Effect of Different non Starch Polysaccharides in Semi Purified Diets on Performance and Intestinal Microflora of Young Broiler Chickens

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 5 (6): , 2006 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2006 Effet of Different non Strh Polyshries in Semi Purifie Diets on Performne n Intestinl Miroflor of Young Broiler Chikens M.D. Shkouri, H. Kermnshhi n M. Mohsenzeh Deprtment of Animl Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, Ferowsi University of Mshh, Mshh, P. O. Box: , Irn 2 Deprtment of Pthoiology, Fulty of Veterinry, Ferowsi University of Mshh, Mshh, P.O. Box: 1793, Irn 1 Astrt: An experiment ws onute with roiler hikens to stuy the effet of ifferent non strh polyshries; NSPs (ellulose, petin n roxymethyl ellulose; CMC) on growth performne n intestinl miroflor. 96 y-ol mle hikens were llote to 4 experimentl iets ( semi purifie ontrol iet or iets ontining 3% of ove mentione NSPs) in ompletely rnomize esign for two weeks. On y 10, one ir from eh replite ws slughtere to remove the intestinl ontents for miroil nlyses. Aoring to the results, totl fee intke over 2 weeks ws inrese (P<0.0001) s result of ellulose ition to the iet. The finl oy weight n lso fee onversion rtio of hikens on this iet were improve (P<0.0001). Growth performne prmeters were rmtilly eline y CMC (P<0.0001). Petin signifintly (P<0.001) inrese the numer of totl neroes in the uoenum. CMC resulte in higher el numer of Enteroteriee (P<0.001). Compre to the ontrol iet, ll NSPs erese the numer of lti i teri in the intestinl segments. Uner the onitions of this stuy, it ws onlue tht ifferent NSPs re te ifferently on performne n intestinl miroflor when impose to roiler hikens. Key wors: Petin, ellulose, roxymethyle ellulose, miroflor, roiler Introution Non strh polyshries (NSPs) s omponents of severl poultry fee ingreients hve een the interest of reserhes in reent yers. These polyshries inlue lrge vriety of moleules n re lssifie into three min groups; ellulose, non ellulosi polymers n peti polyshries (Chot, 1997). Smits n Annison (1996) reviewe the physio-hemil property of NSPs n onlue tht their ntinutritionl effet in poultry iets, re risen from their soluility n visosity. It is lso reporte tht the ntinutritionl effets of wter solule NSP on roiler performne n epression of nutrient igestiility re minly meite y intestinl miroflor (Chot et l., 1996; Lngout et l., 1999). The miroflor of gstrointestinl trt, espeilly in the posterior prts, plys n importnt role uring the growth of roiler hikens. Bteril ensities in the ileum n e of y-ol roiler hikens inrese 9 11 n reh to 10 n 10 per grm of igest, respetively, then remin reltively onstnt for the following 30 ys (Apjlhti et l., 2004). The miroil popultion lso hnges y ge. Enteroteriee n enterooi re ominnt in the e of 3 y-ol roilers, ut erese when irs get oler (vn er Wielen et l., 2000). Ltoilli re present in lrge numers s well in 3 y-ol hiks n retin stle uring the growth of roiler n mke up the mjor speies present in the smll intestine n e (vn er Wielen et l., 2000; Amit-Romh, 2004). It is emonstrte tht mnipultion of iet s proviing sustrtes n ffet the omposition n tivity of gstrointestinl miroflor in roilers (Wgner n Thoms, 1978; Chot et l., 1996; Dnike et l., 1999). Although it is shown tht inlusion of solule NSP suh s CMC (vn er Klis et l., 1993; Smits et l., 1998), non fermentle n visus fire, n petin (Wgner n Thoms, 1978; Rike et l., 1982 n Lngout et l., 1999) in roiler iets n erese the ir performne, there re limitte pulishe reports on the effet of these fires on intestinl miroflor. Smits et l., 1998 reporte tht inlusion of CMC in the roiler iet inrese totl eroi n neroi miroil ounts in the igest of proximl prts (uoenum plus jejunum) of intestine. Aition of high methylte itrus petin lso hnge the intestinl miroil popultion n inrese the miroil tivity in the ileum espeilly those of Enterooi, Bteroiee, Clostrii, E. oli (Lnghout et l., 1999) n totl ounts of neroi teri in the smll intestine (Wnger n Thoms, 1978). Unlike the solule fires, insolule fires effet on the omposition n quntity of the miroflor is reltively insignifint (Hetln et l., 2004). There is no report on the omprison of ifferent fires effet in ny tril, 557

