Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver Zizanioides: A Green Technology to Remove Pollutants from Pampa River by Hydroponic Technique

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1 Aville online t Inin Journl of Avnes in Chemil Siene 4(4) (2016) Phytoremeition Potentil of Vetiver Ziznioies: A Green Tehnology to Remove Pollutnts from Pmp River y Hyroponi Tehnique N. Girij 1 *, My M. Nir 1, S. Lkshmi 1, Soumy S. Pilli 2 Deprtment of Chemistry, Devswom Bor Pmp College, Pruml , Kerl, Ini, 2 Deprtment of Chemistry, N.S.S.College, Chngnhery Kerl, Ini. Reeive 5 th Otoer 2016; Aepte 18 th Otoer 2016 Inin Journl of Avnes in Chemil Siene ABSTRACT Pmp river is the thir longest n one of the most stresse rivers in Kerl. Hene, mny reserhes hve een one highlighting the pollution sttus of Pmp river. In this stuy, phytoremeition, the ost-effetive n eofrienly tehnique ws employe for the removl of ontminnts from this river. By plnting Vetiver ziznioies for 6 months y hyroponi tehnique, the mount of le, merury, n most prole numer of oliform ws foun to e erese y 100%. A lrge erese of ye ontent ws lso notie y this tehnique. Key wors: Miroiologil ontmintion, Hyroponi tehnique, Phytoremeition, Vetiver ziznioies, Pollutnt removl effiieny. 1. INTRODUCTION Wter is the most importnt resoure, roun whih the life on erth revolves. Even though erth hols 70% of surfe wter, unfortuntely, only <1% of the wter supply n e use for rinking. The umping of pollutnts iretly or iniretly to the wter oies hs inrese signifintly in the reent times ue to the growth of humn popultion, inustries, griulturl tivities, et. Wter pollution ours ue to the ition of lot of unesirle mterils into the quti systems. Pmp river is one of the most importnt rivers in the South Western Hills of Kerl. The fmous shrine of Sriml, one of the most populr pilgrim enters in South Ini is situte in the hills of Pmp plteu. Lk of snitry ltrines, lk of filities for sewge olletion n tretment, umultion of wstes ishrge from hotels, n ommeril estlishments lote t Sriml re the mjor soures for the pollution of Pmp river [1]. The pollution is minly ue to humn exret n ioegrle wstes suh s use leves, vegetle wstes, isre lothes, n foo wstes [2]. Inisriminte isposl of use plsti ottles form the mjor portions of the nonioegrle wste. The pollute Pmp river wter hs eome host to mny wterorne iseses in the Distrit of Pthnmthitt n Alppuzh. Dumping of wste from slughterhouses n hiken orners into the Pmp river is nother mjor issue of pollution. *Corresponing Author: E-mil: ngirij65@gmil.om Erumely is ple where the fmous Pett Thulll is tking ple. During Pett Thulll eh evotee pints his oy with green-, lk-, n re-olore kumkum. This kumkum will ontin toxi hevy metls suh s merury n le s well s rinogeni syntheti yes [3]. Pett Thulll tkes ple lmost every y from the first of the Mlylm month of Vrihikm till ouple of ys efore the losing of Sriml temple on Mkrm. The evotees wsh their oies in Pmp River fter the Pett Thulll. The effets of the volume of the ely oktil of pollutnts woul intensify n trnsform Pmp river into hot spot of pollution over the oming yers. The hzrous pollution in Pmp river invite the ttention of reserhers ross the ountry, n their reserh ppers highlighte its volume of ontmintion. Unfortuntely, no nturl remey ws suggeste for this urning issue. Conventionl methos of wter purifition re uneonomi n isrupt the struture n fertility of the soil. Here, we re suggesting n eo-frienly n eonomi green tehnology for wter purifition. We fouse on phytoremeition tehnique using Vetiver Ziznioies (VZ), ommonly lle s Rmhm y hyroponi tehnique. Sine VZ is verstile plnt ple of growing in ifferent onitions, it n e effetively employe for the remeition of pollutnts from ontminte wter. 464

