Antinutrtional Factors, Nutritive Value and in vitro Gas Production of Foliage and Fruit of Enterolobium cyclocarpum

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1 Worl Journl of Zoology 1 (2): , 2006 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2006 Antinutrtionl Ftors, Nutritive Vlue n in vitro Gs Proution of Folige n Fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum O. J. Byemi Deprtment of Animl Siene, University of In, In, Nigeri Astrt: Enteroloium ylorpum folige is yet to e epte y ruminnts in Nigeri s reommene for intensive gren use. In omprtive stuy, the nutritive vlue of the lef, see, po n fruit ws investigte y proximte, seonry metolites n in vitro gs proution methos. Proximte omposition showe tht ll the smples were quite high in rue protein ( %), ether extrt ( %) n low in rue fire ( %). All smple ontine sponin ut meium in the lef n negligile in others. Phenol ws not etete ut ll h sterois. The rowse prts h suffiient omposition of phosphorus, lium, mgnesium, potssium, iron n opper to meet the requirements for ruminnts. The onstituent of mngnese, zin n soium were less thn reommene levels require for growth, reproution n milk. The net gs volume (ml), metolisle energy (MJ/kg DM), orgni mtter igestiility (%) n short hin ftty is (µmol) rnge from , , n , respetively, eing highest in the see n lowest in the lef. The stuies showe tht the sees, po n whole fruit h nutritive vlue n therefore, my serve s potentil supplements for ruminnts in Nigeri. Key wors: Enteroloium ylorpum seonry metolites gs proution metolisle energy orgni mtter igestiility INTRODUCTION y sheep, gots n ttle (Unpulishe) possily ue to the presene of ntinutrionl ftors. Higher perentge The prohiitive ost of onentrte iets for of the tropil rowse n shru legumes re see n ruminnts in the tropis uring the ry seson fruit ering n h een reporte to e high in rue neessittes ontinuous serh for less expensive n protein n other nutrients (Byemi et l., 2004). In high nutritive feestuffs. Browse plnts re ville in nother stuy, the sees showe enefiil effets the off seson ut most of them re less enefiil to when egre y the rumen miroil orgnisms for livestok s they ontin ntinutritionl ftors. For the proution of voltile ftty is (Byemi et l., exmple, full utiliztion of Leuen leuoephl n 2004), showing the potentil of rowse tree sees in Gliriii sepium re lwys hmpere y the presene livestok proution. of mimosine n oumrin respetively in them E. ylorpum hs lrge, inehisent, ry n (Byemi et l., 2006). sweet fruits tht rop to the groun when ripe. The Enteroloium ylorpum is ntive Neotropil mesorp is soft while the see is reltively hr. mimoseous legume tree, foun minly in the eiuous Aoring to Jnzen (1981), its fruits re vily eten y lowlns forests (Jnzen, 1981). The legume is esily free-rnging horses, suggesting its utilistion for estlishe n fst growing to mturity over short livestok. Spot test of etermining seonry metolites perio of time thn the most ommon legume plnts (Byemi et l., 2004) n in vitro fermenttion in Nigeri. In preliminry stuy, Ezenw (1998) tehnique re rpi n ost effetive methos of reommene the legume to e suitle for use in ssessing the nutritive vlue of feestuffs. The present intensive fee gren in Southwestern Nigeri, eing fst stuy ws unertken to etermine the toxi ftors, n luxurious in growth. In the southwest of Nigeri, nutrient omposition n the in vitro igestiility of the Enteroloium ylorpum folige hs not een epte lef, see n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum. Corresponing Author: Dr. O.J. Byemi, Deprtment of Animl Siene, University of In, In, Nigeri 113

