Assessment of Silage Quality and Forage Acceptability of Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Roberty) Ensiled with Cassava Peels by Wad Goat

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 12 (6): , 2013 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2013 Assessment of Silge Qulity n Forge Aeptility of Vetiver Grss (Chrysopogon ziznioies L. Roerty) Ensile with Cssv Peels y W Got O.O. Flol, M.C. Als n O.J. Byemi Feerl College of Animl Helth n Proution Tehnology, In, Nigeri 2 Feerl College of Eution (Speil), Oyo, Nigeri 3 Deprtment of Animl Siene, University of In, In, Nigeri 1 Astrt: Vetiver grss ws hrveste t 4, 6 n 8-week regrowth n were ensile with ssv peels t rtio 60:40 n 100% without ssv peels. The qulity n hemil omposition of the silges were ssesse. The silges long with fresh unensile re-growths of vetiver grss were fe to WAD gots in feteri metho to etermine the oeffiient of preferene of the iets. Results showe tht ensiling reue oth the rue protein n rue fier ontents. Ensiling with ssv peels improve the qulity n eptility of the silge while ensile grsses without ssv peels h poor silge qulity n rejetion y the nimls. Key wors: Vetiver grss, silge qulity, hemil omposition, oeffiient of preferene, gots INTRODUCTION Ruminnts in the tropis re rise preominntly on grsses whih re inherently poor in igestiility, nutritive vlue n unville in the off seson (Byemi, 2009). The shortge of goo qulity forge neee to sustin livestok growth espeilly uring the ry seson hs een perennil prolem in Nigeri. The ntive psture eteriorte rpily espeilly in the ry seson, hene the nee for onservtion in form of silge whih is not wether epenent like hy, uring the riny seson; when they re in unnt supply n high in nutritive vlue. Free hoie intke n eptility stuy is quik ssessment of physil qulity of fee. Coeffiient of Preferene (CoP) is iret mesure of eptility n nutritionl pility of feestuff or forge. In reent times feteri tehnique hve een use to ssess the eptility of some forges (Bmikole et l., 2004; Byemi et l., 2006). The fee intke or the pltility of forge is regulte y mny ftors: hrvesting, physil n metoli feek n seonry metolites. Preservtion metho my ffet these ftors, espeilly in reuing the seonry ompouns or nti-nutritionl sustnes. In the tropil humi region, high humiity in the tmosphere n more rins in the proution perio limit the time of mking hy n ensiling is onsiere to e the most promising preservtion tehnique. Ensiling is potent generl metho of forge preservtion n lso form of tretment to osionlly slvge the uner-utilize psture for etter eptility n egrility. In reent yer vetiver hs een wiely known for its effetiveness in erosion n seiment ontrol n hs lso een foun to e highly tolernt to extreme soil onitions (Truong n Bker, 1998). Vetiver grss my lso e promising fee resoure euse of its vrious vntges suh s high qulity, fst growth rte n esy pttion to the environment n n er repetitive mowing without oupying frm ln. Vetiver grss ws lso reporte to e eile herge of high qulity for ttle n gots prtiulrly in the growing stge (Liu et l., 2003). However, so fr, little is known on the pplition of vetiver grss s fee for ruminnts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Silge mking: Vetiver grss ws hrveste mnully t 4, 6 n 8 week ol re-growth The hrveste grsses t 4, 6 n 8 weeks of re-growth were hoppe n wilte for 12 hours in orer to reue the moisture ontent. The grsses were hoppe into 2-3m length for ese of omption n onsolition for silge.60 % of eh hrveste grsses were ensile with 40% ssv peels. Filling n omption ws one simultneously to eliminte inherent ir. The silge ws prepre in 50kg polythene gs in triplite, the polythene gs were sele n ompresse with piles of hevy sn g in 300L rums. Fermenttion ws one for 42 ys. The tretments were: (60% 4-week vetiver+40% ssv peels) (60% 6-week vetiver+40%, ssv peels) (60% 8-week vetiver+40% ssv peels) (100% 4-week without ssv peels) (100% 6-week without ssv peels) (100% 8-week without ssv peels). Experimentl esign Completely rnomize esign Determintion of silge qulity: After 42 ys, the fermenttion ws terminte n the silge ws opene Corresponing Author: O.O. Flol, Deprtment of Animl Siene, University of In, In, Nigeri 529