2 2. EXPERIMENTAL Wter smples were ollete from two selete sttions of Pmp river. Sttion I ws the region were evotees wsh their oy fter Pett Thulll. One of the mjor prolems enountere in this sttion ws the proution of lrge volumes of highly olore wstewter. Sttion II ws ple ner Sriml temple where pilgrims use wter for their snitry purpose Wter Smpling n Chrteriztion Bottles were thoroughly lene with istille wter n rinse with wter smples efore smpling. Aout 1.5 L of wter smples from the sttions were ollete, without ir ules, in 2 L sterile ottles etween m. The preservtion of smples in the lortory ws performe s per stnr proeure [4]. Chemil n iologil prmeters were mesure y stnr methos. Merury n le present in wter were nlyze using inutively ouple plsm-tomi emission spetrosopy (ICP-AES). Syntheti ye ontent in wter smple ws rrie out y ultrviolet (UV)-visile spetrl nlysis in the rnge of nm Phytoremeition of Wste using VZ Phytoremeition refers to the nturl ility of ertin plnts lle hyperumultors to ioumulte, egre or rener hrmless ontminnts in wter, ir or soil. Contminnts suh s metls, pestiies, solvents, n rue oil n its erivtives hve een mitigte in phytoremeition projets worlwie. This metho oes not require ny expensive equipment or highly experiene personnel n hene esy to implement [5] Plnt Mteril Helthy VZ lumps were selete from vetiver nursery. 3 weeks ol VZ slips of roughly sme size were use. They were remove from the propgting fiel, n the roots were lene refully to remove ny hering soil. The shoots were ut k pproximtely in 10 m height to reue trnspirtion n root length 10 m were use for phytoremeition experiment Pot Experiment Pilot stuies hve een rrie out in the lortory, using ontiners of 10 L pities to rry out the experiment. A preliminry tril ws onute over 6 months. Clumps of VZ were grown in wstewter ollete from sttion In II with floting isln tehnique in ontiners supporte y thermool. Eh ontiner hs one lump n their xis ws kept sumerge in the wstewter n llowe to grow for 6 months. The pots were ple on level onrete pltform whih ws not she throughout the y to ensure goo shoot growth. All the pots reeive the sme mount of sunlight n het uring the tril. Control (wstewter from sttions without plnt) ws lso kept uner the sme onition Chrteriztion of Wter uring Pot Culture Stuy During the growth of VZ smll liquots of wter smples from eh ontiner ws rwn fter every 2 months, n hemil n iologil prmeters were mesure y stnr proeure. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS UV-vis n ICP-AES nlysis of wter smple ollete from sttion I onfirme the presene of high lo of syntheti ye n hevy metls (le n merury) in it. Miroiologil nlysis of wter smple ollete from sttion II onfirme the ontmintion of oliform teri Phytoremeition of Wstewter using VZ Phytoremeition of merury in sttion I Merury settle own n remins in seiments, n hene, is onsiere s the most ngerous pollutnt. Before plnting VZ, the mount of merury in sttion I ws 2.5 mgl 1 uring the pilgrimge seson. The permissile limit of merury in rinking wter is mgl 1 [6]. After plnting VZ, the merury level ereses for every 2 months s shown y Figure 1. After 4 months of plnting, 100% reution of merury level ws foun, ompre to tht in the ontrol pot. Similr results were otine y Truong y plnting VZ in the Lke n Yolo ountries of Northern Cliforni [7] Phytoremeition of le in sttion I Initilly, the onentrtion of le in sttion I ws 1.03 mgl 1. The permissile limit of le in wter is mgl 1 [8]. After plnting VZ, there ws reution in the onentrtion of le in every 2 months whih is evient from Figure % reution of le ws foun fter 4 months of plnting, ompre to tht in the ontrol pot. This result ws in lose greement with the stuy onute y Wile n oworkers. They plnte VZ in syntheti wstewter for 4 months wherey the onentrtion of le ws foun to e elow etetle limit [9]. VZ is tolernt to extremely high levels of P in soil [10]. Most of the sore P in VZ plnts tens to umulte in the roots, n only smll portion move to shoots [11] Phytoremeition of syntheti ye UV-vis spetrl nlysis in the rnge of nm ws tken fter every 2 months of tretment with VZ. The erese in the mount of ye in the wter smple within 2-6 months s onfirme y UV-vis spetr is shown in Figure 3. This lerly suggests tht VZ is highly enefiil for phytoremeition of ye in wstewter. The removl of olor from ye ering wstewter y VZ my e ue to its lrge-size root system n luxurint growth in the meium. 465

