 ISSN No. (Print): ISSN No. (Online): Sowing Dte Effet on Tomto Yellow Lef Curl Virus Ali Drini n Mehi Azvr South Kermn Agriulturl n Nturl Resoures Reserh n Eution Center Hortiulture Crop Reserh Deprtment, Jiroft, Irn. (Corresponing uthor: Ali Drini) (Reeive 4 Novemer, 15, Aepte 28 Deemer, 15) (Pulishe y Reserh Tren, Wesite: ABSTRACT: Tomto Yellow Lef Curl Virus (TYLCV) is one of usul ilments whih hnging sowing te, s one of pproprite griulturl methos, hs signifint effet on mge reution of mentione isese n hemil fertilizer pplition. Aoring to no report n reserh on the est sowing te of tomto in south of Kermn, this reserh ws onute for nomintion the est sowing te in orer to espe TYLCV n reue its effet in open ir ultivtion in Mnoujn of Kermn. It ws one in the form of Complete Blok Design with five tretments n three replitions. Sees were ultivte in terrrium (6 August, 21 August, 5 Septemer, Septemer n 5 Otoer) n se on the plnt phenology (5-6 lef stge) trnsplnte in the min ln. The results inite tht sowing in erly August to Septemer oul not reue the mge severity ut plnting in Septemer n 5 Otoer signifintly reue pollution perent n severity. Keywors: TYLCV, trnsplnting, sowing te, tomto, virl isese INTRODUCTION Biologil Forum An Interntionl Journl 8(1): (16) Tomto, s one of the importnt griulturl rops in South of Kermn Provine, is ultivte uner open ir onition/short plsti tunnels. Numerous pests n fungl, teril n virl isese re some of its proution n ultivtion prolems in the mentione re of Irn. Tomto Yellow Lef Curl Virus (TYLCV) is one of usul ilments of the rop in Kermn, Irn. Aoring to reports of some reserhers, TYLCV is one of the most ngerous virl pthogens in tropil n su-tropil rejoins of Afri, Asi, Meiterrnen n Mile Est (Lpiot n Polston, 6). For the first time, outwr signs of TYLCV were reporte in oupie Plestine in 1964 ut its inuing ftor ws not reognize until 1988 (Lpiot n Polston, 6). The isese spre in mny tropil n su-tropil ountries of the worl suh s Plestine, Ivory Cost, Syri, Lenon, Senegl, Egypt, Tunisi, Ini, Cu, Mexio, Guteml, Honurs, Nirgu, Venezuel, Cost Ri, Brzil n Irn, n import sustntilly mge to tomto fiels eh yer (Blnr, 1992). Aoring to the tomto ultivrs sensitivity, popultions of inset vetor n limti onition, mge perent n yiel reution h een reporte etween n 1 perent (Zitter, 1991; Cpiner, 1). Due to wiespre pollution of tomto fiels of Jorn, tomto ultivtion hs eline from 14.6 to 5.6 hetres. This isese mostly mges tomto fiels in summer n utumn, n le to omplete loss of prout in oupie Plestine; In ition, ll fiels of utumn ultivtion re uner ttk of the virl isese n it oul mge prouts mounting to 8% in Egypt (Bnnj n Ahoun Mnesh1999). The outwr symptoms, host rnges n possiility of trnsmission with the sp in infete plnts is istinguishle n inivisile from other virl isese suh s TGMV, TYMV n TMV whih trnsfer y white flies (Zitter, 19991). This virus is Gemini virus (twin virus) tht trnsfers y Bemisi ti in the wil. This virus ws reporte for the first time in Hormozgn n Sistn-Bluhestn Provines of Irn n ientifie s TYLCV in 1994 (Hjimor et l., 1994). Susequently, it ws reporte from Tehrn n Khorsn Provines in 1998 (Bnnj n Ahoun Mnesh1999). The isese is lrey oserve in mny of tomto fiels, ultivtion uner plsti/greenhouse of southern prt of Irn (Bnnj n Ahoun Mnesh1999; Azvr n Seyfi, 6). Disese sthe hs een reporte etween 7 to 9% in some tomto fiels of Hormozgn, Irn (Bnnj et l., 4). It is known s Sr Jmk (lol nme) in Mnujn County in Kermn Provine of Irn whih lemishes onsierle mge to tomto fiels eh yer. Tomto plnts eome infete in erly growth stge, remin wrf n their size gretly erese. The leves tht immeitely evelop fter pollution eome up-shpe with eviny ege to ownwr, ut the leves whih emerge n evelop lter re eform, hlorosis n smll with eviny ege to upwr. Disese symptoms on the fruit epen on the plnt ge in pollution time.