2 Pk. J. Nutr., 12 (6): , 2013 for silge qulity. The ssesse qulity hrteristis is y the nimls tking prtiulr prt of the pen s were olour, rom, texture, ph n temperture the position for prtiulr type of fees. The mount oring to Byemi n Igekoyi (2008). Immeitely onsume ws monitore for six hour per y n the silge ws opene, lortory thermometer ws quntity onsume ws reore. After then the nimls inserte to etermine the temperture. The ph of the were relese to go for grzing. Fee preferene ws silge ws etermine y ing 100ml of istille etermine from the Coeffiient of Preferene (CoP) wter to 25g of eh tretment in eker n ph vlue lulte from the rtio etween the intkes of meter glss eletroe ws inserte to etermine the ph. eh iniviul fee smple ivie y the verge Colour ssessment ws sertine using visul intke of the nine fee smples (Kro et l., 1993; oservtion with the i of olour hrts. The rom of Bmikole et l., 2004). On the sis, fee ws tken to the silge ws reltively ssesse s to whether nie, e reltively preferre if the CoP vlue is greter thn plesnt, fruity or pungent. Su-smples from ifferent unity: points n epths were tken n mixe together for ry Intke of iniviul feeoffere CoP = mtter etermintion y oven rying t 65 C until Menintke of ll the feeoffere onstnt weight ws hieve. The smples were lter mille n store in n ir-tight ontiner until rey for hemil nlysis. Chemil n sttistil nlysis: Crue protein, rue fier, ether extrt n sh ontent of the silges were rrie out in triplites s esrie y AOAC (1995). The fier omponents inluing neutrl etergent fier, i etergent fier n i etergent lignin were etermine oring to Vn Soest et l. (1991). Dt were nlyze y ANOVA using the proeure of SAS (SAS, 2002). The signifint mens seprte using Dunn (1955) multiple rnge F-test. Aeptility stuy: The stuy ws rrie out t the sheep n got unit of Ntionl Center for Geneti Reserh n Biotehnology (NACGRAB) In. Twelve ult West Afrin Dwrf gots were use in the feteri fee preferene stuy tht lste for two weeks, inluing the one-week of pttion. The nimls were house in group pen within the ruminnt house whih hs een onstrute to hieve goo ventiltion. Nine ifferent fee smples offere were: A (4 week vetiver), B (6 week vetiver), C (8 week vetiver), D (60% 4 week vetiver ensile with 40% ssv peels), E (60% 6week vetiver ensile with 40% ssv peels), F (60% 8week vetiver ensile with 40% ssv peels), G (100% 4 week ensile without ssv peels) H (100% 6 week ensile) n I (100% 8week ensile) 4kg of eh iet were introue on feteri sis to the nimls in nine ifferent wooen feeers, thus eh niml hs free ess to eh of the iet in the trough. The positioning of the fees ws hnge ily to prevent RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Silge hrteristis: Tle 1 shows the physiohemil properties of the ensile grsses. The 4, 6 n 8 week re-growths of vetiver grss ensile with ssv peels were similr in their properties hving olive green olour, plesnt loholi oour, firm texture, ph of n temperture of 20 C. While the re-growths ensile solely without ssv peels were lso similr in their properties possessing poor qulity hrteristis suh s pungent smell, mouly growth, ph of n temperture of 28 C. Goo silge usully preserves the originl olour of the psture or ny forge (Mnntje, 1999). The olive green olour otine in the present stuy ws in orer. It ws lose to the originl olour of the grss whih ws n inition of goo qulity silge tht ws well preserve (Ouguw et l., 2007). The silges with ssv peels exhiit plesnt