2 Shkouri et l.: Effet of Different non Strh Polyshries in Semi Purifie Diets so the im of this stuy ws to evlute the influene of some non strh polyshries, petin, CMC n ellulose on growth performne n selete miroil popultion of intestinl segments in young roilers. Mterils n Methos Birs n iets: Ninety six y-ol Ross mle roiler hikens, otine from ommeril hthery were use for the stuy. The hiks were istriute into 16 ttery ges in groups of 6 with equl group weight. To insure tht the experimentl iets hve minimum fire, semi purifie sl iet (ontrol) ws use to meet the requirements of hikens (NRC, 1994). It is reporte tht the roiler iets roughly ontin 3% of ellulose (Bh Knusen, 1997). Therefore 3% of eh ellulose, CMC n high methylte itrus petin ws reple with the sme prt of orn strh in sl iet (Tle 1). The iets were fe the irs from 1-14 ys of ge. The stuy ws onute in n environmentlly ontrolle room. Fee n wter were provie liitum n light ws provie for 24 h/y while the temperture ws grully reue from the o o initil 32 C to pproximtely 26 C y y 14. Boy weight n fee intke were mesure t the en of eh week. Smple olletion: On y 10, one ir rnomly selete from eh ge (replite) n ws kille y ervil islotion n immeitely fter ressing, smples were ollete (Huener et l., 2002). The omplete intestinl trt ws remove n trnsferre into neroi hmer. Smple sites were then ligte, seprte with sterile slpel n trnsferre into fresh sheets of sterile luminium foil. The igestive trts etween the gizzr n ile ut n from ile ut to Mekel s ivertiulum were remove onsiere s uoenum n jejunum, respetively. The ileum ws isolte s the setion etween Mekel s ivertiulum n the ileoel juntion. The e lso remove n the igest of ll ove mentione segments were otine for miroil stuy. Mei n inution: Homogenize igest ws ilute in physiologil serum solution (0.9% NCl). For miroil etermintion these mei were use: Bloo gr se (liofilhem, Itly) with 7% of efirinte sheep loo for isoltion of totl neroi teri, MRS gr (Liofilhem, Itly) n 0.1% of Tween 80 for isoltion of lti i teri n Violet Re Bile gr (Biote Lortories Lt, UK) for isoltion of Enteroteriee. The numer of totl ulturle neroi teri n lti i teri were ounte fter inution in n neroi 0 hmer t 37 C for 48 hours. Enteroteriee o were enumerte fter eroi inution t 37 C for 24 hours. Tle 1: Composition of the ontrol, Petin, Cellulose n CMC iets (% of iet) Ingreient Control Petin 1 CMC Cellulose Corn strh Petin CMC Cellulose Corn gluten mel Fish mel Dilium phosphte Limestone Soyen oil Slt L-Lysine HCL Vit. n Min. premix Totl Croxymethyl ellulose. Supplying (per kilogrm of iet) retinyl ette, IU; holeliferol, 1800 IU; l-"- toopheryl ette, 36 mg; menion, 5 mg; Thimin, 1.53; Rioflvin, 7.5 mg; lium pntothente, mg; niin, 3.04 mg; pyrioxine, 1.53 mg; foli i, 1.26; ynoolmin, 1.6 mg; iotin, 5 mg; oline hlorie, 1100 mg; ntioxint, 100 mg; Mn, 16.3 mg; Zn, 84.5 mg; Fe, 250 mg; Cu, 20 mg; I, 1.6 mg, Co. Visosity mesurement: To simulte the in vitro ph n ilution of fee in roiler gstrointestinl trt, the proeure of Rzn et l. (1997) ws employe with some moifition. Visosity of superntnts ws + mesure y Brookfiel DV II visosimeter (Brookfiel Engineering lortories) with CP 40 one. Sttistil nlysis: A ompletely rnomize esign (CRD) with 4 replites ws employe. Dt were nlyze y GLM proeure of Sttistil Anlysis System (SAS, 1998). Dunn s multiple rnge test ws use when mens were signifint (P<0.05). Logrithmi (log 10) trnsformtion ws pplie for miroil olony forming unit (CFU). Results Visosity: In vitro visosity of experimentl iets expose with ifferent ph to mimi the GIT, is shown in Tle 2. CMC signifintly (P<0.01) inrese the visosity of iet in ll solvents. The visosity of the iet ontining ellulose ws similr to the ontrol. Petin lso signifintly (P<0.01) inrese the visosity ompre to the ontrol iet, ut h less visosity thn CMC. Chnging ph y iifition n the neutrliztion numerilly eline the visosity of CMC n petin iets. Growth performne: The performne t re presente in Tle 3. Fee intke, oy weight n fee onversion rtio of roiler hikens were ffete y the tretments. Compre to the ontrol iet, 558

3 Shkouri et l.: Effet of Different non Strh Polyshries in Semi Purifie Diets Tle 2: Visosity (m P.s) of experimentl iets (n=6) suspene in istille wter, iifie (HCL) n neutrlize (NHCO 3) solvents Control Petin CMC Cellulose SEM P vlue Distille Wter Aiifition Neutrliztion Mens within rows with no ommon supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.001). Tle 3: Effet of ietry tretments on growth performne of roiler hikens Control Petin CMC Cellulose SEM P vlue Fee intke Dys Dys Dys Weight gin Dys Dys Dys Fee onversion rtio Dys Dys Dys Mens within rows with no ommon supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.0001). ellulose inrese (P<0.01) fee intke t week two n the whole perio of the experiment. CMC rmtilly erese (P<0.01) fee intke of the hikens. Petin signifintly (P<0.01) lowere fee intke t 7-14 ys, ut its effet ws similr to tht of ontrol t the perio of With inresing fee intke, weight gin of the hikens fe on ellulose lso inrese n fee onversion rtio erese signifintly (P<0.01). CMC showe the lest weight gin n the highest fee onversion rtio. Petin in t worsen s CMC i. It lso versely ffete the ir weight gin n fee onversion rtio. Miroil popultion: The results of the teril ounts in ifferent intestinl segments re showe in Tle 4. A ontinuous inrese in teril oloniztion from uoenum to the e ws followe. The numer of totl neroes ws higher in petin fe irs (P<0.001). Cellulose signifintly erese the numer of these teri in the ileum (P<0.0001) n CMC inrese their ounts in the e ompre to the other tretments (P<0.01). The ounts of Enteroteriee were higher in the uoenum n jejunum of roilers fe ellulose (P<0.05), however in jejunum the ifferene ws not signifine etween ellulose n petin fe irs. The hikens fe with CMC n petin h higher Enteroteriee ounts in their e (P<0.001). Lti i teri were ffete y the tretments espeilly in the proximl segments. Cellulose fe irs h the lest ount of lti i teri in the uoenum, jejunum n ileum (P<0.01). There were no signifint ifferenes in el lti i teri mong irs fe ifferent ietry tretments. Disussion The erese fee intke of the irs on the iets ontining petin n prtiulrly CMC ompre to the ontrol iet proly is euse of inresing the intestinl igest visosity (vn er Klis et l., 1993; Lngout et l., 1999) tht uses inrese of fee retention time in the gstrointestinl trt (vn er Klis et l., 1993). Sine, there is reltionship etween rte of fee pssge through the gut n fee onsumption in young hikens (Almirll n Estive- Gri, 1994), inlusion of these solule fires in the iet les to less fee intke. Lower weight gin n higher fee onversion rtio of the irs on these iets re lso preitle ue to less fee intke n less nutrients utiliztion euse of high visosity of the hyme. The results re in greement with the previous stuies y semi-purifie (vn er Klis et l., 1993; Smits et l., 1998) n prtil iets (Wnger n Thoms, 1978; Lnghout et l., 1999). In ontrst, ition of ellulose resulte in high fee intke n weight gin. It is note tht ellulose s n insolule fire n ffet gut funtion y inresing igest pssge rte n moulting nutrient igestiility, espeilly strh (Hetln et l., 2004). So, higher fee intke of irs fe with ellulose iet my e relte to fster gut emptying of these irs. Biohemil onitions in the igest, s result of fee omposition or physiologil responses from the host will ffet sustrte vilility n onentrtion n thus miroil prout formtion (Brrow, 1992). In this stuy, hnging the fee omposition y inluing ifferent NSPs moifie selete miroil popultion in ifferent segments of intestine. Inlusion of petin in the iet resulte the highest ounts of totl 559