3 Phytoremeition of oliform Aout 100% removl of most prole numer of Coliform from wstewter ws oserve y plnting VZ for 6 months. In the ontrol smple whih ws kept ile for 6 months, there hs een stey inrese of oliform teri is shown in Figure 4. This my e ue to the fvorle onition for the growth of oliform in stgnnt wter. Similr work hs een rrie out in Austrli n foun tht VZ suessfully remove the wste prouts from the septi tnk effluent [12]. Figure 5 shows the growth performne of VZ fter 6 months of plnting. Vrition of the olor of wstewter fter plnting VZ with n intervl of 2 months is shown in Figure 6. The reution in the olor intensity ws ue to the high ye sorption effiieny of VZ Snning eletron mirosopy (SEM) SEM result of VZ root n shoot with referene shows moifition of the surfe. This is euse of the Chemil nlysis of VZ fter phytoremeition VZ grew well in the wstewter with no visile signs of verse effet n root n shoot grow effiiently. Figure 4: Vrition of most prole numer of oliform fter plnting Vetiver ziznioies. Figure 1: Vrition of Hg (mgl 1 ) fter plnting Vetiver ziznioies. Figure 5: Growth performne of Vetiver ziznioies shoot n root in the wstewter. () At strting perio, () shoot fter 6 months, () root fter 6 months. Figure 2: Vrition of P (mgl 1 ) y plnting Vetiver ziznioies. Figure 3: UV-vis spetrl nlysis nlysis of ye ontent fter, () 2 months, () 4 months, () 6 months of plnting Vetiver ziznioies. Figure 6: Wter smples from the ontrol pot n tretment pot with 2 months intervl. () Initil, () fter 2 months, () fter 4 months, () fter 6 months of plnting Vetiver ziznioies (VZ) 466

4 sorption of hevy metls suh s merury n le. The smple root surfe shows greter vrition thn referene root. This inites tht the pollutnt ws lrgely sore in the root iomss. There is little vrition in shoot surfe s ompre to the referene shoot. This my e ue to the umultion of hevy metls in root iomss with little trnsporttion to shoot (Figure 7) Gs hromtogrphy with mss spetrum (GC-MS) nlysis The hloroform extrt fter removing the wx ontent, of powere VZ root n shoot plnte in the meium n ontrol were use for the GC-MS nlysis. The wx ontent ws foun to e more in the plnts grown in the pollute meium. The reson ws ue to the ft tht the plnt hs to proue more wx to fe the stress onition in the pollute wter [13]. GC-MS stuy of VZ revele qulittive Figure 7: Snning eletron mirosopy nlysis of Vetiver ziznioies root n shoot. () Smple root, () referene root, () smple shoot () referene shoot. nlysis of ifferent onstituent efore n fter plnting the pollute meium. The hemil smples hloroform ientities of numer of ompouns from root n lef extrt were etermine y mthing their reore mss spetr with t nk spetr (NIST n WILLEY lirries) provie y the instrument. The ompouns ientifie in the root extrt efore plnting in the ontminte wter t retention time 14.8 were terpinen-4-ol (mol.wt.154), vetivone (mol.wt.218), khusimone (mol.wt.204), n khusimol (mol.wt.220). Similr omponents were reporte y the GC-MS nlysis of VZ roots grown uner ifferent ultivtion onitions [14]. The ove omponents were foun to e sent in the root extrt fter plnting VZ in the pollute wter. This my e ue to the ft tht metolism plys signifint role in phytoegrtion of ontminnts s well. The omponents ientifie in the lef extrt of VZ t retention time 14.8 efore plnting in the ontminte wter were 2,4-Pyrimiineione (mol.wt.157), 2-Piperiinone (mol.wt.113), 7-Methylproltm (mol.wt. 127), 2-Methyl-2-(3- oxoutyl)-1,3-ylohexneione (mol.wt.196), n 4,7-eiynoii (mol.wt.164). In the extrt of lef fter plnting in the pollute meium, severl new omponents suh s pentenoi i (mol.wt.242), hexenoi i (mol.wt.256),tetrenoi i (mol.wt.228), n oenoi i (mol.wt.200) were oserve (Figure 8). Phytoegrtion n result in the formtion of toxi intermeite hemils from the originl ontminnt or result in the retion of fewer toxi ompouns, thus hving enefiil effet. Plnts sor ontminnts through root systems n store them in the root iomss n trnsport them to the stem or leves. Figure 8: Gs hromtogrphy with mss spetrum of root extrt. ( n ) An shoot extrt ( n ) of Vetiver ziznioies. () In ontrol, () in wstewter, () in ontrol, () in wstewter. 467