2 Worl J. Zool., 1 (2): , 2006 MATERIALS AND METHODS ontent ws evlute from the height of the fom lyer s negtive (< 5 mm), low (5-9 mm), meium Folige n fruit olletion: In Jnury 2006, the folige (10-14 mm) n high (>15 mm). For phenol nlysis, 1 ml n fruits were ollete from Enteroloium ylorpum from the MW frtion ws ispense into five ottles plot tht ws estlishe in 1995, from the Tehing n with 1% iron III hlorie (w/v) e t ifferent levels Reserh Frm, University of In, In. The lotion (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 n 1 ml, respetively). Phenols form is 7 27'N n 3 45'E t ltitue m ove se level; omplexes with ferri iron, resulting in lue solution men temperture of C n the verge nnul n hene, their presene ws sore s: no phenols rinfll of out 1250 mm. The leves were otine fter (no olour hnge), hyrolysle (rk-lue) n felling the tree while fruits were hn pike from the onense tnnins (rk-green). For sterois, 10 ml groun. Dry mtter of the leves n the fruits were from PE frtion ws evporte in wter th t immeitely etermine t 105 C. 45ºC n 0.5 ml hloroform; 0.25 ml eti nhyrie n ml onentrte tetroxo sulphte IV were Proximte omposition: Crue protein, rue fire, ether e. The mixture ws gitte riefly n the olour extrt n sh ontents of the lef, sees, po n the retion ws esse eing sterois (lue or green), whole fruits were etermine oring to AOAC (1990). triterpenois (re, pink or purple) or sturte Crue Protein (CP) nlysis ws y the proess of sterois (light yellow). Kjelhl. It ws effete through the reking own of 2 g smple (n = 2) in 25 ml onentrte tetroxo sulphte In vitro gs proution: Rumen flui ws otine VI is plus selenium, using Gerhrt Kjelhtherm (Gerrt GmH + Co. kg Frik fur Lorgerte Postfh 1628 D53006 Bonn) until n opque olour ws otine. The igeste smple ws reste for 12 h, ilute with istille wter n mke up to the mrk in 250 ml volumetri flsk. Five mililiter of the igest ws pipette n istille with 40% soium hyroxie n the ionise mmonium ws trppe y ori i. The istillte ws immeitely titrte (n = 3) with 0.01 N hyrogen from 3 WAD femle gots through sution tue efore morning fee, normlly fe with onentrte fee (40% orn, 10% whet offl, 10% plm kernel ke, 20% grounnut ke, 5% soyen mel, 10% rie rewers grin, 1% ommon slt, 3.75% oyster shell n 0.25% fish mel. Inution ws s reporte (Fievez et l., 2005) using 120 ml lirte syringes in three th inution t 39ºC. Into 200 mg smple (n = 3) in the syringe ws introue 30 ml inoulums ontining hlorie. In orer to otin the perentge CP, the heese loth strine rumen liquor n uffer (NHCO 3 + mount of nitrogen ws multiplie y ftor N2HPO 4 + KCl + NCl + MgSO 4.7H2O + CCl 2.2H2O) Clium, phosphorus, mgnesium, mngnese, iron, opper n zin were igeste in 1:4 perhlori i n onentrte trioxo nitrte V. The minerls in the igeste smple were etermine using tomi sorption spetrophotometer (GBC 908AA, GBC Austrli) ut soium n potssium in flme photometer (Corning Flme Photometer 410). (1:4, v/v) uner ontinuous flushing with CO. The gs 2 proution ws mesure t 6, 12, 18, 24 n 30 h n fter 30 h post inution, 4 ml of soium hyroxie (10 M) ws introue to estimte methne proution. The verge of the volume of gs proue from the lnks ws eute from the volume of gs proue per smple. Qulittive etermintion of sponin, phenols n sterois: Sponin, phenols n sterois were etermine s reporte y Byemi n Bmikole (2006). Briefly, 2 g eh of the lef, sees, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum were extrte with 30 ml of Petroleum Ether (PE) n 25 ml of methnol wter (MW, 9/1, v/v). The mixture ws shken t 250 revolutions per minute for 1.5 h, filtere n seprte y funnel. The lower (MW) n upper lyers were emptie into 50 ml volumetri flsks. From the MW frtion, 1.67 ml ws ispense in 9 ml istille wter, filtere n out of it; 1 ml ws tken into test tue. The test tue ws shken for 30 se n left to stn for 15 min. Sponin Sttistil nlysis: Metolisle Energy (ME) ws lulte s ME = GV CP CF (Menke n Steingss, 1988). Orgni mtter igestiility (OMD%) ws ssesses s OMD = GV CP XA (Menke n Steingss, 1988). Short Chin Ftty Ais (SCFA) s GV (Gethew et l., 1999) ws lso otine, where GV, CP, CF n XA re totl gs volume, rue protein, rue fire n sh respetively. Dt otine were sujete to nlysis of vrine. Where signifint ifferenes ourre, the mens were seprte using Dunn multiple rnge F-test of the SAS (Sttistil Anlysis System Institute In., 1988) options. 114