2 If pollution ours in erly stges of the plnt growth, it loses proution ility of mrketle fruits. If pollution ours in the lter stge of plnt growth, existing fruits onsequently re in the nturl form ut those tht rise lter re eforme n she. No outwr signs re oserve on the flowers ut flowers she re ommon. Amount of proution erese is relte to isese severity n the plnt growth stge t pollution time (Zitter, 1991). In nturl onitions, virus trnsmission is one y inset vetor ( Bemisi ti) whih is lle White Mosquito mong frmers of the rejoin; in ition, it n e spre y grfting in lortory. So fr, no reports of trnsmission hve een existe mehnilly or vi sees (Zitter, 1991; Bnnj n Ahoun Mnesh, 1999). The minimum time for virus reeiving y vetor insets from ontminte plnts is 15- min n ltent perio in vetor insets is 21 hours. TYLCV virus n e remining in the vetor insets for 1-12 ys n rrely more thn ys. Filure of TYLCV mehnil trnsmission is n ttriute for seprting this virus from other viruses whih re le to ontminte tomto (Ionnou n Io rnou, 1985). Disese ontrol mngement of TYLCV is very triky n ostly, n is one y limite ftors. Plnt isese whih use y viruses re not tretle; therefore, prevention s strtegy for their ontrolling is onsiere. Commeril methos for these isese ontrols re se on vetor insets ontrol y exoritnt usge of insetiies or physil methos (suh s mntels use with 5 meshes) in infete res. Other methos suh s helthy seeling usge, hemil ontrol of vetors, rop rottion, plnting te justment, interropping n resistnt vrieties re reommene for prevention n mge reution of TYLCV (Zitter, 1991; Blnr, 1992). Epiemiology of TYLCV n its reltion with popultion ensity revele tht tomto trnsplnting le to isese inrese n erese in summer n erly utumn (the mximum popultion of white flies) n winter n erly spring (the minimum popultion of white flies), respetively (Ionnou n Iornou, 1985). Therefore, ifferent plnting te must e investigte for mge reution of this importnt rop in South Kermn of Irn. MATERIAL AND METHODS A. Climti hrteristis The projet ws onute in South of Kermn (Tejnu villge in the Centrl Distrit of Mnoujn County) whih ws pollution enter of Sr Jmk (TYLCV). Mnoujn with the re of 75 km is neighor with Run County from the South n West, n with Khnuj County from the North n Est. Geogrphil lotion of the ounty is 57 7' E longitue n 27 44' N ltitue. Due to proximity of the ounty to the se, it hs tropil limte with 59- % of humiity t ifferent sesons n height of 337 m ove se level. Drini n Azvr 373 The rinfll seson strt from Otoer to April in Mnoujn, n it is uner effet of rins n monsoon whih erive from Inin Oen in summertime. The rinfll orer hs een lost ue to rought from 1994 to 11 n it hs een enountere y severe wter shortges uner ontinuous rought. The highest prevlene of TYLCV in Kermn provine elonge to Mnoujn County n it is one of the mjor prolems in tomto ultivtion. Therefore, the rejoin ws selete for implementtion of this projet. The projet ws onute in the form of rnomize omplete esign with five tretments n three repetitions. Sees of Solnum lyopersium vr. Chef were sown in 5 te (1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer) n trnsplnting to the min ln ws one in 5 to 6 lef stge. Eh experimentl plot h 4 sowing rows with the length of 5 meters. Sowing intervls were onsiere 45 m on rows (in zigzg form). B. Sees sowing n seelings trnsplnt Seeling trys were fille with oopet n sees of Solnum lyopersium vr. Chef were sown from 6 August with intervls of 15 ys. In eh sowing te, 15 ell seelings trys were fille with oopet whih h een lrey soke n 2 or 3 sees were plnte t epth of 1.5 to 2 m, then were overe with oopet n were finlly irrigte with wsh ottle. Opertion re (weeing) ws regulrly one for ll seelings. Wtering, fertility, wees n other pests ontrol were one without ny pestiie. C. Determintion of pollution perent 45,, 75 n 9 y fter trnsplnting, it ws etermine y ounting the numer of plnts with TYLCV isese signs in eh plot. D. Disese severity inex It ws one y ssessment of plnts within eh plots, note the te of first pperne of TYLCV signs n lulting isese severity. Sore of isese severity ws onute y using Lpiot n Friemn (2) metho s fllow: : without outwr signs 1: slight yellowing of upper lef mrgins 2: mil yellowing n url of leflet 3: lrge yellowing, url n up upwrs of lef mrgins; ut the plnt ws still growing 4: yellowing, severe wrf, url, up upwrs of lef mrgins n stopping the plnt growth Disese severity inex (DSI) ws evlute with following formul for plnts within eh plots n pollution perent ws lulte: = Σ (. ) 1. In the Eqution ni, vi, n n v shows the plnts with the sme sore, isese sore (-4), totl of oserve plnts n the highest isese sore, respetively.