loholi rom whih is n inition of well-me silge, Kung n Shver (2002) reporte tht plesnt smell is epte for goo or well-me silge. The temperture of fermenting forge vrying from C ws presume to proue exellent silge (Muk, 1996). The temperture of silges with ssv peels were 20 C n lower thn the rnge (25-27 C) otine y Byemi (2009) in silge of Guine grss. The temperture rnge ppers to e the operting temperture for norml silge fermenttion, goo qulity silge shoul e oole t opening n t fee out phse hving norml room temperture (MDonl et l., 1995). Bolsen et l. (1996) reporte tht ny exessive het proution n result in millr or Tle 1: Physio-hemil hrteristis of 4, 6 n 8-week re-growths of vetiver grss silges Prmeters A B C D E F Colour Olive green Olive green Olive green Brownish green Brownish green Brownish green Arom PA PA PA Pungent Pungent Pungent Texture Firm Firm Firm Dry/mouly Dry/mouly Dry/mouly Temperture ( C) ph A = 60% 4-week ensile with 40% ssv peels, B = 60% 6-week ensile with 40% ssv peels, C = 60% 8-week ensile with 40% ssv peels, D = 100% 4week ensile, E = 100% 6-week ensile, F = 100% 8-week ensile. PA: Plesntly loholi 530

3 Pk. J. Nutr., 12 (6): , 2013 rowning retion whih n reue the igestiility of vetiver grss is shown in Tle 2. The ry mtter rnge protein n fire omponents. The useful proteins form from (29.95%) in 4-wk ensile to (38.92%) in 8-week omplexes with rohyrte n therey mking them unensile. Crue protein from (4.93%) in 8-week less igestile. Temperture is one of the essentil ensile to (8.38%) in 4week unensile, ether extrt ftors ffeting silge olour. The lower the rnge from % mong the tretments while temperture the etter the silge, the less the olour sh ontents vrie from %. NDF rnge from hnge. If the temperture otine for the present (40.81%) from 4week ensile to (68.76%) in 8week silges ws ove 30 C the grss silge woul hve unensile. ADF rnge from (22.75%) from 4week eome rk yellow or rown ue to rmeliztion of ensile to (38.75%) in 8-week unensile. It ws sugrs in the forge (MDonl et l., 1995). However oserve tht the DM of ensile re-growths of vetiver the temperture (20 C) otine in this stuy inite were lower thn the unensile, this is onsistent with the well-me silge. The texture of the silges ws firm report of Byemi (2009) who reporte ry mtter loss whih ws expete to the est texture of goo silge in silge. There ws erese in CP ontents of (Kung n Shver, 2002). Slimy texture or moul or fungi ensile ompre to unensile, this is similr to the growth inites spoilge in the silge. report of Iris et l. (1999), tht orn stover reue to The ph vlue of the silges ws within the rnge of % CP from 9.6% CP fter ensiling. Byemi (2009) 5.5 lssifie to e ph for goo silge (Menesses et l., n MDonl et l. (1995) lso reporte erese in 2007). Generlly ph is one of the simplest n quikest CP fter ensiling. The CP ontents of ensile n wys of evluting silge qulity. However, ph my e unensile 4-week re within the ritil vlue of 7.0% or influene y the moisture ontent n the uffering 70g/kg reommene for smll ruminnts (NRC, 1981) pity of the originl mterils. Silge tht hs een ut lower thn minimum protein requirement of 10-12% properly fermente will hve muh lower ph (e more reommene y ARC (1984) for ruminnts. The ii) thn the originl forge. Kung n Shver (2002) ojetive of silge mking is not to lter hemil in their interprettion of silge nlyses stte tht omposition ut to mke forge ville t ll times. goo qulity grss n legume silge-ph vlues in the tropis rnges etween 4.3 n 4.7. The ph vlue of 4.3 Coeffiient of preferene: Presente in Tle 3 is the otine in this stuy ws in greement with forge eptility of the ensile grsses y WAD reporte y Byemi (2009) n y Kung n Gots. The forge preferene on feteri sis Shver (2002) ut lower thn reporte y revele tht 4 week vetiver grss ensile with ssv Meneses et l. (2007). peels ws onsume most (1.99KgDM/y). On the Ensile re-growths of vetiver grss without ssv sis of the quntity onsume the niml preferene peels exhiit poor silge hrteristis possessing for 4-week ensile with ssv peels ws higher thn pungent smell with mouly growth. This inites tht the rest, with CoP ove unity (3.90) while the rest h vetiver eing tropil grss is low in wter solule CoP elow unity initing tht they were poorly rohyrte. Woolfor (1984) reporte tht tropil epte y the nimls. The CoP vrie The grsses n legumes re not nturl ensilge mteril, 4-week silge h the highest CoP n ws preferre euse they hve low ontent of wter solule while the rest were poorly epte, the ensile 100% rohyrtes whih re essentil to suessful re-growths without ssv peels n fresh unensile ensilge this les to them hving higher uffering were not epte t ll. There re numer of ftors pity n leves their proteins suseptile to tht my influene eptility of forge or fee y proteolysis. This is in greement with the suggestion for smll ruminnts: plnt physil struture n hemil more wter solule rohyrte in silge mteril for omposition re the most importnt ftors tht goo fermenttion (MDonl et l., 1995). influene preferene (Byemi, 2009 n Vn Soest, 1994). Unensile vetiver grss t 4, 6 n 8-week of re- Chemil omposition: Chemil omposition of growths were rejete y the experimentl nimls ensile n unensile 4, 6 n 8-week re-growths of ontrry to the reports of Aerinol et l. (2008), Nguyen Tle 2: hemil omposition of ensile n unensile 4, 6 n 8-week re-growths of vetiver grss Prmeters A B C D E F G H I SEM Dry mtter Crue protein Ether-extrt Ash NDF ADF ,,, SEM = stnr error of mens. mens with ifferent supersripts on the sme row re signifintly ifferent (P<0.05). A = 4wk unensile, B = 6wk unesile, C = 8wk unensile, D = 4 week ensile with ssv peels, E = 6 week ensile with ssv peels, F = 8 week ensile with ssv peels, G = Ensile 100% 4wk, H = Ensile 100% 6wk, I = Ensile 100% 8wk 531

4 Pk. J. Nutr., 12 (6): , 2013 Tle 3: Aeptility of Vetiver grss y WAD gots Prmeters MDC (kg/dm) CoP Unensile 4week Unensile 6week Unensile 8week %4wk+40%pl %6wk+40%pl %8wk+40pl %4wk ensile %6wk ensile %8wk ensile MDC: Men ily onsumption, CoP: Coeffiient of preferene et l. (2004) n Liu et l. (2003). Vetiver grss eing newly introue forge grss to the nimls, while low quntity of 6 n 8 week ensile with ssv peels were onsume, Provenz n Blgh (1987) reporte tht inexperiene nimls my ompletely rejet or onsume low quntity of newly introue forge for long perios ompre to nimls expose to the forge erly in life. The 100% ensile grss without ssv peels were lso rejete, this oul e ue to poor silge properties suh s pungent smell whih oul repel the nimls n mouly growth whih oul poisonous (MDonl et l., 1985). It ws oserve tht the inlusion of ssv peels enhne the eptility of the grss silge, euse ssv peels hs eing regulrly use to fee them. Aeptne of 4 week silge oul e ue to its low fire ontent n it is less orse. Hene, 4 weeks vetiver grss n ssv peels silge ws selete for onsequent experiments. The 4-week 100% ensile without ssv peels tht shoul serve s ontrol ws isre euse of its poor silge hrteristis n rejetion y the nimls. Conlusion: Results showe tht silge hrteristis in terms of olour, rom, texture, ph n temperture were similr mong the silge n were within the eptle properties of well-me silge. 