3 Worl J. Zool., 1 (2): , 2006 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Tle 1 is the proximte omposition of the lef, see, po n whole fruit of E. ylorpum. The lef ws lowest (39.08%) n highest (87.34%) in see for DM mtter ontent. All the prts re reltively high in protein, rnging from in po to 21.7% in the see. The mterils were lso high in rue fire (rnge %). Ether extrt ws lmost the sme for ll the prts of the Tle 1: Proximte omposition (g/100 g DM) of the lef, see, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum Nutrient omposition Dry Crue Crue Ether Prmeters mtter protein fire extrt Ash Lef See Po Whole fruit Tle 2: Qulity of sponin, phenols n sterois in lef, see, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum Sponin Sterois Fom height E. ylorpum (mm) Comment Phenols Colour Comment Lef 6.0 Meium None Green sterois See 1.0 Negligile None Deep green sterois Po 2.5 Negligile None Light green sterois Whole fruit 1.5 Negligile None Light green sterois Tle 3: Some mjor (g/100 g DM) n tre (ppm) minerl ompositions of the lef, sees, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum Enteroloium prts Minerls Lef See Po Whole fruit Mjor minerls Clium 0.95 ± ± ± ±0.190 Phosphorus 0.41 ± ± ± ±0.060 Mgnesium 0.38 ± ± ± ±0.050 Soium 0.13 ± ± ± ±0.003 Potssium 1.83 ± ± ± ±0.120 Tre minerls Iron ± ± ± ±1.660 Copper ± ± ± ±1.170 Zin ± ± ± ±0.860 Mngnese ± ± ± ± Mens long the sme olumn with ifferent supersripts re signifintly ifferent (p<0.05) legume rnging etween 10.0% in the see n 11.2% in the po. The smples were low in sh ontent. The vntge of the fruit over the lef of the Enteroloium is ovious, s the fruit ws high in DM, CP n CF. The folige of the legume is yet to e relishe y livestok in Nigeri, ut the fruits re seen to e svenge y rnging nimls elsewhere (Jnzen, 1981). Tle 2 presents the sponin, phenols n sterois etermine qulittively in the smples. All the prts of the Enteroloium ontine sterois. Steroi is lwys present in plnts ut the quntity my iffer, epening on the nture of the plnt (Byemi et l., 2004). The lef ontine sponin, n importnt nitnutritionl ftor. Neither hyrolysle nor onense tnnin ws present in the lef, see n whole fruit. Figure 1 shows the in vitro gs proution of the lef, see, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum. In ll the prts of the legume, there ws stey inrese in the gs proution for over perio of 30 h. The gs proution ws in the orer of see>whole fruit>po>lef. The reson for the low gs proution in the lef oul e ttriute to the high mount of sponin (Tle 2). Sponin is known to eter the tivities of teri in the rumen (Byemi et l., 2004). A high sponin in the lef n the low ones in the see, po n whole fruits is n importnt ftor s it etermines the extent of their fermenttion in the rumen. A non vilility of tnnin in the smples suggests tht some of them e vlule protein supplements in ruminnt iets (Agng n Mosse, 2001). This ws further mnifeste in the methne proution (Fig. 2) where methne preponerne showe inhiitory fetures. This is nutritionlly meningful to the ruminnts. When ry mtter egrtion ours in the rumen y the tion of miro orgnisms, there is proution of gs whih minly onstitutes hyrogen, ronioxie n methne. Fig. 1: In vitro gs proution of the lef, see, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum 115

4 Worl J. Zool., 1 (2): , 2006 Tle 4: Net gs volume (NGV = ml/200 mg DM), Metolizle energy (ME = MJ/kg DM), orgni mtter igestiility (OMD=%), short hin ftty is (µ mol) of the ifferent prts of Enteroloium ylorpum Gs proution prmeters Forge prts NGV ME OMD SCFA Lef See Po Whole fruit SEM = Mens on the sme olumn with ifferent supersripts re signifintly ifferent (p<0.05) Fig. 2: Methne proution of the lef, see, po n whole fruit of Enteroloium ylorpum Methne proution hs negtive effets on the nimls in one hn s it is n energy loss to the niml n on the other hn, when umultes in the rumen, it results in lot. Sponin in some tropil fruits ws lso oserve s n tive ompoun responsile for the suppression of methnogenesis in funte n efunte rumen flui (Hess et l., 2003). Tle 3 presents the minerl omposition of the Enteroloium prts ssesse. The lium onstituent rnge etween 0.65% in see n 0.95% in lef. Phosphorus ontent rnge from 0.28% in see to 0.54% in po. Mgnesium ontent rnge from 0.31% in whole fruit to 0.39% in po. Soium ontent ws generlly low n it rnge from 0.05% in see to 0.13% in lef. Potssium ontent rnge from 0.88% in whole fruit to 1.68% in lef. The ontent of iron