3 E. Tre moleulr Aoring to ioti n ioti ftors whih n use url signs in tomto, these signs nnot e ite for isese evlution; therefore, it is neessry to insure tht the signs relte to the presene of virus y using moleulr methos. At the moment, moleulr methos se on polymerse hin retion (PCR) y using speifi primers re the most urte, sfest n fstest wys to trk viruses. Trking of isese ftors in ollete smples ws onute y using suitle primers in PCR (Heyrne j et l., 9). PCR prouts were eletrophorese for erly ientifition. In orer to etermine virus strin, prt of PCR prout ws iretly use for etermintion of nuleotie sequenes. Due to ifferent strins of TYLCV, etermintion of virus strin n genus is so importnt in this rejoin, it ws one y etermintion of nuleotie sequenes/rflp of PCR prout with suitle enzymes. Otine t were nlyze y SAS softwre n mens omprison were evlute y Dunn's multiple rnge test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vrine nlysis inite (Tle 1) tht sowing te signifintly ffete (α.1). This represents tht influene y temperture n flututions of inset vetor popultions. Aoring to lk of lterntive hosts n Drini n Azvr 374 the inset outreks in the first to thir sowing te, their min tivity fouse on tomto rops. Wheres, n mge extent ws notly reue in the thir n forth sowing te. Mens omprison of (45 ys fter trnsplnting) revele tht there ws signifint ifferene etween sowing tes. Sowing in 6 August n 5 Otoer showe the highest (52.1 %) n lowest (2.12 %), respetively (Fig. 1). In ys fter trnsplnting, the mximum of pollution severity elonge to the seon (21 August) sowing te with % n sowing in 5 Otoer h the minimum of it with 1.97 %. There ws no signifint ifferene etween sowing in 6 August n 21 August (Fig. 2). The first n fifth sowing te showe the mximum (82.37 %) n minimum (1.52 %) of 75 ys from seeling trnsplnting. While there ws no signifint ifferene etween the first to thir tes (Fig. 3). Investigtion of seelings inite tht the highest of it elonge to the first sowing te with 83.52%. The lowest severity of pollution oserve in the fifth sowing te with 1.37 %. There ws no signifint ifferene etween the first to thir tes (Fig. 4). It n therefore e onlue tht two ftors ffete pollution severity of pest in the first to thir sowing tes. The first one ws lk of seonry host whih le to inrese of the pest fousing on tomto n DSI. Tle 1: Vrine nlysis of sowing te effet on of tomto seelings. Men squres SOV f 45 ys fter trnsplnting ys fter trnsplnting 75 ys fter trnsplnting 9 ys fter trnsplnting Blok 2.187ns.141ns.331ns.2ns Sowing te ** 21.43** 18.53** 17.93** Error CV (%) ns, non signifint; *, signifint t P.5; **, signifint t P sowing te Fig. 1. Seeling 45 ys fter trnsplnting to the minln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer

4 8 7 Drini n Azvr sowing te Fig. 2. Seeling ys fter trnsplnting to the minln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer Fig. 3. Seeling 75 ys fter trnsplnting to the min ln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer sowing te Fig. 4. Seeling 9 ys fter trnsplnting to the min ln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer sowing te

5 Outreks, fster growth n prolifertion of the pest were the seon ftor. This use more tivity of pest on the rop n inrese DSI. Wheres, their popultion reue in sowing in Septemer n 5 Otoer ue to proility of seonry host n DSI of the min rop ws severely erese. Aoring to the results (Tle 2), sowing te signifintly ffete pollution perent in ll of smpling sheule (α.1). Investigtion of seelings pollution perent inite tht sowing in 6 August h Drini n Azvr 376 the highest pollution in 45 (Fig. 5), (Fig. 6), 75 (Fig. 7) n 9 (Fig. 8) ys from trnsplnting in the min ln with 65.5, 92.3, 97 n 1 %, respetively. Aoring to mens omprison results, the lowest pollution perent in 45 (Fig. 5), (Fig. 6), 75 (Fig. 7) n 9 (Fig. 8) ys from trnsplnting in the min ln elonge to sowing in 5 Otoer with 1.35, 8.5, 12.5 n 13.2 %, respetively, ut no sttistilly signifint ifferene were oserve etween the first n seon sowing te. Tle 2: Vrine nlysis of sowing te effet on pollution perent of tomto seelings. Men squres SOV f 45 ys fter trnsplnting ys fter trnsplnting 75 ys fter trnsplnting 9 ys fter trnsplnting Blok 2.792ns.427ns.89ns.11ns Sowing te ** 19.97** 17.56** ** Error CV (%) ns, non signifint; *, signifint t P.5; **, signifint t P.1 7 pollution perent sowing te Fig. 5. Seeling pollution perent 45 ys fter trnsplnting to the min ln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer pollution perent Fig. 6. Seeling pollution perent ys fter trnsplnting to the min ln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer sowing te

6 Drini n Azvr pollution perent 1 8 sowing te Fig. 7. Seeling pollution perent 75 ys fter trnsplnting to the min ln. 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer pollution perent CONCLUSION Fig. 8. Seeling pollution perent 9 ys fter trnsplnting to the min ln 1, 6 August; 2, 21 August; 3, 5 Septemer; 4, Septemer; 5, 5 Otoer Sowing te, s n ffeting ftor of rop yiel n qulity, is n importnt ftor in griulturl rops. On the other hn, pereptile hnges in limti onitions hve signifint effet on plnts growth rte n pest popultion. Due to hot wether, the first to thir sowing te le to slow plnt growth n pest popultion growth; therefore, it use inrese in extent of mge to the rops. Aoring to low re uner ultivtion of the pest hosts in summer, whitefly ws more infeste tomto rops n mge severity ws higher. The lowest mount of mge mount ws oserve in the fourth n fifth sowing te ut prie of tomto fruits in Septemer n 5 Otoer ws ffete y flututions in mrket pries. Although, hnging the sowing te in erly sowing metho ws less le to reue pest mges ut using tolernt vrieties with proper swing te n reue mge of Sr Jmk to minimum. Therefore, it is reommene to use tolernt vrieties in lte August, erly Septemer. sowing te Aoring to the highest in plnt nursery stge, seelings n e protete y inset mesh over n without sprying, n protet ginst inset vetor. In ition to helthy rop proution, it will le to mge reution to environment, proution n mnufturer revenue inrese. REFERENCES Azvr, M., Seyfi, M.A. (6). Tomto Yellow Lef Curl Virus. Agriulturl Jih Orgniztion of Khnuj n Jiroft Press. 6 pges. Bnnj, K., Ahoun Mnesh, A. (1999). Tomto Yellow Lef Curl Virus. Pulish Agriulture Trining Press. 12 pges. Bnnj, K., Krmpour, F., Azvr, M. (4). The finl report of reserh projet of investigtion ifferent methos of mge ontrol n isese (TYLCV) spre prevention in the importnt ples of tomto ultivtion of Irn. Agriulturl Reserh Institute Press.

7 Blnr, D. (1992). A Colour Atls of Tomto Diseses. Wolfe Press Lt. Cpiner, J. (1). Hn ook of Vegetle pests. Aemi Press. University of Flori. 729 pges. Heyrnej, J., Mozffri, A., Mssumi, H., Fzeli, R., Gry, A.J.A., Mereith, M., Lky, F., Shepher, D.N., Mrtin, D.P., Vrsni, A. (9). Complete sequenes of tomto lef url Plmpur virus isoltes infeting uurits in Irn. Arh. Virol. 154: Hjimor, M., Ahoun Mnesh, A., Bhr, M., Kheyrpour, A., Rezein, A. (1994). Iniene n ignosis of Tomto Yellow Lef Curl Virus in Irn. 15th Congress of Irnin Plnt Protetion. Giln University, Rsht, Irn. P Ionnou, N., Iornou, N. (1985). Epiemiology of tomto Drini n Azvr 378 yellow lef url virus in reltion to the popultion ensity of its whitefly vetor, Bemisi ti. Tehnil Bulletin Agriulturl Reserh Institute Cyprus. 71, 7pp. Lpiot, M., Polston, J.E. (6). Resistne to Tomto yellow lef url virus in tomto. In: Loesteine, G. n Crr, J.P. (Es.). Nturl resistne mehnisms of plnts to viruses. The Netherlns, Springer Lpiot, M., Friemn, M. (2). Breeing for resistne to whitefly trnsmitte Gemini viruses. Annul Applie Biology. 1: Zitter, T.A. (1991). Tomto yellow lef url. In: Jones, J.B., Stll, R.E., Zitter, T.A., Compenium of tomto iseses. APS Press. -41.