100% ensile re-growths of vetiver grss without ssv peels exhiit poor silge hrteristis n were rejete y the experimentl nimls. Unensile regrowths of vetiver grss were poorly epte, while ensiling with ssv peels enhne the eptility y WAD gots. REFERENCES AOAC, The offiil methos of nlysis. Assoition of offiil nlytil hemist, 16th En., wshinton D.C., pp: Aerinol, O.A., J.A. Akinle, T.A. Rfiu n T. Fjinmi, Fee intke, igestiility n nitrogen lne of west Afrin wrf sheep n got fe Vetiveri nigritn grss. Proeeings of 33r nnul onferene of Nigerin soiety for niml proution (2008), OOU Ayetoro, pp: ARC, The nutrient Requirements of Ruminnt Livestok. Supplement no 1. Commonwelth griulturl ureux, Slough, UK. Byemi, O.J. n J.A. Igekoyi, In Eri Tielkes (Es.), Competition for resoure in hnging worl: New rive for rurl evelopment. Conferene of the interntionl reserh on foo seurity, Nturl resoures mngement n rurl evelopment, tropentg, 7-9th Otoer Byemi, O.J., Silge qulity, ry mtter intke n igestiility y Afrin wrf Sheep of Guine grss (Pnium mximum v nthisi) hrveste t 4 n 12 week regrowths. Afr. J. Biotehnol., 8: Byemi, O.J., M.A. Bmikole n A.B. Omojol, Evlution of the nutritive vlue n free hoie intke of two quti wee (Neophrolepis iserrt n spiroelplyrhiz) y west Afrin wrf gots. Trop. Sutropil Agro Eosys., 6: Bmikole, M.A., U.J. Ikhtu, M.T. Ajulo n A.C. Osuji, Fee utillistion potentil of west Afrin wrf gots fe ifferent proportions of Fius thonningii n Pnium mximum. Proeeings of the 29th Annul onferene of Nigeri soiety of niml proution, Vol., 29, pp: Bolsen, K.K., G. Ashell n Z.G. Weinerg, Silge fermenttion n sillge itives. Rev. Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Si., 9: Dunn, D.B., Multiple rnge n multiple F-test. Biometis, 11: Iris, A.B., A.M. Yusuf n A. Shriff, Sweet orn stover silge proution. Pro. FAO e-conf. on Trop. Silge. FAO Plnt Proution n Prrotetion pper 161. Rome Kro, N., P. Brnes n H. Rut, An evlution of rowse forge preferene y sheep n got in northern Svnn zone Ghn. In : J. Nikumnn, P. DeLeeuw (Es). Proeeing of the 2n Afrin Fee Resoure Network (AFRNETA) on sustinle fee proution n utilistion smllholer of livestok enterprises in su-shrn Afrin. Hrre, Zimwe. Kung, L. n R. Shver, Interprettion n use of silge fermenttion nlyses reports. Dept. of niml n foo siene, University of Delwre Newrk, DE Liu, P., C. Zheng, Y. Lin, F. Luo, X. Lu n D. Yu, Stuy on igestiility of nutrient ontent of vetiver grss (Chin Vetiver Workshop). Mnntje, L. t., Introution to the onferene on silge mking in the tropis in Mnnetje (es) silge mking in the tropis with prtiulr emphsis on smll holers FAO plnt proution n protetion. Pper,

5 Pk. J. Nutr., 12 (6): , 2013 Menesses, M.D., J. Megis, A. Mri, F. Mrtinez-Teruel, Ouguw, B.O., A.O. Jolosho n M.T. Aynkoso, J. Hemnez n J. Oliv, Evlution of the Effet of ensile on physil properties, hemil phytosnitry, fermenttive n nutritive omposition n minerl ontents of guine grss hrteristis of the silge me from rue rtihoke (Cynrsolymus L.) y-prouts feeing n ssv tops silge. Nig. J. Anim. Pro., 34: for ruminnts. Smll Ruminnt Res., 70: SAS, User guie of sttistil nlysis institute MDonl, P., R.A. Ewr n J.F.D. Greenhlgh, inry.nc. Animl nutrition, 5th En., Longmn Sientifi n Troung, P.V. n D. Bker, Vetiver grss system Tehnil, Engln. for environmentl protetion logy. Bulletin Muk, R.E., Silge inoultion: In Inoultion of No.1998/1PVV/ORDPB, Bngkok, Thiln. Silge n Its Effet on Silge qulity, US, Diry Vn Soest, P.J., J.B. Roertson n B.A. Lewis, Forge Reserh Center, Int. Conf. With Diry n Methos for ietry fire, neutrl etergent fier n Forge Inustries, pp: non-strh polyshries in reltion to niml Nguyen, V.H., T.H.N. Nguyen, A.Q. VO n V.N. Phm, Digestiility of Nutrient Content of Vetiver nutrition. J. Diry Si., 74: grss y Gots Rise in the Mekong Delt, Woolfor, M.K., The miroiology of Silge, Vietnm. www. Vetiver.org/proeeing/nhnpf. hpter 2 In: Mrel Dekker In. New York, USA, pp: NRC, Nutrients requirement for got. Angor iry n met got in temperte n tropil ontinent. Ntionl reserh ounil, ntionl emy of siene press, Wshinton DC. Provenz, F.P. n D.F. Blgh, Diet lerning y omestiruminnts: theory, eviene n prtil Ouguw, B.O., A.O. Jolosho n M.T. Aynkoso, Effet of ensile on physil properties, hemil omposition n minerl ontents of guine grss n ssv tops silge. Nig. J. Anim. Pro., 34: implition. Applie Anim. Behv. Si., 18: