Nutritional Evaluation of Some Semi-arid Browse Forages Leaves as Feed for Goats

Transcription

1 Europen Journl of Applie Sienes 2 (3): 08-5, 200 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 200 Nutritionl Evlution of Some Semi-ri Browse Forges Leves s Fee for Gots 2 A.A. Nji n I. Ikhimioy Deprtment of Animl Siene, Byero University Kno, P.M.B. 30, Kno Stte-Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Animl Siene, Amrose Alli University, P.M.B. 4, Ekpom, Eo Stte-Nigeri Astrt: An experiment ws onute to etermine the fee vlue of n inigenous rowse plnts in Borno stte of Nigeri. Sixteen uks of mixe rees (Borno white x Sokoto re) weighing on the verge 2.9±0.3kg were ivie into four groups with four nimls per group. Eh group ws rnomly ssigne to one of the ietry tretments in Complete Rnomize Blok Design. The iets ompre were Ai niloti, Blnites egypti, Khy seneglensis n Ziziphus muritin. The results showe tht the verge ily gin (ADWG), verge ry mtter intke (ADMI), ry mtter intke per metoli weight (0.07 kg y, kg y, g y ) n fee onversion rtio (0.2) were signifintly (P<0.05) etter with nimls on iet T 4(Ziziphus muritin). The result lso revele tht T 3h the est in terms of fee ost per kg gin (N60.49) n perent reution in fee ost (N53.04%). From the results, it n e onlue tht feeing of Ziziphus muritin to growing gots t 30% level of inlusion is enefiil. Key wors: Ruminnt Nutrients Digestiility Nitrogen INTRODUCTION utiliztion [8, 9]. Although the igestive trt of gots is ntomilly similr to tht of sheep n ows, Fee potentil of rowse in the iet of herivores in gots hve lrge physiologil pity to pt to Nigeri is reflete in report of []. Browse plnts ply high tnnin levels in the iet. In vivo n in vitro, signifint role in nutrition of ruminnt livestok in onute stuies revele tht gots re more effiient tropil regions. Browse speies, euse of their thn sheep igesting fee stuffs with low nitrogen, high resistne to het, rought, slinity, lklinity, rifting fire or high tnnin ontents of tree foers n shrus sn, grzing n repete utting, re the mjor fee [4, 0]. resoures uring the ry seson [2]. Some prts of rowse Gots thrive well in the semi-ri regions of Nigeri speies n e foun uring the ry seson inluing ue to their ility to fee on ifferent types of plnt pos, fruits n leves. Most trees/shrus proue their speies, minly rowses n grsses. Gots hve gret leves uring wet seson, thus rowse is more ville teneny to hnge their iet oring to sesonl fee uring the spring (August to My) [3]. The nutritionl vilility n growth rte of plnts. Gots n express importne of rowse is espeilly signifint for free their optimum geneti potentil in terms of proutivity if rnging gots in extensive ommunl system of supplementry fees re ville. Aoring to proution. Unfortuntely, mny tropil tree foers n MDonl et l. [] supplementtion of rop resiues in shru legumes ontin high onentrtions of seonry the iet of gots with ssv resiue, leves of mngo ompouns, prtiulrly tnnins [4,5] tht n e reting n pwpw promote optimum growth s well s negtively with other nutrients [6] n oul hve improve reproutive hrteristis. The ojetive of etrimentl or enefiil effets on niml nutrition [5, 7]. the stuy is to test the effet of some selete rowse Speil ttention is pi to toxins or nti-nutritionl forges use s fee for gots in semi-ri re of Borno ftors suh s tnnins, whih n strongly limit foer stte, Nigeri. Corresponing Author: Ahme Amin Nji, Deprtment of Animl Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, Byero University, Kno, P.M.B. 30, Kno Stte - Nigeri, +234 (0) , +234 (0) , E- mil: hji@yhoo.om 08

2 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, 200 MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl Site: The stuy ws onute t the Rmt Polytehni Tehing n Reserh Frm. Miuguri is lote t.05 North n Est n t n elevtion of out 364m ove se level in the North Estern prt of Nigeri. The mient temperture is 3 C y August n s high s 40 C or more y April n My [2]. The hottest perio ours from Mrh to June, while it is ol etween Novemer n Ferury. Rinfll vries from mm with reltive humiity [2]. Experimentl Animls: Sixteen mle gots of mix rees (Borno white n Sokoto re) n ge etween 0 to months.50 ± 0.2 were use for the feeing tril. The nimls were purhse from lol livestok mrket in Miuguri. Experimentl Design n Tretment: The nimls were rnomly ssigne to four ietry tretments in 4 x 4 ltin squre esign with perios of 3 weeks urtion. The ietry tretments onsist of rowse folige Ai niloti, Blnites egypti, Khy seneglensis n Ziziphus muritin whih ws hrveste from the stuy re. Feeing n Mngement: During the experimentl perio, the nimls were house in pens with onrete floors n roofe with sestos sheet. The wlls hve wie winows. The pens were lene morning n evenings. The nimls were eworme efore tril, there ws free ess of wter n minerl liks.the stuy will omprise of 4 ys of fee pttion, followe y 84 ys mesurement perio. Fee ws offere twie ily t 8:00hrs n 5:00hrs. The ily output of fees n totl urine voie ws reore from eh niml n smple for hemil nlysis. Smples of fee offere ws tken ily uring the mesurement perio for hemil nlysis. Boy weight of the nimls ws weighe one weekly. Digestiility Tril: One niml from eh tretment ws rnomly selete for the igestiility tril. The metolism ges use were me of metl. The nimls were weighe n ge iniviully n fe their tretment iets for 4 ys pttion perio n 7 ys mesurement perio. Fresh len wter n minerl slt lik were provie -liitum. Nutrient igestiility of the fee ws lulte using the formul. Apprent Nutrient igestiility = fee onsume - fel output 00 fee onsume Sttistil Anlysis: Dt otine will sujete to sttistil nlysis using ANOVA proeure of SAS [3]. Signifint tretment mens will e ompre y Dunn option [3]. RESULTS Chemil Composition of the Experimentl Fees: Chemil omposition n fire nlysis of the five semiri rowses use in the feeing tril is shown in Tle. Signifint ifferene (P<0.05) were oserve in the rue protein (CP) vlues for ll the rowse forges with highest - vlue oserve in Ziziphus muritin (82 g Kg DM) n signifintly lest vlue oserve in Ai niloti (97.70 g Kg DM). The NDF n ADF were signifintly (P<0.05) higher in i niloti leves ( n g Kg DM) n lowest in Blnites egypti ( n g Kg DM).The sh ontent of the rowse forges were higher in T 2 (Blnites egypti) thn in the other tretment groups with lowest T 4 (Ziziphus muritin) vlue (30.0 g kg ). The result lso show no signifint ifferene (P>0.05) mong the rowse forges for i etergent lignin n orgni mtter. Growth Performne: The growth performne of gots fe selete semi-ri rowses is shown in Tle 2. The verge of initil liveoy weights of the nimls in the ifferent ietry tretments i not vry signifintly (P<0.05) initing lose weight of the test nimls t the strt of the experiment. However, the finl liveoy weights signifintly (P<0.05) iffere with nimls on iet T 4 (Ziziphus muritin) eing the heviest on the verge with weight vlue of 7.63Kg. The lowest men finl liveoy weight vlue (4.50Kg) ws reore with nimls on T (Ai niloti). Metoli mss of the nimls iffere signifintly (P<0.05) etween the iets. It rnge from low vlue of 7.43 LW to high of 8.60LW. This oes not follow the sme pttern in terms of sttistil signifine in totl weight gine y the nimls. The verge ily ry mtter intke (64.37g) ws signifintly higher (P<0.05) in T 4 (Ziziphus muritin). The ry mtter intke (g Kg W ) ws higher for T 3 (77.22g Kg W ) (Khy seneglensis) n lowest for T (59.92g Kg W ) (Ai niloti). Fee onversion rte ws est in T 4 (Ziziphus muritin) poorer in nimls on iet T (Ai niloti). 09