5 4. CONCLUSION The phytoremeition effiieny of VZ ws evlute y plnting it in wstewter of Pmp river y floting pltform tehnique in the l. It hs een shown tht VZ is highly ple of reuing oliform teril ounts y 100% for 6 months of plnting. Merury n le in sttion I ws foun to e erese y 100% y plnting VZ for 4 months. From the UV-vis spetrl nlysis, reution in ye removl ws lso oserve y plnting VZ for 6 months in the wstewter. The ility of VZ to sor hrmful hevy metls, teri, n ye shoul e of gret onern to ll euse fresh wter n effetive snittion re si neessities of ll humn eings. The ft tht VZ reues isese-using teri shoul e reson enough to onsier it s solution for environmentl remeition of pollution. In ition, no hrm n e use y testing it in the environment, s greter hrm is ourring y oing nothing. 5. REFERENCES 1. M. Koshy, (2010) Wter qulity spets of river Pmp, Pollution Reserh, 4(2): F. N. Jll, M. G. S. Kumr, (2013) Wter qulity ssessment of pmp river of Kerl, Ini in reltion to pilgrimge seson, Reserh in Chemistry n Environmentl, 3: A. Kpoor, T. Virrghvn, D. R. Cullimore, (1999) Removl of hevy metls using the fungus Aspergillusniger, Bioresoure Tehnology, 70(1): APHA, (1992) Stnr Methos for Estimtion of Wter n Wste Wter, New York: Amerin Puli Helth Assoition, p P. N. Truong, C. Smel, (2003) Reserh Development n Implition of Vetiver System for Wste Wter Tretment: GELITA APA, Tehnil Bulletin No. 2003/3. Pifi Rim Vetiver Network. Bngkok, Thiln: Offie of the Royl Development Projets Bor. 6. J. W. Hung, J. J. Chen, R. B. Willim, D. C. Sott, (1997) Phytoremeition of leontmintesoils; role of syntheti helte in phytoextrtion, Environmentl Siene n Tehnology, 31: P. Truong, (2000) Applition of the vetiver system for phytoremeition of merury pollutionin the lke n Yolo ounties, Northern Cliforni. Invite Pper Presente t the Pollution Solutions Seminr, Sponsore y the Yolo County Floo Control & Wter Conservtion Distrit n Fmily Wter Alline t Cler Lke. 8. V. Singh, L. Thkur, P. Monl, (2015) Removl of le n hromium from syntheti wstewter using Vetiveri ziznioies, CLEAN - Soil Air Wter, 43: E. W. Wile, R. L. Brigmon, D. L. Dunn, M. A. Heitkmp, D. C. Dugnn, (2005) Phytoextrtionof le from firing rnge soil y vetiver grss, Chemosphere, 61(10): Y. Chen, Z. Shen, X. D. Li, (2004) The use of Vetiver grss (Vetiver ziznioies) in thephytoremeition of soils ontminte with hevy metls, Appilie Geohemistry, 19: Z. G. Shen, X. D. Li, H. M. Chen, C. C Wng, H. Cu, (2002) Phytoextrtion of Pfrom ontminte soil using high iomss speies of plnt, Environ Qulity, 31: P. N. Truong, B. Hrt, (2001) Vetiver System for Wste Wter Tretment, Tehnil Bulletin No. No. 2001/2. Pifi Rim Vetiver Network. Bngkok, Thiln: Royl Development Projet Bor. 13. S. Jyshree, J. Rthinml, P. Lkshmnperumlsmy, (2011) Determintion of hevy metl removl effiieny of Chrysopogon ziznioies (Vetiver) using textile wstewter ontminte soil, Environmentl Siene n Tehnology, 4(5): P. Pripeeveh, S. Wongpornhi, A. Promsiri, (2006) Highly voltile onstituents of Vetiveri ziznioies Roots grown uner ifferent ultivtion onitions, Moleules, 11: *Biliogrphil Sketh Dr. Girij N is working s n Assoite Professor in the Deprtment of Chemistry t Devswom Bor Pmp College, Pruml, Kerl, ffilite to Mhtm Gnhi University, Kottym. She h 22 yers of servie. She h six pulitions n one ongoing minor reserh projet uner UGC. She otine Ph. D in Chemistry from University of Kerl in