rnge from ppm in see to ppm in po. Copper ws lso lowest (10.09 ppm) in see n highest (19.15 ppm) in lef. Zin ontent rnge etween ppm in whole fruit n ppm in lef. A wier rnge ws oserve for mngnese s it rnge from ppm in po n ppm in lef. Generlly, the mjor minerls exept soium, were within the rnge vlues previously reporte (MDowell, 1985). The vlues re equte to meet the requirement for growth, reproution n milk in West Afrin wrf sheep n gots. The lium n phosphorus rtio were within the pprove 1:1 to 2:1 rnge reommene (MDowell, 1985). Similr tren ws lso reporte for some tropil rowse plnts (Agng n Mosse, 2001). Zin, mngnese, opper n soium ontents in the present stuy were extremely efiient in the Enteroloium prts. This therefore onnotes tht the fee my e fortifie with the minerls in form of either slt lik or iet inlusions. Dt presente in Tle 4 re Metolisle Energy (ME), Orgni Mtter Digestiility (OMD) n Short Chin Ftty Ais (SCFA). The ME (MJ) rnge from 7.66 in lef to in see. Orgni mtter igestiility (%) rnge etween in lef n in see. Short hin ftty is ontent followe the sme tren eing highest (1.68) in see n lowest in lef (0.69). There were signifint ifferenes in ll these prmeters mong the lef, sees, po n whole fruit. Metolisle energy ws highest (p<0.05) in the see n signifintly lowest (p>0.05) in the lef. Similr trens were oserve for OMD n SCFA proutions. A mutul reltionship exists etween totl gs proution n ME, OMD n SCFA (Agng n Mosse, 2001). CONCLUSIONS The ifferent prts of the Enteroloium ylorpum hve nutrient potentils to e utilize y ruminnts. The lef ontins more sponin thn other prts, leing to its low in vitro gs proution prmeters, suggesting its less eptility y livestok. The see n the whole fruit n e use s supplement, eing high in net gs proution, metolisle energy, orgni mtter igestiility n short hin ftty is. REFERENCES Agng, A.A. n K.W. Mosse, Tnnin ontent, nutritive vlue n ry mtter igestiility of Lonhorpus ss, Zizyphus muront, Slerory irre, Kirki uminte n Rhus lne sees. Anim. Fee Si. Tehnol., 91: AOAC, The offiil methos of Anlysis. th Assoition of offiil Anlytil Chemists, 15 En., Wshington DC. 116

5 Worl J. Zool., 1 (2): , 2006 Byemi, O.J., F.T. Ajyi, A.A. Tiwo, M.A. Bmiloke Gethew, G., H.P.S. Mkkr n K. Beker, n A.K. Fjimi, Performne of West Afrin Stoihiometri reltionship etween short hin ftty wrf gots fe Pnium mximum n onentrte is n in vitro gs proution in presene n iets supplemente with Ll (Ll purpureus), polyethyleneglyol for tnnin ontining rowses. Leuen (Leuen leuoephl) n Gliriii EAAP stelite symposium. (Gliriii sepium) folige. Nig. J. Anim. Pro., Hess, H.D., M. Kreuzer, T.E. Diz, C.E. Lsno, J.E. 33: Crnull, C.R. Soliv n A. Mhmullr, Byemi, O.J., D. Demeyer n V. Fievez, Nutritive Sponin rih tropil fruits ffet fermenttion n vlue n qulittive ssessment of seonry methnogenesis in funte n efunte rumen ompouns in sees of eight tropil rowse, shru flui. Anim. Fee Si. Tehnol., 109: n pulse legumes. Comm. Appl. Biol. Si., 69: 103- Jnzen, D.H., Enteroloium ylorpum see 110 pssge rte n survivl in horses, Cost Rin Byemi, O.J., D. Demeyer n V. Fievez, In vitro Pleistoene see ispersl gents. Eology, 62: 593- fermenttion of tropil rowse sees in reltion to 901 their ontent of seonry metolites. J. Anim. n MDowell, L.R., Nutrition of grzing ruminnts in Fee Si., 13 Suppl. 1: wrm limtes. Aemi Press/Hrourt Bre Byemi, O.J. n M.A. Bmikole, Effets of Jovnovih, Lonon. Tephrosi ni DC lef n its mixtures with Menke, K.H. n H. Steingss, Estimtion of the Guine grss on in vitro fermenttion hnges s energeti fee vlue from hemil nlysis n in fee for ruminnts in Nigeri. Pk. J. Nutr., 5: vitro gs proution using rumen flui. Anim. Res. Ezenw, I., Preliminry evlution of the suitility Develop., 28: of Enteroloium ylorpum for use in intensive Sttistil Anlysis System Institute In., SASSTAT fee gren in southwestern Nigeri. Agrofor. Syst., progrmme, Cry, NC: SAS Institute In. 44: Fievez, V., O.J. Byemi n D. Demeyer, Estimtion of iret n iniret gs proution in syringes: A tool to estimte short hin ftty i proution requiring miniml lortory filities. Anim. Fee Si. n Tehnol., :

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