3 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, 200 Tle : Chemil omposition of experimentl rtions (g/kg DM) Nutrients T(n) T2(e) T3(ks) T4(zm) Dry mtter NS Crue protein Ether extrt Crue fire Ash Nitrogen Free Extrt Orgni mtter NS NDF NS ADF NS ADL NS TCT NS NDF=Neutrl etergent fire, ADF=Ai etergent fire, ADL=Ai etergent lignin; TCT=Totl onense tnnin mg/g DM);.,, mens in the sme row with ifferent supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.05); =Stnr error of mens; NS=Not Signifint; = Signifint Tle 2: Performne of gots fe semi-ri rowses Tretments Prmeters T(n) T2(e) T3(ks) T4(zm) Initil weight (Kg) NAS Finl weight (Kg) Metoli mss (Kg ) Boy weight gin (Kg) Averge ily oy weight gin (Kg) Averge ily Dry mtter intke (g) Dry mtter intke (g/kg W ) Fee onversion rtio ,, mens in the sme row with ifferent supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.05); =Stnr error of mens; = Signifint; NAS=Not nlyze sttistilly Tle 3: Nutrients igestiility of gots fe semi-ri rowses (% DM) Tretments Nutrients igestiility (%) T(n) T2(e) T3(ks) T4(zm) Dry mtter Crue protein Ether extrt Crue fire Ash Orgni mtter Neutrl etergent fire Ai etergent fire Ai etergent lignin Ai etergent insolule sh Cellulose ,, mens in the sme row with ifferent supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.05); =Stnr error of mens; = Signifint 0

4 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, 200 Tle 4: Nitrogen utiliztion (g/y) Tretments T(n) T2(e) T3(ks) T4(zm) Nitrogen intke (g/y) Nitrogen in fees (g/y) Nitrogen in urine (g/y) Nitrogen sore (g/y) Nitrogen retine (g/y) Nitrogen sore s % N2 intke NS 0.65 Nitrogen retine s % N2 intke NS 9.70,,, mens in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.05); =Stnr error mens; NS=Not Signifint Tle 5: Cost/Benefit nlysis of feeing selete semi-ri rowses to gots Tretments T(n) T2(e) T3(ks) T4(zm) Numer of gots Initil weight (Kg) Finl weight (Kg) Totl weight gin (Kg) Totl Fee intke/got (Kg) Fee ost/kg fee (N) Totl fee ost (N) Fee ost/kg gin (N/Kg) % reution in fee ost (%) ,,, mens in the sme olumn with ifferent supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.05); =Stnr error mens; = Signifint Nutrients Digestiility of Gots Fe Selete Semi-ri the ifferent iets re 4.39 g y, 3.28 g y, 5.04 g Browses: The nutrient igestiility of selete semi-ri y n.67 g y for T, T 2, T 3 n T4respetively rowses fe to gots is shown in Tle 3. Nutrient n iffer signifintly. Nitorgen sore n retine igestiility for the ifferent rowses vrie signifintly iffer signifintly (P<0.05) mong tretments whih (P<0.05) etween the iets. The nutrients igestiility rnge from 85.4% to 94.09% n 66.72% to 86.52% were generlly low exept for ry mtter. There were respetively. signifint ifferenes (P<0.05) mong tretments. Animls on iet T 2 (Blnites egypti) h the Cost/enefit Anlysis of Feeing Selete Semi-ri highest Crue protein, orgni mtter, neutrl etergent Browse to Gots: Vlues for the ost/enefit nlysis is fire n i etergent fire igestiility. Digestiility shown in Tle 5. Fee ost /Kg fee (N) rnge from vlues otine for i etergent insolule sh n N24.70 in T 4 (Ziziphus muritin) to N3.00 in T ellulose vrie signifintly t 4% n 8% respetively (Ai niloti). The totl fee ost ws highest etween the ietry tretments. There were high vrition (N439.43) in T 3 (Khy seneglensis) n lowest in nutrient igestiility. (N59.40) in T (Ai niloti). Fee ost per Kg gin (N/Kg) erese from T to T 4. Reution perent in fee Nitrogen Utiliztion: The results of nitrogen utiliztion y ost ws higher in T 4(53.04%) n lowest in T 2(3.05%). gots fe selete semi-ri rowses is shown in Tle 4. Nitrogen intke iffer signifintly (P<0.05) n ws the DISCUSSION highest for iet T 4 (29.39 g y ) (Ziziphus muritin). Fel nitrogen output ws lso signifintly ifferent Chemil Composition of Browse Forges: The result (P<0.05) with highest T 4 (Ziziphus muritin) vlue (2.29 otine for hemil omposition of the rowse g y ). Urinry nitrogen (N) output vlues reore for forges is similr to those reporte y [4, 5].

5 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, 200 Generlly ll rowse forge use in the urrent stuy h (74.30 g kg CP). The ifferene n e expline either CP ontent of ove 7% DM whih n support y the inequy of the requirement estimtes for other optimum miroil growth. The result of the fire frtion rees, or the rees, or the low geneti potentil of shows tht NDF, ADF n ADL re high n n ffet Shelin gots mrke y low pity for growth or low igestiility. Higher levels of NDF n ADL hve een effiieny of nutrient utiliztion. The ADG vrie from 0.03 reporte to hve negtive effet on DM intke DM to 0.07kg y n the ontrol iet T h the lowest igestiility [6]. Severl reports [4, 5, 7] shows tht ADG (0.03kg/y), suggesting low effiieny in semi-ri rowses of North estern Nigeri re generlly utiliztion of the experimentl iet. The weight gins were high in fire n lignin uring the ry seson. somewht similr ompre to the result otine y Nji et l.[4] in Nigeri. Almost ll literture on the use Growth Performne of Gots Fe Semi-ri Browses: of shru n tree foers to supplement either The ifferent mehnisms involve in etermining fee nturl grsses or rop resiues hve shown positive intke llow unerstning the ifferenes oserve in responses with respet to the proutivity of ttle, intke of the stuie rowse foers. Conerning the sheep n gots [2]. rowse leves intke of A. niloti n e expline y the high NDF n lignin ontent. The explntion Nutrient Digestiility of Gots Fe Semi-ri Browses regring CP n fire ontent oul e vli for the Forges: Stuies on the igestiility of rowse foers ifferene oserve in intke. Aprt from Z.muritin, re very importnt s they llow the estimtion of the result inites tht the stuie forges oul nutrients relly ville for niml nutrition. The min onstitute the min omponent of got rtions n woul progress hs een in the quntity of informtion on the e well onsume. The nimls inrese in weights, ingestiility, igestiility n nutritive vlue of these espeilly with Z.muritin leves, whih oul inite foers. Results on milk or growth performne re often effiient utiliztion of these fee. The intkes expresse in given sine igestiility vlues nnot lwys e g/kg W were high ompre to the estimtion of interprete in performne results [9, 22]. The in vivo Devenr MLeroy [8] for tropil got rees. The low tehnique is the lssil n iret metho for estimting DMI of T n e expline y the high NDF ontent, fee igestion y nimls. However, ue to iffiulties in while the low CP ontent oul e the limiting ftor for its pplition, iniret methos re frequently use. intke in T. The high DM intke oserve in T 4 ws Most of the stuies on igestiility of rowse foers proly ue to etter lne etween energy n use the in vitro tehnique, whih provies omprtive protein s more OM (96.00 g kg ) ws onsume from estimte of DMD n n e use to rnk the qulity of leves iet. The smll size of the leves of Ziziphus the fee. However, the signifine of the metho is muritin, mostly smll leflets roun 5mm long, oul limite s it oes not tke into ount the intke of hve influene intke, in so fr s gots re shown to e forge y the niml. The in so metho hs the extremely sensitive to iets poor in fire n rih in vntge of mesuring the rte of igestion of ifferent onentrte or forge hrterize y smll prtile size, fee omponents (protein n strh) through nylon gs whih ereses the rumen ph, resulting in fll in intke suspene in the rumen n n lso e use to rnk [9]. However, inrese ietry NDF is shown to fees. The in so metho is known to usully erese DM intke linerly in growing gots [20]. Mny overestimte in vivo igestiility [23]. In the present other ftors, inluing prtiles size, hewing frequeny stuy the in vivo metho ws pplie using gots, owing n effetiveness, prtile frgility, inigestile frtion, to their preferene for rowse forges. The omprison of rte of fermenttion of the potentilly igestile NDF n the results with other t is unertin ue to ifferent hrteristis of retiulr ontrtions re lso involve. experimentl onitions: the metho use, niml speies Aprt from T, the result inite tht the forge stuie use n the level of rowse foer in the iet. The oul onstitute the min omponent of got iets n leves were use with fix mount of hy t minimum woul e well onsume. The intkes expresse in g/kg level, sine it ws ntiipte tht leves oul not e fe w were high ompre to the estimtion of Devenr lone ue to possile nti-nutritive ftors, while the pos n MLeroy [8] for tropil got rees. The weight were fe s single fee. The ftors involve in the gin y ll gots ws lower thn expete s nutrient vrition in igestiility mong rowse foers inlue intkes from ll iets were higher in protein (97.70 to the onentrtion of N, ell wll ontent, espeilly lignin g kg CP) thn in the estimte requirements n tnnins. A low level of CP (less thn 80 g/kg DM) is 2

6 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, 200 shown to epress igestiility, s it is not suffiient to requirements (74.3 g). The ifferene n e expline meet the nees of the rumen teri [2]. On the other either y the inequy of the estimte requirement for hn, low NDF ontent (20 to 35%) hs een shown to e other rees, or the low geneti potentil of Shelin resulte in high igestiility, while lignifition of the gots mrke y low pity for growth or low effiieny plnt ell wll ereses the igestiility of plnt mteril of nutrient utiliztion. The ADG vrie from 30 to 70 g/y in the rumen. Mny stuies [24] hve reporte negtive n the iet with A. niloti leves resulte in the lowest orreltion etween lignin onentrtion n ell wll performne, suggesting low effiieny in utiliztion of igestiility y its tion s physil rrier to miroil this forge type. When use s sole fee in the enzymes. Negtive orreltions etween tnnin n voluntry intke tril,. The weight gins were somewht protein or DM igestiility hve lso een stuie [25, moerte to high ompre to the results of Swe et 26]. Hene informtion on the NDF, ADF, lignin n l.[33] supplementing gots (57 to 68 g/y) with tree tnnin ontent of tree folige is essentil for the leves n pos in Keny. Similr results to the present ssessment of their igestiility. Luginuhl [20] note stuy were otine y Mteng n Kitly [34] with tht gots re not le to igest ell wlls s well s ttle inigenous gots in Tnzni. euse the fee stys in their rumen for shorter perio of time. On the other hn, [9] reporte similr retention Fee Conversion Rtio: The fee onversion rtio ws time of fee prtiles in the whole igestive trt of sheep low for T thn the other tretments. Hene the leves of n gots eting the sme quntity of goo qulity Z.muritin n K. seneglensis oul e n lterntive forge, ut the retention time of gots reeiving poor euse of the high FCR n vilility in the re where qulity forge ws longer. Hene sheep n gots hve the folige n e ollete n store for stll-feeing. similr ptterns of igestion of moerte to high qulity The im of this stuy ws to ompre ifferent types of forges, ut gots re etter in igesting forges rih in rowse forges in terms of igestive utiliztion, eonomi ell wlls n poor in nitrogen. This seems to e relte to n their effet on niml performne. They were then their ility to reyle ure nitrogen [27]. use liitum, though the eonomi fesiility of this A wie rnge of vrition in igestiility is reporte tehnique ws onsiere. in tropil rowse speies. Bremn n Kessler [28] However, liitum feeing of the rowse forges showe men OMD of 0.53 in Shelin n Sunin shoul e limite if the high CP ontent of rowse foers zones of West Afri. Le Houerou [29] reporte men is to e exploite n it will require lrge mount of DCP of 50 g/kg for West Afrin rowses, with 760 g/kg forges to store. Sine the leves of these rowse forges for legumes. Fll [30] reporte lrge vritions in DMD, re sol in the lol mrket, this oul limit the vilility. rnging from 0.26 to 0.88 etween speies n plnt prts. The use of these rowse speies s supplement shoul In the present stuy OMD (54.99 to 62.23% DM) ws high e evlute n the levels tht llow optimum growth t n CPD (20.62 to 22.86% DM) ws low exept for lower ost must e ssesse. Blnites egyti (68.27% DM). Nitrogen Retention in Gots Fe Semi-ri Browses Live Weight of Gots Fe Semi-ri Browses Forges: Forges: Nitrogen retention is onsiere etter In spite of the pttion to hrsh environments n poor riterion of mesuring protein qulity thn igestiility. qulity fees, gots require for optimum growth, n Nitrogen retention is ssoite with the mount of effiient utiliztion of nutrients tht supply equte Nitrogen use for protein eposition n iologil vlue energy n protein. Knowlege of nutrient requirements is mesure of protein qulity [35]. The rowse forges is therefore importnt for the estimtion of geneti offere gve positive N lne. Ruminnts n use potentil of the nimls. It is well oumente tht the ietry or non-protein nitrogen (N) to meet protein nutrient requirement epens on oy size n growth requirements lrgely euse of the symioti reltionship rte or proution potentil of nimls, environmentl etween the host n its rumen miroes [27]. This onitions (temperture, humiity, ) n the qulity of emonstrte tht the rowse forges ws effiiently the fee [3, 32]. The Shelin gots, lso known s the use s fermentle nitrogen soure for miroil West Afrin long-legge gots, re well pte in the growth in the rumen. Moreover, rtions tht re well semi-ri zones. The weight gin y ll gots ws lower lne in energy, protein n minerls result in reue thn expete, s nutrient intkes from ll iets were N n P exretion [36]. Suh exretion is n everhigher in protein (97 to 82 g/kg) thn the estimte inresing prolem ue to its effet on environmentl 3

7 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, 200 mintenne. The vlues for the N lne were higher 9. Rjenirn, A.S. n R. Krivel, Evlution of thn the vlues reporte y Wmpn et l.[37] who fe Csurin lef mel se omplete iet for gots. gro-inusril y-prout. Inin J. Anim. Nutri., 9: Tefer, S. V. Mlmo, B.J. Dlmini, A.M. Dlmini, Cost/enefit Anlysis: On eonomi groun T 4 ((30% K.D.N. Korlgm n F.L. Moul, Chemil Ziziphus muritin) ws etter thn the other iets in omposition n in vitro ruminl fermenttion of terms of fee ost/kg fee (N24.70), fee ost per kg gin ommon tree forges in the semi-ri rngelns of (N60.49) n reution perent in fee ost (N53.04) Swziln. Anim. Fee Si. Tehnol., 42: (Tle 3). Therefore iets ontining Ziziphus muritin. MDonl, P., R.A. Ewrs, J.F.D. Green Hlgh n oul e fe to growing gots without ompromising the th D. Morgn, 995. Animl Nutrition. 5 E. Longmn growth n eonomi performne. Sientifi n Tehnil. Hrlow, Essex, Engln. In onlusion, se on the protein ontent, the pp: 4-7, leves of ll the rowse forges re suitle s 2. Ijere, J.A. n M.M. Dur, Borno Stte In: supplements to poor qulity rtions. However, G. A.B. Mmmn, J.O. Oyenji n S.W. Peters, (es). seneglensis, with the lowest rue protein n highest Nigeri: A People Unite, A Future Assure. Volume fier n lignin ontent, h low intke hrteristis n 2. Gumop Pulishers, Clr. this resulte in low weight gin uring the experimentl 3. Sttistil Anlysis System Institute In perio. The rowse forges oul e use s lterntive SASSTAT progrmme, Cry, NC: SAS Institute In., low ost soures of protein in livestok feeing Nji, A.A., I. Ikhimioy n I.R. Muhmm, 200. REFERENCES Fee Potentil of Ziziphus muritin to gots in. Sleem, M.A., O.M. Oytogun. n H.R. Chhe, suno-shelin region of Nigeri. In: O. J. Byemi, th O. A. Au n E. O. Ewuol (es.) Pro. 35. Nig Nutritive vlue of rowse plnts in the Sun So. for Anim. Pro. 4-7 Mrh, 200, University of Svnn of North West Nigeri. Nig. J. Anim. Pro., In, Nigeri. pp: : Nji, A.A., 200. In vitro gs proution n 2. Fgg, C.W. n J.L. Stewrt, 994. The vlue of stoihiometri reltionship etween short hin Ai n Prosopis in ri n semi-ri ftty i n in vitro gs proution of semi-ri environments. J. Ari Environments, 27: rowses of North-estern Nigeri. Glol Veterinri, 3. ND Plgrve, K.C., 983. Trees of Southern Afri. 2 4(3): eition. Struik Pulishers. Cpe Town. 6. Bkshi, M.P.S. n M. Whw, Evlution of 4. Slem, A.Z.M., M.Z.M. Slem, M. M. El-Awy forest leves of semi-hilly ri region s livestok n P.H. Roinson, Nutritive evlutions of fee. Asin-Austrlsin J. Ani. Si., 95: some rowse tree foliges uring the ry seson: 7. Nji, A.A., I. Ikhimioy, B.F. Muhmm n seonry ompouns, fee intke n in vivo I.B. Amz, 200. Chemil omposition, fire igestiility in sheep n gots. Anim. Fee Si. frtion n nti-nutritive sustnes of selete Tehnol., 27: semi-ri rowses. In: O.J. Byemi, O.A. Au n 5. Mugu, D.M., E.M. Kiruiro n A.N. Pell, In th E.O. Ewuol, (es.) Pro. 35. Nig. So. for Anim. vitro fermenttion of intt n frtionte tropil Pro. 4-7 Mrh, 200, University of In, hereous n tree legumes ontining tnnins n Nigeri, pp: lklois. Anim. Fee Si. Tehnol., 46: Devenr, C. n G.B. MLeroy, 982. Got n 6. Mngn, J.L., 988. Nutritionl effets of tnnins in sheep proution in the Tropis.Intermeite niml fees. Nutr. Res. Rev., : Tropil Agriulture Series. Longmn group Lt, 7. Wghorn, G.C. n W.C. MN, Longmn, Lonon, New York, pp: 27. Consequenes of plnt phenoli ompouns for 9. Morn-Fehr, P., Reent evelopments in got proutivity n helth of ruminnts. Pro. Nutr. nutrition n pplition: A review. Smll Ruminnt So., 62: Res., 60, Urni, O.N. n O.O. Tewe, 200. The nutritive vlue 20. Luginuhl, J.M. n M.H. Poore, 998. Nutrtion of of some tree/shru leves s fee for gots. Trop. met gots. www. ls. nsu. eu/n _ si/ extension/ Si., 4: 3-5. niml/ metgot/mgnutr. htm. 4

8 Eur. J. Appl. Si., 2 (3): 08-5, Norton, B.W., 998. The nutritive vlue of tree 3. Shlu, T., A.L. Goetsh, J. Luo, I.V. Nshli, legumes. In: Gutterige, R.C. Shelton, H.M. (Es.), J.E. Moore, M.L. Glyen, F.N. Owens, C.L. Ferrell Forge trees legumes in Tropil Agriulture. n Z.B. Johnson, Nutrient requirements of Tropil Grssln Soiety of Austrli In. St Lui gots: evelope equtions, other onsiertions Queensln, n future reserh to improve them. Smll Ruminnt 22. Bmikole, M.A., O.J. Byemi, O.M. Arigee, Res., 53: U. Ikhtu, Nutritive vlue of Fius religios in 32. Mnl, A.B., S.S. Pul, G.P. Mnl, A. Knnn, West Afri wrf gots. Anim. Fee Si. Tehnol., n N.N. Pthk, Deriving nutrient requirements 05: of growing Inin gots uner tropil onition. 23. Gutterige, R.C. n H.M. Shelton, 998. Forge tree Smll Ruminnt Res., 58: legumes in tropil griulture. CAB Interntionl, 33. Swe, J.J., J.K. Tuitoek n J.M. Ottro, 998. Wllingfor, UK, Evlution of ommon tree leves or pos s 24. Moore, K.J. n. H.J.G. Jung, 200. Lignin n fier supplements for gots on rnge re of Keny. Smll igestion. J. Rnge Mng., 54: Ruminnt Res., 28: Blogun, R.O., R.J. Jones n J.H.G. Holmes, Mteng, L.A. n A.J. Kitly, 990. Growth Digestiility of some tropil rowse speies vrying performne n rss hrteristis of Tnznin in tnnin ontent. Animl Fee Siene n Tehnol., gots fe Chloris gyn hy with ifferent levels of 76: protein supplement. Smll Ruminnt Res., 3: MSweeney, C.S., B.P. Dlrymple, K.S. Goius, 35. Quinion, N., J.Y. Dourm, J. Nolet, 996. Effet of P.M. Kenney, D.O. Kruse, R.I. Mkie n energy intke on the performne of ifferent types G.P. Xue, 999. The pplition of rumen of pigs from 45 to 00kg oy weight. Protein n iotehnology to improve the nutritive vlue of lipi eposition. Anim. Si., 63: firous feestuffs: pre- n post-ingestion. Livest. 36. Pengkoum, P., J.B. Ling, Z.A. Jeln, M. Bsery, Pro. Si., 59: Effets of protein n energy on N lne n 27. Silnikove, N., The physiologil sis of th N exretion y iry gots. In: Proeeings of the 4 pttion in gots to hrsh environments. Smll Interntionl Livestok Wste Mngement Ruminnt Res., 35: Symposium n Tehn. Expo. Penng, Mlysi, Bremn, H. n J.J. Kessler, 995. Wooy Plnts in 23 My 2002, pp: Agro-Eosystems of Semi-Ari Regions. Avne 37. Wmpn, D.D., F.I. Ator n A.A. Nji, series in griulturl sienes no. 23. Springer Verlg, Effet of supplementtion on the performne of Berlin, Germny, pp: 340. gots fe ntive psture in semi-ri zone. Nig. J. 29. Le Houerou, H.N., 980. The role of rowse in Exptl. Appl. Biol., 9(2): Shelin n Sunin zones. Browse in Afri. The urrent stte of knowlege. ILCA, Ais An, 83 pp: Fll, S., 99. Improvement of nitrogen level in ruminnt's iet the prolem of issemintion of reserh results on utilistion of ure n rowses s nitrogen soures in shelin feeing ystems. In: Dzowel, B.H. Si, A.N. Wenem-Agenehu, A. Ktegile, J.A. (Es.), Utiliztion of reserh results on forge n griulturl y-prout s niml fee resoures in Afri. PANESA/ARNAB - ILRI, Ais A, Ethiopi, 5