4 Shkouri et l.: Effet of Different non Strh Polyshries in Semi Purifie Diets Tle 4: Effet of ietry tretments on the ounts of selete miroflor (log CFU/ grm igest) of ifferent intestinl segments of roilers (10 of ge) Control Petin CMC Cellulose SEM P vlue Totl neroes Duoenum Ce Enteroteriee Duoenum Ce Lti i teri Duoenum Ce Mens within rows with no ommon supersript iffer signifintly (P<0.05). neroi teri in the proximl prts. There re no ler reports of petin effet on the miroflor of uoenum n jejunum to ompre the results otine y this experiment. In the ileum, the result is in greement with Lnghout et l. (1999) who inite tht high methylte itrus petin (3% of iet) h no effet on totl neroi teri of this segment. The results otine y CMC isgree with the erlier report (Smits et l., 1998) initing the role of CMC (1.5% of iet) to inrese the numer of neroi teri in the igest of proximl prts (uoenum plus jejunum) of intestine. It is likely tht high level of inlue CMC (3% of the iet) resulte in high visosity in the posterior prts like rop (Tle 2) n rete goo environment y reuing igest flow for teril tivity in this prt of the gut. Inresing Enteroteriee ounts in the e of irs fe CMC, is proly euse of visous igest. It hs een shown tht ietry erels les to high intestinl visosity enhne enteroteri (Dnike et l., 1999; Huener et l., 2002). Lti i prouing teri re the ominnt ulturle teri in the smll intestine of poultry (Engerg et l., 2000). These teri re onsiere s enefiil miroflor for the host. In this experiment ompre to the ontrol iet, solule or insolule fires inlue into the iets in t inrese these enefiil teri. Conlusion: Uner the onitions of this stuy, the ifferent effets of solule n insolule NSPs on roiler performne n intestinl miroflor were oserve. Solule fires erese the performne of roiler hikens tht my prtly e ontriute to hnging the physio-hemil onitions of the gut n possily the hnging of the miroflor. In ontrst, insolule fire (ellulose) resulte in etter performne of the hikens ompre to the ontrol. Aknowlegment The finnil support of Ferowsi University of Mshh is grtefully knowlege y the uthors. Referenes Almirll, M. n E. Estive-Gri, Rte of pssge of rley iets with hromium oxie: Influene of ge n poultry strin n effet of $- glunse supplementtion. Poult. Si., 73: Amit-Romh, E., D. Skln n Z. Uni, Miroflor eology of the hiken intestine using 16S riosoml DNA primers. Poult. Si., 83: Apjlhti, J., A. Kettunen n H. Grhm, Chrteristis of the gstrointestinl miroil ommunities, with speil referene to the hiken. Worl s Poult. Si. J., 60: Bh Knusen, K.E., Crohyrte n lignin ontents of plnt mterils use in niml feeing. Anim. Fee Si. Te., 67: Brrow, P.A., Proiotis for hiken. In: Fuller, R. (E.), Proiotis: The sientifi sis. Chpmn n Hll, Lonon, pp: Chot, M., R.J. Hughes, J. Wng, M.R. Befor, A.J. Morn n G. Annison, Inrese smll intestinl fermenttion is prtly responsile for the nti-nutritive tivity of non-strh polyshries in hikens. Br. Poul. Si., 37: Chot, M., Fee non strh polyshries: hemil strutures n nutritionl signifine. Fee Milling Interntionl, June: Dnike, S., W. Vhjen, O. Simon n H. Joreh, Effet of ietry ft type n xylnse supplementtion to rye-se roiler on selete teril groups hering to the intestinl epithelium on trnsit time of fee n on nutrient igestiility. Poult. Si., 78:

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